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This book introduces readers to seismic inversion methods and their application to both synthetic and real seismic data sets. Seismic inversion methods are routinely used to estimate attributes like P-impedance, S-impedance, density, the ratio of P-wave and S-wave velocities and elastic impedances from seismic and well log data. These attributes help to understand lithology and fluid contents in the subsurface. There are several seismic inversion methods available, but their application and results differ considerably, which can lead to confusion. This book explains all popular inversion methods, discusses their mathematical backgrounds, and demonstrates their capacity to extract information from seismic reflection data. The types covered include model-based inversion, colored inversion, sparse spike inversion, band-limited inversion, simultaneous inversion, elastic impedance inversion and geostatistical inversion, which includes single-attribute analysis, multi-attribute analysis, probabilistic neural networks and multi-layer feed-forward neural networks. In addition, the book describes local and global optimization methods and their application to seismic reflection data. Given its multidisciplinary, integrated and practical approach, the book offers a valuable tool for students and young professionals, especially those affiliated with oil companies.

The aim of this unit is to introduce International Marketing, which explains how International Markets operate in an International Environment. An elementary approach is used in the module, which emphasizes the reasons for undertaking International Market analysis and their interpretation.Internationalization and globalization are concept is that are both current and important, so complex and likely to be approached in more and more diverse ways. Equally, international marketing and global marketing are invoked more often, along with „classic” marketing and competing with the latter, which tends to remain more and more in the area of theory. International marketing is present all around us, as is the case with global marketing, which can never be ignored. The globalization of markets has certainly accelerated through almost universal acceptance of the democratic free enterprise model and new communication technologies, including cell phones and the Internet.

The chapters presented in this book ‘Biofortification of Food Crops'depict how agricultural technological interventions have true role in alleviating malnutrition. This book highlights the role of multidisciplinary approaches to cope up with the challenges of micronutrient malnutrition or hidden hunger which is an alarming public health issue in most parts of the world including India. In this endeavour, different biofortification approaches such as agronomic (or ferti-fortification), breeding, biotechnological, physiological, microbial etc. has fulfilled their different mandates of nutrient enrichment of food crops including cereals and pulses. The contents of the book proves that biofortified plants have adequate potential to nourish nutrient depleted soils, help increase crop productivity and provide nutritional benefits to plants, humans and livestock. The content and quality of information presented in this book will definitely provide multiple novel ideas ofadvance techniques and will stimulate innovative thoughts and directions amongst researchers and policy makers in the field of biofortification. In addition, the contributions presented in the book will be a good source of background knowledge and technical know-how to educate the readers about biofortification. The authors hope that the book entitled “Biofortification of Food Crops” would provide a suitable platform in our collective efforts for an appropriate dialogue among the scientists, researchers, entrepreneurs, policy makers and farmers in reducing the budding issues of malnutrition through novel approaches and means.

For centuries, humankind has made improvements to crop plants through selective breeding and hybridization — the controlled pollination of plants. Unlike traditional plant breeding, which involves the crossing of hundreds or thousands of genes, plant biotechnology allows for the transfer of only one or a few desirable genes. This more precise science allows plant breeders to develop crops with specific beneficial traits and without undesirable traits. All over the world, plant biotechnology has largely been acknowledged as a key strategy for achieving food security and sustainable agriculture. Because new agricultural technologies are increasingly complex, knowledge intensive, expensive, and location specific, clear priorities need to be established. This book is an attempt to deal with all the topics in-depth and to find out the molecular aspects of different processes in cultured plant cells, so as to exploit them for the benefit of plant biotechnology. This book will be highly beneficial to students, teachers and research workers in the field of plant biotechnology, agriculture and plant science. Contents: Developmental Biology and Evolutionary Genetics • Biochemistry of Life • Biochemistry of Carbohydrates • Chemistry of Carbohydrate and Lipids • Nucleic Acid Structure Determination • Mechanical Function of Cell • Tissue Culture

The concept of ‘biotech'or ‘biotechnology'encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes — going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants, and “improvements” to these through breeding programmes that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern biotechnology allows plants breeders to select genes that produce beneficial traits and move them from one organism to another. Plant biotechnology has been adopted by farmers worldwide at rates never before seen by any other advances in the history of agriculture. This unique, concise and uptodate resource book is offering students an innovative and valuable presentation of the subject. It covers all the topics of medicinal plant biotechnology for academic and industrial interest. The book will be valuable for students of Pharmacy, Agriculture, Botany, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering. Contents: Respiration and Lipid Metabolism • Secondary Metabolites and Plant Defence • Phytochrome and Light Control of Plant Development • Abscisic Acid: A Seed Maturation and Antistress Signal • Stress Physiology • Plant-water Relations • A Primer on Photosynthesis and the Functioning of Cells • Phytochrome-mediated Responses • Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology • Micropropagation in Plants

Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that uses the techniques of differential calculus and integral calculus, as well as linear algebra and multilinear algebra, to study problems in geometry. The theory of plane and space curves and of surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space formed the basis for development of differential geometry during the 18th century and the 19th century. Since the late 19th century, differential geometry has grown into a field concerned more generally with the geometric structures on differentiable manifolds. Differential geometry is closely related to differential topology, and to the geometric aspects of the theory of differential equations. Grigori Perelman's proof of the Poincaré conjecture using the techniques of Ricci flows demonstrated the power of the differential-geometric approach to questions in topology and it highlighted the important role played by its analytic methods. In this text, all theorems and axioms have been explained by a large number of solved examples. This text will prove to be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students of mathematics.

The reduction of geometry to algebra requires the notion of a transformation group. The transformation group supplies two essential ingredients. First it is used to define the notion of equivalence in the geometry in question. For example, in Euclidean geometry, two triangles are congruent if there is distance preserving transformation carrying one to the other and they are similar if there is a similarity transformation carrying one to the other. Secondly, in each kind of geometry there are normal form theorems which can be used to simplify coordinate proofs. In analytic geometry, the plane is given a coordinate system, by which every point has a pair of real number coordinates. The most common coordinate system to use is the Cartesian coordinate system, where each point has an x-coordinate representing its horizontal position, and a y-coordinate representing its vertical position. These are typically written as an ordered pair (x, y). This system can also be used for three-dimensional geometry, where every point in Euclidean space is represented by an ordered triple of coordinates (x, y, z). Other coordinate systems are possible. The book provides the students current information on the different areas of this subject. The publication is useful not only to the students but also to the research scholars and academic professionals.

Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics which uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spacesup to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence. Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group. An older name for the subject was combinatorial topology, implying an emphasis on how a space X was constructed from simpler ones. The basic method now applied in algebraic topology is to investigate spaces via algebraic invariants by mapping them, for example, to groups which have a great deal of manageable structure in a way that respects the relation of homeomorphism of spaces. The objective of this book is to provide guidelines for students to understand the topic. Contents: Structural Topology. Concepts in Graph Theory. Concepts in Complex Variable. Basic Binary Relation. Graph Connectivity. Graph Embedding Basics. Composition of Functions.

Abstract algebra is the subject area of mathematics that studies algebraic structures such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. The phrase abstract algebra was coined at the turn of the 20th century to distinguish this area from what was normally referred to as algebra, the study of the rules for manipulating formulae and algebraic expressions involving unknowns and real or complex numbers, often now called elementary algebra. The distinction is rarely made in more recent writings. Contemporary mathematics and mathematical physics make extensive use of abstract algebra; for example, theoretical physics draws on Lie algebras. Subject areas such as algebraic number theory, algebraic topology, and algebraic geometry apply algebraic methods to other areas of mathematics. Representation theory, roughly speaking, takes the ‘abstract'out of ‘abstract algebra', studying the concrete side of a given structure; see model theory. Two mathematical subject areas that study the properties of algebraic structures viewed as a whole are universal algebra and category theory. The present publication has been written by keeping in view the basic concepts of the subject.

Vector calculus is a branch of mathematics concerned with differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in 3 dimensional Euclidean space. The term “vector calculus” is sometimes used as a synonym for the broader subject of multivariable calculus, which includes vector calculus as well as partial differentiation and multiple integration. Vector calculus plays an important role in differential geometry and in the study of partial differential equations. It is used extensively in physics and engineering, especially in the description of electromagnetic fields, gravitational fields and fluid flow. Vector calculus was developed from quaternion analysis by J. Willard Gibbs and Oliver Heaviside near the end of the 19th century, and most of the notation and terminology was established by Gibbs and Edwin Bidwell Wilson in their 1901 book, Vector Analysis. In the conventional form using cross products, vector calculus does not generalize to higher dimensions, while the alternative approach of geometric algebra, which uses exterior products does generalize. The book provides the students current information on the different areas of this subject. The publication is useful not only to the students but also to the research scholars and academic professionals.

Topology is a major area of mathematics concerned with properties that are preserved undercontinuous deformations of objects, such as deformations that involve stretching, but no tearing or gluing, although the notion of stretching employed in mathematics is not quite the everyday notion: see below and the definition of homeomorphism for details of the mathematical notion. Topology emerged through the development of concepts from geometry and set theory, such as space, dimension, and transformation. Ideas that are now classified as topological were expressed as early as 1736. Toward the end of the 19th century, a distinct discipline developed, which was referred to in Latin as the geometria situs or analysis situs. This later acquired the modern name of topology. By the middle of the 20th century, topology had become an important area of study within mathematics. The word topology is used both for the mathematical discipline and for a family of sets with certain properties that are used to define a topological space, a basic object of topology. The texts are arranged in a lucid form and written in colloquial English. All the essential aspects of this subject have been included. Hopefully, the present study will prove very useful for students and teachers.

This pioneering study of the integration of the blind with the sighted is an abridged form of the author's thesis for the M.Phil. degree in Social Work. The title of the book is in keeping with the theme of the International Year of Disabled Persons i.e. ‘Full Participation and Equal Opportunities'or, in other words ‘Integrating the Handicapped with General Society'. The present study is based on the data collected from a sample of blind persons matched with their sighted counterparts on the basis of certain variables. Apart from this a representative sample of the sighted from the general public who might or might not have come in contact with the blind was also taken separately. The opinions of the employers of the blind have also been incorporated in the study. The important areas covered here include demographic characteristics, physical mobility, social rehabilitation and social integration. One of the significant findings of this study is that the successful integration of the blind with the sighted depends on the extent of exposure of the blind to the sighted in their early years of life, their independence in physical mobility, their economic independence and self confidence in discharging their duties either as students or as workers. A thought provoking empirical study covering all important psychological and sociological aspects of integration of both blind as well as sighted. Mrs. Batra can speak with authority on this very contemporary subject by virtue of her first hand knowledge of the blind and the sighted in the course of her study. A significant contribution to the growing field of integration, this is the first of its kind to attempt a systematic assessment of the problems involved. Her observations have a greater force and validity as she has subjected the data to vigorous statistical analysis at a number of places. Both the specialist in the fields of social work, sociology and psychology as well as the lay reader should find this study of absorbing interest.

Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply System proceeding is the compilation of the articles and thoughts generated by the experts from various fields in the regional seminar. The proceeding is having sixteen chapters and each chapter has its own importance. Chapter one deals with fertiliser production, marketing and use in India with special reference to East and North-Eastern region. In chapter two, importance of IPNS and sustainable agriculture discussed whereas in chapters three and sixteen, integrated nutrient management with related to fruit crops of NEH region has been discussed in detail. Chapter four includes the integrated nutrient management in vegetable crops. In chapters five and six, the importance of IPNS in direct seeded and transplanted rice has been discussed. In chapter seven, author expresses the scenario of agricultural production and fertiliser consumption with reference to NE areas. In chapter eight, details about soil testing and fertiliser recommendation and the basic issues related to farmer and extension workers have been discussed. Chapter nine deals with in detail about biofertilisers, and in chapter ten importance of neem as an integrated source of nutrients has been discussed. Chapter eleven, twelve and thirteen deal with matters related to fertiliser policy and related issues. In last chapters fourteen and fifteen, the authors discuss in detail about the fertiliser use in different crops and nutrient supply systems in Nagaland.