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In Principles of Evidence in Public International Law as Applied by Investor-State Tribunals, Kabir Duggal and Wendy Cai explore the fundamental principles of evidence and how these principles relate to burden of proof and standard of proof. By tracing the applications of major principles recognized by the International Court of Justice and applied by investor-state tribunal jurisprudence, the authors offer valuable insight into the interpretation, understanding, and nuances of indispensable principles of evidence, an area that has been ignored in both investor-state arbitration and public international law more generally.

This book seeks to make an original contribution to the knowledge base underpinning ultrasonic metal welding (USMW), particularly for the manufacturing of lithium-ion (li-ion) battery cells, modules, and packs as used in electric vehicles. The contributors to the book represent a team of leading experts in the field. Since its commercialization in the early 1990s, the lithium-ion (li-ion) battery has seen rapid growth due to its advantages of high voltage and high power/energy density. The growth has become particularly strong during the past decade with the development of li-ion battery powered electric vehicles. The book focuses mainly on two-layer and multi-layer aluminum (with and without anodizing) and copper (with and without nickel coating) welding configurations. Thus, its value to the practitioners in li-ion batteries and battery electric vehicles is self-evident. The theories and methods presented in the book are highly transferable and extendable to all other li-ion battery applications, and can be of significant values to battery manufacturers and the electric vehicle industry in general. Furthermore, the new knowledge generated can drive the development of such innovative technologies as single-sided USMW, and thermally enhanced USMW for multiple layers of thick-sheets and hard-to-weld materials. It is expected that the book may have even broader implications in understanding and developing more effective solid state joining processes such as cladding, impact welding, friction stir welding, and ultrasonic consolidations for additive manufacturing, which are all strongly governed by the similar solid-state physics.

By using the U-transformation method, it is possible to uncouple linear simultaneous equations, either algebraic or differential, with cyclic periodicity. This book presents a procedure for applying the U-transformation technique twice to uncouple the two sets of unknown variables in a doubly periodic structure to achieve an analytical exact solution.Explicit exact solutions for the static and dynamic analyses for certain engineering structures with doubly periodic properties — such as a continuous truss with any number of spans, cable network and grillwork on supports with periodicity, and grillwork with periodic stiffening members or equidistant line supports — can be found in the book. The availability of these exact solutions not only helps with the checking of the convergence and accuracy of numerical solutions, but also provides a basis for optimization design for these types of structures.The study of the force vibration and mode shape of periodic systems with nonlinear disorder is yet another research area which has attained considerable success by the U-transformation method. This book illustrates the analytical approach and procedure for the problems of localization of the mode shape of nearly periodic systems together with the results.

This book introduces an analytical method, the U-transformation method, for the exact analysis of structures with the periodic property. The physical meaning of U-transformation is fully explained and the application of this technique to derive exact analytical solutions for a wide variety of structures with the periodic property is thoroughly illustrated. The book also provides useful exact and explicit formulas for many practical engineering problems. Many of these solutions are new results that have just appeared in international journals. The practical engineering structures considered in the book include continuous beams, stiffened plates, trusses, grillages, double layer grids and so on.