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This volume contains 17 surveys that cover many recent developments in Discrete Geometry and related fields. Besides presenting the state-of-the-art of classical research subjects like packing and covering, it also offers an introduction to new topological, algebraic and computational methods in this very active research field. The readers will find a variety of modern topics and many fascinating open problems that may serve as starting points for research.

The book discusses Franz Brentano's impact on Austrian philosophy. It contains both a critical reassessment of Brentano's place in the development of Austrian philosophy at the turn of the 20th century and a reevaluation of the impact and significance of his philosophy of mind or ‘descriptive psychology'which was Brentano's most important contribution to contemporary philosophy and to the philosophy in Vienna. In addition, the relation between Brentano, phenomenology, and the Vienna Circle is investigated, together with a related documentation of Brentano's disciple Alfred Kastil (in German). The general part deals with the ongoing discussion of Carnap's'Aufbau'(Vienna Circle Lecture by Alan Chalmers) and the philosophy of mind, with a focus on physicalism as discussed by Carnap and Wittgenstein (Gergely Ambrus). As usual, two reviews of recent publications in the philosophy of mathematics (Paolo Mancosu) and research on Otto Neurath's lifework (Jordi Cat/Adam Tuboly)are included as related research contributions. This book is of interest to students, historians, and philosophers dealing with the history of Austrian and German philosophy in the 19th and 20th century.

The flourishing theory of classical optimal transport concerns mass transportation at minimal cost. This book introduces the reader to optimal transport on quantum structures, i.e., optimal transportation between quantum states and related non-commutative concepts of mass transportation. It contains lecture notes on classical optimal transport and Wasserstein gradient flowsdynamics and quantum optimal transportquantum couplings and many-body problemsquantum channels and qubits These notes are based on lectures given by the authors at the'Optimal Transport on Quantum Structures'School held at the Erdös Center in Budapest in the fall of 2022. The lecture notes are complemented by two survey chapters presenting the state of the art in different research areas of non-commutative optimal transport.

The special semester'Singularities and low dimensional topology'in the Spring of 2023 at the Erdős Center (Budapest) brought together algebraic geometers and topologists to discuss and explore the strong connection between surface singularities and topological properties of three- and four-dimensional manifolds. The semester featured a Winter School (with four lecture series) and several focused weeks. This volume contains the notes of the lecture series of the Winter School and some of the lecture notes from the focused weeks. Topics covered in this collection range from algebraic geometry of complex curves, lattice homology of curve and surface singularities to novel results in smooth four-dimensional topology and grid homology, and to Seiberg-Witten homotopy theory and ‘spacification'of knot invariants. Some of these topics are already well-documented in the literature, and the lectures aim to provide a new perspective and fresh connections. Other topics are rather new and have been covered only in research papers. We hope that this volume will be useful not only for advanced graduate students and early-stage researchers, but also for the more experienced geometers and topologists who want to be informed about the latest developments in the field.

Grow your audience, shrink your footprint, change the world Straight-talk on what makes a purposeful, sustainable event, including honest, practical insights into case studies of hits, misses, and lessons learned. —SHAWNA MCKINLEY, Principal, Clear Current Sustainability Consulting Events can help educate, inspire, and connect us to our community, but all too often they escalate into resource-intensive glorifications of excess and exclusivity. How We Gather Matters is an invitation to reimagine the modern events industry as a powerful vehicle for change. This practical guide will enable and inspire festival, conference, trade show, wedding, concert, and sporting event planners to: Develop the financial and human resources required to implement green, sustainable gatherings Collaborate effectively with diverse teams and stakeholders Design events with impact and purpose, while supporting marketing and strategic goals Engage participants authentically while aligning with positive and progressive values Lead the shift towards net-zero emissions and zero waste by leveraging best practices and accepted international standards. Packed with personal insights, behind-the-scenes stories, and case studies, How We Gather Matters is required reading for event professionals who want to decrease risk, increase profitability, and meaningfully contribute to a more just, inclusive, and sustainable society.

Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970) and Otto Neurath (1882-1945) had a decisive influence on the development of the scientific world view of logical empiricism. Their relationship was marked by mutual intellectual stimulation, close collaboration, and personal friendship, but also by controversies that were as heated as they were rarely fought out in public. Carnap and Neurath were, in the words of Olga Hahn-Neurath,'like-minded opponents'. The essays in this volume deal with these key thinkers of logical empiricism from different perspectives, shedding light on the complex development of one of the most influential philosophical currents of the twentieth century in the midst of dark times.

Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970), one of the most important philosophers of the twentieth century, helped found logical positivism, was one of the originators of the field of philosophy of science, and was a leading contributor to semantics and inductive logic. This volume of new essays, written by leading international experts, places Carnap in his philosophical context and studies his topics, his interests, and the major stages of his thought. The essays reassess Carnap's place in the history of analytic philosophy through his approach to metaphysics, values, politics, epistemology and philosophy of science. They delve into important topics of Carnap's mature thought, namely explication, naturalism, and his defence of analyticity; and they recover the logical and the linguistic components of philosophy and how they unfolded in the syntax-semantics relation, induction, and language-planning. The resulting interpretation of Carnap will be illuminating for both current and future research.

This book offers a critical update of current Wittgenstein research on the Tractatus logico-philosophicus (TLP) and its relation to the Vienna Circle. The contributions are written by renowned Wittgenstein scholars, on the occasion of the'Wittgenstein Years'1921/1922 with a special focus on its origin, reception, and interpretation then and now. The main topic is the mutual relation between Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle (esp. Schlick, Waismann, Carnap, Gödel), but also Russell and Ramsey. In addition, included in this volume are new studies on Wittgenstein's life and work, on the philosophy of the TLP, and on the Wittgenstein family in philosophical and historical context. Furthermore, unpublished documents on Wittgenstein and Waismann from the archives are provided in form of edited and commented primary sources. As per the book series'usual format, a general part of this Yearbook covers a study on Neurath's economy as well as reviews of related publications.

Descartes has said he is because he thinks. Perhaps we should say: we are because we learn. Learning is an essential human characteristic, look at children who self-learn empirically. In our times we are privileged to have special learning institutions while learning has become a hallmark of civilization. Teachers are among the key contributors to our society, but will they work the same as in the last millennia? Right now, just about everything in learning and teaching is changing. Traditional methods are replaced by newer ones and there is a host of new learning “technologies.” It is of foremost importance that societies adapt to this and that is why this book has been created. Thoughts and experiences of the brightest minds of today offer an overview of what is going on and where we are heading. Written in an accessible, yet academically rigorous way, this volume explores the past dynamics and future avenues of learning and teaching. Its contributors are among the brightest minds of today with knowledge, experience and vision to shed a light of learning and teaching's past and future.

This book provides a collection of chapters on the development of scientific philosophy and symbolic logic in the early twentieth century. The turn of the last century was a key transitional period for the development of symbolic logic and scientific philosophy. The Peano school, the editorial board of the Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale, and the members of the Vienna Circle are generally mentioned as champions of this transformation of the role of logic in mathematics and in the sciences. The scholarship contained provides a rich historical and philosophical understanding of these groups and research areas. Specifically, the contributions focus on a detailed investigation of the relation between structuralism and modern mathematics. In addition, this book provides a closer understanding of the relation between symbolic logic and previous traditions such as syllogistics. This volume also informs the reader on the relation between logic, the history and didactics in the Peano School. This edition appeals to students and researchers working in the history of philosophy and of logic, philosophy of science, as well as to researchers on the Vienna Circle and the Peano School.

This book describes Hungarian karst areas and Hungarian karst research results. The chapters present the general characteristics of karst areas, their geology, their paleokarst, their hydrology, their surface and subsurface morphology (more significant caves are classified according to karst areas and their morphology and development is described), ecology and flora and fauna.This book also includes a separate chapter which deals with the history of Hungarian karst and cave research. Another chapter deals with theories that were made during Hungarian karst researches.

This book studies how the relationship between philosophy, morality, politics, and science was conceived in the Vienna Circle and how this group of philosophers tried to position science as an antidote to totalitarianism and irrationalism. This leads to investigation of the still understudied views of the Vienna Circle on moral philosophy, meta-ethics, and the relationship between philosophy of science and politics. Including papers from an international group of scholars, The Socio-ethical Dimension of Knowledge: The Mission of Logical Empiricism addresses these topics and makes them available to scholars in the field of history of philosophy of science.

This book is about the combinatorial properties of convex sets, families of convex sets in finite dimensional Euclidean spaces, and finite points sets related to convexity. This area is classic, with theorems of Helly, Carathéodory, and Radon that go back more than a hundred years. At the same time, it is a modern and active field of research with recent results like Tverberg's theorem, the colourful versions of Helly and Carathéodory, and the $(p, q)$ theorem of Alon and Kleitman. As the title indicates, the topic is convexity and geometry, and is close to discrete mathematics. The questions considered are frequently of a combinatorial nature, and the proofs use ideas from geometry and are often combined with graph and hypergraph theory. The book is intended for students (graduate and undergraduate alike), but postdocs and research mathematicians will also find it useful. It can be used as a textbook with short chapters, each suitable for a one- or two-hour lecture. Not much background is needed: basic linear algebra and elements of (hyper)graph theory as well as some mathematical maturity should suffice. This is an elegant, well written, concise treatment of an attractive and active subject, written by an expert who has made important contributions to the area himself. I am sure this will be a successful textbook. —Noga Alon, Princeton University and Tel Aviv University I think this book is a gem. —János Pach, Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Budapest

This edited collection provides the first comprehensive volume on A. J. Ayer's 1936 masterpiece, Language, Truth and Logic. With eleven original chapters the volume reconsiders the historical and philosophical significance of Ayer's work, examining its place in the history of analytic philosophy and its subsequent legacy. Making use of pioneering research in logical empiricism, the contributors explore a wide variety of topics, from ethics, values and religion, to truth, epistemology and philosophy of language. Among the questions discussed are: How did Ayer preserve or distort the views and conceptions of logical empiricists? How are Ayer's arguments different from the ones he aimed at reconstructing? And which aspects of the book were responsible for its immense impact? The volume expertly places Language, Truth and Logic in the intellectual and socio-cultural history of twentieth-century philosophical thought, providing both introductory and contextual chapters, as well as specific explorations of a variety of topics covering the main themes of the book. Providing important insights of both historical and contemporary significance, this collection is an essential resource for scholars interested in the legacy of the Vienna Circle and its effect on ethics and philosophy of mind.

This book provides the first comprehensive overview of atheism, secularity and non-religion in Central and Eastern Europe in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In contrast to scholarship that has focused on the ‘decline of religion'and secularization theory, the book builds upon recent trends to focus on the ‘rise of non-religion'itself. While the label of ‘post-communism'might suggest a generalized perception of the region, this survey reveals that the precise developments in each country before, after and even during the communist era are surprisingly diverse. A multinational team of contributors provide interdisciplinary case studies covering Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria. This approach utilises perspectives from social and intellectual history in combination with sociology of religion in order to cover the historical development of secularity and secular thought, complemented with sociological data. The study is framed by methodological and analytical chapters. Offering an important geographical perspective to the study of freethought, atheism, secularity and non-religion, this wide-ranging book will be of significant interest to scholars of twentieth-century social and intellectual history, sociology of religion and non-religion, cultural and religious studies, philosophy and theology.

This volume collects together research and survey papers written by invited speakers of the conference celebrating the 70th birthday of László Lovász.The topics covered include classical subjects such as extremal graph theory, coding theory, design theory, applications of linear algebra and combinatorial optimization, as well as recent trends such as extensions of graph limits, online or statistical versions of classical combinatorial problems, and new methods of derandomization.László Lovász is one of the pioneers in the interplay between discrete and continuous mathematics, and is a master at establishing unexpected connections, “building bridges” between seemingly distant fields. His invariably elegant and powerful ideas have produced new subfields in many areas, and his outstanding scientific work has defined and shaped many research directions in the last 50 years. The 14 contributions presented in this volume, all of which areconnected to László Lovász's areas of research, offer an excellent overview of the state of the art of combinatorics and related topics and will be of interest to experienced specialists as well as young researchers.

The Oxford Handbook of Disability Studies represents a comprehensive state of current research for the field of Disability Studies and Music. The forty-two chapters in the book span a wide chronological and geographical range, from the biblical, the medieval, and the Elizabethan, through the canonical classics of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, up to modernist styles and contemporary musical theater and popular genres, with stops along the way in post-Civil War America, Ghana and the South Pacific, and many other interesting times and places. Disability is a broad, heterogeneous, and porous identity, and that diversity is reflected in the variety of bodily conditions under discussion here, including autism and intellectual disability, deafness, blindness, mobility impairment often coupled with bodily difference, and cognitive and intellectual impairments. Amid this diversity of time, place, style, medium, and topic, the chapters share two core commitments. First, they are united in their theoretical and methodological connection to Disability Studies, especially its central idea that disability is a social and cultural construction. Disability both shapes and is shaped by culture, including musical culture. Second, these essays individually and collectively make the case that disability is not something at the periphery of culture and music, but something central to our art and to our humanity.

Since the discovery of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), these non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been used to investigate the state of cortical excitability, and the excitability of the cortico-cortical and corticospinal pathways. In addition, these techniques have been found

This collection of original papers related to the Israeli GAFA seminar (on Geometric Aspects of Functional Analysis) from the years 2006 to 2011 continues the long tradition of the previous volumes, which reflect the general trends of Asymptotic Geometric Analysis, understood in a broad sense, and are a source of inspiration for new research. Most of the papers deal with various aspects of the theory, including classical topics in the geometry of convex bodies, inequalities involving volumes of such bodies or more generally, logarithmically-concave measures, valuation theory, probabilistic and isoperimetric problems in the combinatorial setting, volume distribution on high-dimensional spaces and characterization of classical constructions in Geometry and Analysis (like the Legendre and Fourier transforms, derivation and others). All the papers here are original research papers.

Der Einfluss der logisch-empiristischen Philosophie des Wiener Kreises kann bis heute in allen Gebieten der Philosophie festgestellt werden, besonders aber in der analytischen Philosophie, der Sprachphilosophie und der Wissenschaftstheorie. Die erzwungene Emigration der meisten Mitglieder des Wiener Kreises aus Europa führte zu dessen Auflösung und dadurch zur Unterbrechung der organischen Entwicklung der Tradition des logischen Empirismus in Mitteleuropa. Diese Auswanderung von herausragenden Mitgliedern des Wiener Kreises an führende Universitäten und Forschungszentren in den USA hat aber dazu beigetragen, dass der Logische Empirismus gleich nach dem Krieg zu einer wichtigen intellektuellen Richtung in der angelsächsischen Welt wurde. In Ungarn war dies jedoch nicht der Fall: hier wurde nach dem Krieg die Bewertung der Stellung und Bedeutung des Logischen Empirismus durch ideologische Faktoren verzerrt. Dennoch konnten die Gedanken des Logischen Empirismus nicht ignoriert werden und so wurden in Ungarn nach dem Krieg sowohl Philosophen als auch Wissenschaftler vom Logischen Empirismus beeinflusst. In den Beiträgen der Konferenz'Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Wissenschaftsphilosophie, eine Neubewertung des Einflusses des Wiener Kreises in Ungarn'(2008) wurden die Auswirkungen des Logischen Empirismus auf die Entwicklung der Philosophie in Ungarn analysiert und bewertet.

This volume contains nineteen survey papers describing the state of current research in discrete and computational geometry as well as a set of open problems presented at the 2006 AMS-IMS-SIAM Summer Research Conference'Discrete and Computational Geometry—Twenty Years Later', held in Snowbird, Utah, in June 2006. Topics surveyed include metric graph theory, lattice polytopes, the combinatorial complexity of unions of geometric objects, line and pseudoline arrangements, algorithmic semialgebraic geometry, persistent homology, unfolding polyhedra, pseudo-triangulations, nonlinear computational geometry, $k$-sets, and the computational complexity of convex bodies. Discrete and computational geometry originated as a discipline in the mid-1980s when mathematicians in the well-established field of discrete geometry and computer scientists in the (then) nascent field of computational geometry began working together on problems of common interest. The combined field has experienced a huge growth in the past twenty years, which the present volume attests to.

Was ist Verstehen? Welche Theorie des Verstehens ist plausibel? Was können wir verstehen? Was sind Bedeutungen? Welche Rolle spielen Rationalität, Normativität, Sozialität, Perzeptibilität, Historizität, Lingualität und Inferentialität beim Verstehen? Ist Verstehen stets begrifflich, sprachlich, propositional, oder gibt es auch unbegriffliches, vorsprachliches, nicht-propositionales Verstehen? Ist Verstehen eine Form von Wissen, und wie verhält es sich zu anderen Formen des Wissens? Das sind die Themen, mit denen sich die Beiträge dieses Bandes befassen, und zwar fokussiert auf zwei Positionen aus dem Spektrum der Hermeneutiken, Semantiken und Epistemologien, die auf die angeführten Fragen Antworten offerieren: Die Positionen von Martin Heidegger und Robert Brandom, der sich aus (post-)analytischer Perspektive ausdrücklich mit dem Begriff des Verstehens in »Sein und Zeit« auseinandersetzt.

Descartes's philosophy has had a considerable influence on the modern conception of the mind, but many think that this influence has been largely negative. The main project of The Subject's Point of View is to argue that discarding certain elements of the Cartesian conception would be much more difficult than critics seem to allow, since it is tied to our understanding of basic notions, including the criteria for what makes someone a person, or one of us. The crucial feature of the Cartesian view defended here is not dualism - which is not adopted - but internalism. Internalism is opposed to the widely accepted externalist thesis, which states that some mental features constitutively depend on certain features of our physical and social environment. In contrast, this book defends the minority internalist view, which holds that the mind is autonomous, and though it is obviously affected by the environment, this influence is merely contingent and does not delimit what is thinkable in principle. Defenders of the externalist view often present their theory as the most thoroughgoing criticism of the Cartesian conception of the mind; Katalin Farkas offers a defence of an uncompromising internalist Cartesian conception.

Although the?rst decades of the 20th century saw some strong debates on set theory and the foundation of mathematics, afterwards set theory has turned into a solid branch of mathematics, indeed, so solid, that it serves as the foundation of the whole building of mathematics. Later generations, honest to Hilbert's dictum, “No one can chase us out of the paradise that Cantor has created for us” proved countless deep and interesting theorems and also applied the methods of set theory to various problems in algebra, topology, in?nitary combinatorics, and real analysis. The invention of forcing produced a powerful, technically sophisticated tool for solving unsolvable problems. Still, most results of the pre-Cohen era can be digested with just the knowledge of a commonsense introduction to the topic. And it is a worthy e?ort, here we refer not just to usefulness, but,?rst and foremost, to mathematical beauty. In this volume we o?er a collection of various problems in set theory. Most of classical set theory is covered, classical in the sense that independence methods are not used, but classical also in the sense that most results come fromtheperiod,say,1920–1970.Manyproblemsarealsorelatedtoother?elds of mathematics such as algebra, combinatorics, topology, and real analysis. We do not concentrate on the axiomatic framework, although some - pects, such as the axiom of foundation or the role ˆ of the axiom of choice, are elaborated.

What is mind? What is its relationship to the physical world? Is consciousness a causative agent in the physical world? With much progress being made in the neurosciences, many have thought that these questions could be answered by reducing them to questions about physical systems such as the brain. But this approach has foundered on the core problem of consciousness: Why is it that some brain processes are accompanied by conscious awareness? This anthology points out new sources and unexamined paths of consciousness research. By presenting a wide spectrum of non-reductive theories, the volume endeavours to overcome the dichotomy between dualism and monism that keeps plaguing the debate in favour of new and more differentiated positions.