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In 2015, Professor Emerita Lucille M. Schultz donated to the University of Cincinnati her set of composition materials gathered from fifteen libraries and collections around the country. With 350 entries ranging from 1785 to 1916, the collection includes picture books for early primary schools, grammar textbooks, student writing, and advanced rhetoric textbooks for undergraduates. The documents afford a thrilling glimpse into nineteenth-century ways of thinking and teaching, highlighting practices we would today identify as prewriting, collaborative invention, freewriting, and object-oriented pedagogy. Composing Legacies relates these pedagogies to expressions of social class, nationalism, and public engagement that run throughout the Victorian era and the Gilded Age. Early chapters show how writing and grammar handbooks aimed to reproduce social hierarchies; later ones show how textbook authors aimed to mitigate lecture-style pedagogy with attention to student backgrounds, personal interests, economic aspirations, and presumed audiences. Often, those authors demonstrated a pronounced interest in national unity, but not without exception. Little-known Confederate textbooks took the ideology of unity to be a form of Northern aggression, promoting the maintenance of state and local traditions through their classroom exercises and sample passages. Composition scholars who see the nineteenth-century as a period of skills-and-drills teaching, devoid of explicit political concern, will find surprises in the archival texts'testimonies about national crises and civic participation. Those scholars will also find that the “social turn” in writing and rhetoric, however recent as a historical framework, has been underway for more than two hundred years.

Taking as a starting point the most enduring insights to emerge from acclaimed researcher Arthur Applebee's scholarship, this volume brings together leading experts to fully examine his work for its explanatory power and its potential to shape current and future research agendas. Focused on the ways in which students learn, schools teach, and assessors evaluate the forms and uses of language needed to flourish and grow, Applebee's work reconceptualized how educators view language development and use in relation to schooling. Organized around three themes—Considering Curriculum as Conversation; Writing as a Tool for Learning; Talking it Out: Class Discussion and Literary Understanding—the 14 fascinating chapters in this book extend and challenge Applebee's insights.