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Medicinal Biotechnology: Methods and Applications covers a wide range of topics from traditional herbal medicine to recent plant and animal biotechnology approaches used for the production of vaccines, hormones, enzymes, edible medicinal products, herbal therapeutics, and other secondary metabolites. The book opens with a historical perspective of medicinal biotechnology which includes a discussion of successive development in the field of medicine, starting from early civilization up to current and advanced approaches and strategies. The book also provides a wide range of topics that include: a discussion engineering approaches in medicinal biotechnology, metabolomics, extraction of metabolites, personalization approaches, and strategies for the effective use of medicinal product and drugs; explanation of engineering approaches in medicinal biotechnology, metabolomics, extraction of metabolites, personalization approaches, and strategies for the effective use of medicinal product and drug; and coverage of specific knowledge on the production and use in vaccines, antibodies, and hormones. - Provides a discussion of the traditional medicine system and the role of herbs - Discusses plant and animal tissues culture/engineering approaches used to produce medicinal products such as vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones - Highlights the discussion of topics related to DNA profiling, genome editing, synthetic biology, bioprospecting, metabolomics, personalized medicine, and intellectual property rights in relation to the medicinal product - Emphasizes the therapeutic potential of edible plant products and herbal therapeutics for chronic disease management

This book covers the following subjects: growth curve modeling, directional dependence, dyadic data modeling, item response modeling (IRT), and other methods for the analysis of dependent data (e.g., approaches for modeling cross-section dependence, multidimensional scaling techniques, and mixed models). It presents contributions on handling data in which the postulate of independence in the data matrix is violated. When this postulate is violated and when the methods assuming independence are still applied, the estimated parameters are likely to be biased, and statistical decisions are very likely to be incorrect. Problems associated with dependence in data have been known for a long time, and led to the development of tailored methods for the analysis of dependent data in various areas of statistical analysis. These include, for example, methods for the analysis of longitudinal data, corrections for dependency, and corrections for degrees of freedom. Researchers and graduate students in the social and behavioral sciences, education, econometrics, and medicine will find this up-to-date overview of modern statistical approaches for dealing with problems related to dependent data particularly useful.

The financial landscape is rapidly evolving, and professionals must keep pace with the complex relationship between traditional financial practices and cutting-edge technologies. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) into finance presents a transformative shift that requires a deep understanding and strategic approach. Navigating the Future of Finance in the Age of AI offers a comprehensive exploration of AI's impact on the financial sector, from predictive analytics to algorithmic trading strategies. Each chapter is written by experts in the field, and they provide practical insights and real-world examples to make complex concepts accessible and actionable. The book also delves into regulatory challenges, ethical considerations, and case studies, equipping readers with the tools needed to harness AI's transformative power in finance. Whether you are a finance professional seeking to enhance decision-making, a data scientist aiming to apply ML techniques in finance, or an academic exploring AI's role in financial innovation, this book is an indispensable resource that offers a roadmap to navigate the complexities of AI-driven finance and seize the opportunities it presents.

Novel Phytopharmaceutical for Management of Disorders will cover the recent advances surrounding phytopharmaceuticals and their potential uses in the management of several disorders as well as in cosmetic benefits. Sections cover the concepts of phytopharmaceuticals and current highlights in disease management. This book will also emphasize phytopharmaceutical drug delivery studies in vivo-invitro study to various target organs like lungs, liver, brain, etc. This book provides key information for everyone interested in disease management, drug discovery, and delivery, including medicinal chemists, cosmetic experts, nutritionists, toxicologists, drug formulators, and health care professionals. Students, professors, and researchers working in pharmaceutical sciences and beyond will also find the book useful considering the future prospect of phyto drug delivery for better treatment of various diseases.We will also focus on patents filed, technology transfer, market potential, and regulatory aspects of herbal nanomedicines, if any. However, research in this area is still at the exploratory stage. But, in the market, there are no such books available that have summarized all the contents on the point of research aspects. This book will be a continuation of the first volume and readers and the target audience will get all the knowledge related to this topic.Aims and scope: To understand the basic information and application of phyto-constituents. To understand the various phytoconstituents-based formulations for disease management. Herbal drugs used for cosmetic application. Phyto drug delivery systems and their applications. To provide detailed knowledge about the technical aspects of the formulation part. To update readers with the latest research progress in this emerging research area. To provide the details about the patents filed, technology transfer, market potential, and regulatory aspects for the same.

Adrenoceptors have been at the forefront of physiological and pharmacological research for a century. They served as prototypes for rationale drug design as recognized by a Nobel Prize to Sir James Black and for the molecular understanding and structure of G protein-coupled receptors as recognized by a Nobel Prize to Brian Kobilka and Robert J. Lefkowitz. Drugs directly or indirectly targeting adrenoceptors have become guideline-recommended treatments for more than 30 human and various animal diseases. This volume assembles leading experts on various types of adrenoceptor research to provide concise insight into the current standing and future direction of uses of adrenoceptor-targeted drugs and research in this field.

This book shows how and why quality assurance programmes should be implemented in laboratory rodent facilities to monitor animal health and genetic status. It covers common practice to assure the desired level of microbiological and genetic surveillance of both genetically standardized and genetically altered laboratory mice and rats. In particular, the book introduces readers to the standardized genetic nomenclature and provides step-by-step protocols for genetic monitoring of the animals. International standards of health monitoring programs are discussed and statistical aspects thereof are explored. Furthermore, the book reviews common infectious diseases in laboratory rodents and guides the reader in monitoring the animals'health status through application of current diagnostic methods. This book adresses researchers, technicians and zookeepers working in laboratory rodent facilities.

The last 20 years have witnessed tremendous growth in theoretical and empirical work on emotions, including groundbreaking work on anger, disgust, pride, shame, sexual jealousy, romantic love, and more. Such work has demonstrated that emotions pervade nearly all aspects of psychological life, and that emotions are key to survival and reproduction and are therefore prime targets of natural selection. Emotions have also been implicated in a variety of psychological disorders, from the obvious (depression, anxiety) to the much less so (schizoid personality disorder, borderline personality disorder). In The Oxford Handbook of Evolution and the Emotions, Laith Al-Shawaf and Todd K. Shackelford have gathered a group of leading scholars in the field to present a centralized resource for researchers and students wishing to understand emotions from an evolutionary perspective. Together, the chapters provide a comprehensive overview of the literature, with a special focus on 1) conceptual foundations of evolutionary approaches to the emotions, 2) specific emotions, such as love, jealousy, anger, pride, disgust, shame, and others, 3) the importance of emotions in daily life, and 4) emotion disorders. The volume consists of four parts; the first part covers conceptual foundations of evolutionary approaches to the emotions (Evolution and the Emotions: Conceptual Foundations). The second part consists of specific emotions (Evolutionary Approaches to Specific Emotions). The third part focuses on the role of emotions in daily life, including spheres such as friendship, romantic relationships, morality, and politics (Evolutionary Approaches to Emotions in Daily Life). The fourth and final part consists of chapters on distinct emotion disorders (Evolutionary Approaches to Emotion Disorders). Comprehensive and integrative in nature, this Handbook is as an essential resource for students and scholars from a diversity of fields wishing to build upon our theoretical and empirical understanding of the emotions.

The Light Metals symposia at the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition present the most recent developments, discoveries, and practices in primary aluminum science and technology. The annual Light Metals volume has become the definitive reference in the field of aluminum production and related light metal technologies. The 2024 collection includes contributions from the following symposia: · Alumina & Bauxite · Aluminum Alloys: Development and Manufacturing · Aluminum Reduction Technology · Electrode Technology for Aluminum Production · Melt Processing, Casting and Recycling · Scandium Extraction and Use in Aluminum AlloysChapter(s) “Online Monitoring of Metal Oxides in Molten Fluoride Electrolytes” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via Springerlink.

DNA Damage and Chromosomal Instability, Volume 182 in the Methods in Cell Biology series, presents interesting chapters on a variety of timely topics, including Induction of chromosome-specific micronuclei and chromothripsis by centromere inactivation, Generation of aneuploid cells and assessment of their ability to survive in presence of chemotherapeutic agents, Genetic reporters to detect and quantify homologous recombination in yeast, Mapping histone variant genomic distribution: exploiting SNAP- Tag labelling to follow the dynamics of incorporation of H3 variants, Enrichment of DNA replication intermediates by EdU pull down, Nascent DNA sequencing and its diverse applications in genome integrity research, and much more. Additional chapters cover Enrichment of DNA replication intermediates by EdU pull down, DNA curtains for studying phase separation mechanisms of DNA-organizing proteins, Visualizing the Dynamics of DNA Replication and Repair at the Single-Molecule Molecule Level, Cloning and Expansion of Repetitive DNA Sequences, Using an ImageJ-based script to detect replication stress and associated cell cycle exit from G2 phase by fluorescence microscopy Arne Lindqvist - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in the Methods in Cell Biology series - Updated release includes the latest information on the DNA Damage and Chromosomal Instability

Anesthesia for Dental and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery A comprehensive reference to anesthesia for dental, oral, and maxillofacial surgery Anesthesia for Dental and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery offers a comprehensive yet practical approach to anesthesiology for dentist anesthesiologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, and anesthesia providers in a dental environment. Taking a concise bulleted approach for fast access to information, the book covers all topics relevant to providing perioperative anesthetic management for the head and neck region. Coverage ranges from equipment, anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology to anesthetizing patients with specific conditions and for specific procedures. Designed for ease of use, the book makes it easy to find information relevant to cases ranging from common to rare. Anesthesia for Dental and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery readers will also find: Images throughout to facilitate key points A bulleted approach for easy reference A practical, accessible style, making it easy to find information at point of care Detailed coverage of preoperative aspects, pharmacology, key equipment, and more Anesthesia for Dental and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery provides anesthesia providers with all the information they need to confidently manage any case.

Secondary Metabolites and Biotherapeutics presents the latest biotechnological advancements in the production of target secondary metabolites for medicinal use, including topics such as transcriptomics, nanotechnology, gene editing tools like CRISPR/CAS, secondary metabolites source and production. Secondary metabolites derived from plants as a response to stress have always played a vital role in the pharmaceutical industry to produce medicines. However, their limited production in plants have always raised concerns for large-scale production. With the advancement of modern biotechnology, researchers around the globe are now able to engineer plants with specific chemical compositions.This book is a valuable resource to researchers in biotechnology, medical sciences, pharmaceutical biotechnology, pharmacology and plant biology. - Provides updates in the field of secondary metabolite used in therapy - Covers the latest biotechnological advancements in the production of target secondary metabolites for the purpose of medicinal use - Elucidates the medicinal value of the plants used traditionally by different ethnic groups for treating various disorders - Presents the medicinal value of endophytes

Current Molecular Targets of Heterocyclic Compounds for Cancer Therapy discusses recently developed treatments based on molecular targets which are genetically altered in cancer cells and are essential for tumor development and survival. Considerable research effort has been devoted to the development of targeted drugs that inhibit the action of pathogenic kinases, and clinical studies performed so far have validated the positive effects of kinase inhibitors for cancer treatment. Each chapter discusses a molecular target, such as ALK2, ATR, CK, Src-Abl, EGFR, Fyn-Blk-Lyn, IGFs, and PAK1. The book's chapters are written by experts who actively work on the targets to help readers fully understand how they can be used. This is a valuable resource for cancer researchers, oncologists, graduate students and members of the biomedical field who are interested in the potential of novel cancer therapies based on molecular targets. - Discusses recently discovered molecular targets for cancer therapy - Brings updated literature of heterocyclic compounds, an important construction motif for the development of new anticancer drugs - Encompasses comprehensive compilation of recently introduced anticancer drugs in the market and their health outcomes and pharmacoeconomics

Bringing together the recent advances and innovative methods in macroeconomic forecasting, this erudite Handbook outlines how to forecast, including following world events such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the global financial crisis.With contributions from global experts, chapters explore the use of machine-learning techniques, the value of social media data, and climate change forecasting. Investigating the opportunities and challenges brought about by ‘Big Data', it examines how data can be used for forecasting by economists and analysts in international organisations as well as private practice. Utilising econometric techniques, it helps quantify the uncertainties regarding the future.The insightful Handbook is an excellent resource for scholars of advanced macroeconomic forecasting, as well as those requiring a better understanding of econometrics, statistics, and modelling approaches. Practitioners in both private and public sectors will greatly appreciate the expert guidance for good future forecasting practices.

Nanotechnological Aspects for Next-generation Wound Management provides detailed, up-to-date literature on nanotechnology's role in wound management and its applications using nanoparticles, nanocomposites, carbon-based nanostructures and nanomaterials. Scaffolds, three-dimensional approaches, skin tissue engineering, and polymer-based films are discussed to treat wounds. This one-of-a-kind reference is ideal for health practitioners, clinicians and researchers who will find the book to be excellent reference material for updates on recent trends in nanotechnology for wound management. - Describes the various nanotechnological approaches for wound management - Presents a detailed analysis of the use of artificial intelligence in wound care - Discusses the future aspects related to wound healing and wound management

Intended primarily for researchers working with bioactive substances such as hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and connective tissue makers, this book discusses the principles of degradation in major groups of bioactive materials with respect to physiology, location, and regulation. Peptidases; receptor-mediated endocytosis; organ extraction and clearance; and the degradation of specific proteins, peptides, amines, steroids, and polysaccharoides are featured. Pathophysiology and its role in diagnostics and disease are considered throughout the book, in addition to updates of recent literature and substantial new information on physiology and pathophysiology of degradation of bioactive material. No special mathematical or kinetic background is necessary to read this book because the mathematic and kinetic concepts are facilitated through the presentation of fundamental and more advanced principles. Furthermore, illustrations and tables are provided to facilitate the understanding of the dynamic aspects of degradation processes. Degradation of Bioactive Substances: Physiology and Pathophysiology is the first comprehensive work describing the degradation of bioactive material, including information not found in biochemical textbooks on internal metabolism or pharmacokinetic textbooks on drug metabolism.

β-Carbolines: A Privileged Scaffold for Modern Drug Discovery provides a summary of methods for the synthesis of various natural products engineered with the diverse β-carboline scaffold and their biological evaluation.β-carboline and its derivatives have generated considerable interest in recent years for their versatile properties in chemistry and pharmacology. This is due to their ability to act as agonists to benzodiazepine receptors, hydroxy serotonin receptors, and intercalate into DNA, to inhibit CDK, Topisomerase, and monoamine oxidase enzymes. Their pharmacological properties include anxiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, antiviral, antiparasitic and antimicrobial attributes. This book provides a summary of methods for the synthesis of various natural products engineered with the diverse β-carboline scaffold and their biological evaluation.Features: Focuses on the different application and therapies of β-carbolines. Provides a summary of methods for the synthesis of various natural products engineered with the diverse β-carbolines. Discusses methods of biological evaluation of β-carbolines. Explores different chemical transformations occurring with synthesis using β-carbolines. Covers both heterocyclic synthesis and multicomponent synthesis related to β-carbolines. It will be key reading for researchers in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery looking to understand the broad potential of β-carbolines.

In the last decades, machine learning techniques – especially techniques of deep learning – led to numerous successes in many application areas, including economics. The use of machine learning in economics is the main focus of this book; however, the book also describes the use of more traditional econometric techniques. Applications include practically all major sectors of economics: agriculture, health (including the impact of Covid-19), manufacturing, trade, transportation, etc. Several papers analyze the effect of age, education, and gender on economy – and, more generally, issues of fairness and discrimination.We hope that this volume will:help practitioners to become better knowledgeable of the state-of-the-art econometric techniques, especially techniques of machine learning,and help researchers to further develop these important research directions. We want to thank all the authors for their contributions and all anonymous referees for their thorough analysis and helpful comments.

This fully revised 3rd edition of Fungal Genomics highlights the impact of genomics on the field of fungal biology in four sections: Part I Genome Sequences and Beyond: Examines the impact of genome-based information and techniques on research ranging from the discovery of giant transposons to the analysis of less-studied extremotolerant fungi as well as studies of three-dimensional chromatin organization in fungi. Part II Cell and Developmental Biology: Explores advances in high-throughput genetics/genomics and RNA editing in fungi, the role of codons in gene regulation, and the analysis of epigenetic regulation in early-diverging fungi. Part III Biotechnology: Covers the search for plant biomass-converting enzymes in fungal genomes and work with industrially important fungi. Part IV Interactions - Symbioses, Mutualisms, and Pathogens: Explains the genomic analysis of the emerging human pathogen Candida auris as well as genomic signatures in ectomycorrhizal fungi. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the exciting field of fungal genomics.

This comprehensive textbook offers an in-depth exploration of how thyroid hormones influence brain development and function, particularly on cellular and molecular mechanisms. Readers will find current insights into the complex interplay between the thyroid and neurological systems, making it a valuable resource for researchers, advanced learners and clinicians in the fields of endocrinology, neuroscience, and developmental biology.The book starts with a review of thyroid physiology, setting the stage for subsequent chapters that cover specific topics such as the impact of maternal thyroid hormones on fetal brain development and the effects of iodine deficiency. From here, the book progresses to cover the regulation of brain gene expression, neuronal and glial cell differentiation, and myelination by thyroid hormones, and how thyroid hormones shape the brain. Finally, the book addresses the link between thyroid dysfunction and mood disorders.Key features- A thorough examination of the historical and the latest research findings through 14 chapters- Clear explanations of molecular pathways- Emphasis on both theoretical knowledge and practical applications- Detailed and research-focused content scientific references for further reading

Advances in Sustainable Materials: Fundamentals, Modelling and Characterization provides a comprehensive review of recent technological developments and research accomplishments in this important field. The chapters cover characterization techniques, modeling of sustainable materials, the role of artificial intelligence, Industry 4.0, nature-inspired algorithms, and optimization possibilities. Various computational and simulation approaches for maintaining the sustainability of materials are also covered in detail. In addition to the above, various case studies are also included on the application of sustainable materials in medical, environmental, production, mechanical, and civil engineering. This collection of state-of-the-art techniques, with an emphasis on using various analytical strategies, and computational and simulation approaches, as well as artificial intelligence will encourage researchers, as well as manufacturers to develop more innovative sustainable materials. - Covers various types of sustainable materials, including polymers, metals, ceramics, composites, biomaterials, biodegradable materials, smart materials, and functionally graded materials - Focuses on characterization, modeling, and applications of sustainable materials - Describes the outstanding properties of various classes of materials and their suitability for different types of industrial applications

The first book on crop nutrition that covers topics from soil hydrology to molecular biology!The first book ever to elucidate so many different aspects of mineral nutrition of crops, Mineral Nutrition of Crops: Fundamental Mechanisms and Implications will allow you to grasp the complexity of the soil-water-plant-microbe interactions governing nutrient uptake and utilization by crops. By emphasizing a fundamental mechanistic approach, this book effectively complements the monograph Nutrient Use in Crop Production (The Haworth Press, Inc.). With Mineral Nutrition of Crops you will explore the many facets necessary to increase crop and pasture yields and minimize unwanted losses of nutrients to the environment.Mineral Nutrition of Crops covers a wide range of topics that span several scientific disciplines: agriculture, agronomy, botany, forestry, ecology, plant science, and soil science. From this book, you will gain vital knowledge required to understand the complexity of mechanisms and processes governing nutrient transport toward roots, including biological and chemical reactions influencing nutrient availability in the rhizosphere, uptake by root cells, long-distance transport toward grain, and the role of nutrients in metabolism. Also, you will explore issues relating to the following topics: biology and chemistry of nutrient availability in the rhizosphere kinetics of nutrient uptake by plant cells role of mineral photosynthesis and yield formation importance of seed nutrient reserves in crop growth and development breeding crops for improved nutrient efficiency significance of root size for plant production monitoring water and nutrient fluxes down the profile From Mineral Nutrition of Crops, you will gain the knowledge you need to understand and improve methods of crop growth and nutrition. Mineral Nutrition of Crops is an indispensable manual for anyone involved in the many aspects of growing crops.

Advances and Technology Development in Greenhouse Gases: Emission, Capture and Conversion is a comprehensive seven-volume set of books that discusses the composition and properties of greenhouse gases, and introduces different sources of greenhouse gases emission and the relation between greenhouse gases and global warming. The comprehensive and detailed presentation　of common technologies as well as novel research related to all aspects of greenhouse gases makes this work an indispensable encyclopedic resource for researchers　in academia and industry.Volume 3 titled Greenhouse Gases Storage and Transportation investigates in detail the methods of storage and transportation, their current status, novel strategies, and the conventional challenges. The book consists of four sections, the first three of which include various strategies employed in the storage and transportation of the major greenhouse gases (GHGs), namely carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Each section addresses recent advances, new concepts, and the economic assessment of storage and transportation facilities. Section 4 surveys the challenges that storage and transportation of GHGs may face and delves into the major problems of the pipelines that are employed for the transportation of the materials - Introduces different technologies for carbon storage and transportation - Describes various methane storage and transportation technologies - Discusses challenges of GHGs'transportation

Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling is a comprehensive resource that reviews structural equation modeling (SEM) strategies for longitudinal data to help readers determine which modeling options are available for which hypotheses. This accessibly written book explores a range of models, from basic to sophisticated, including the statistical and conceptual underpinnings that are the building blocks of the analyses. By exploring connections between models, it demonstrates how SEM is related to other longitudinal data techniques and shows when to choose one analysis over another. Newsom emphasizes concepts and practical guidance for applied research rather than focusing on mathematical proofs, and new terms are highlighted and defined in the glossary. Figures are included for every model along with detailed discussions of model specification and implementation issues and each chapter also includes examples of each model type, descriptions of model extensions, comment sections that provide practical guidance, and recommended readings.Expanded with new and updated material, this edition includes many recent developments, a new chapter on growth mixture modeling, and new examples. Ideal for graduate courses on longitudinal (data) analysis, advanced SEM, longitudinal SEM, and/or advanced data (quantitative) analysis taught in the behavioral, social, and health sciences, this new edition will continue to appeal to researchers in these fields.

RAP-27 Hot Topics presents 33 peer-reviewed, evidence-based and state-of-the-art chapters contributed by 53 experts. The chapters review the depth and breadth of knowledge in contemporary issues in pediatrics with special reference to the Indian subcontinent. The contents are stimulating, mature and, at places, provocative for encouraging further discussion, research and innovation. The book with a multidisciplinary approach in a holistic and easy-to-grasp manner, provides an academic feast that contributes to the RAP series goal of translating advances in the field from bench side to bedside, nay to the community at large, and the eventual beneficiary.

The two-volume set LNCS 13956 and 13957 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, ICCSA 2023, held at Lesvos Island, Greece, during July 3–6, 2023.The 67 full papers and 13 short papers and 6 PHD showcase papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 283 submissions. The contributions are grouped in topics which deal with General Track 1: Computational Methods, Algorithms and Scientific Applications; General Track 2: High Performance Computing and Networks; General Track 3: Geometric Modeling, Graphics and Visualization; General Track 4: Advanced and Emerging Applications; General Track 5: Information Systems and Technologies; General Track 6: Urban and Regional Planning; and PHD Showcase Papers.

This is the fifth volume of the highly regarded ‘Physics of Cancer (Second Edition)'series, written with the aim of making very important topics in the physics of cancer visible to the research community. This fifth volume deals with biophysical methods. The first chapter presents the traditional NMR techniques and introduces the relatively new MRE technique for the characterization of cancer cells and tissues. The second chapter provides an overview of magnetic tweezer techniques relevant to cell characterization. The third chapter focusses on the magnetic twisting cytometry techniques. The fourth and fifth chapters discuss the cytoskeletal remodeling dynamics from a biological viewpoint and a physical viewpoint, respectively. The optical tweezer is introduced in the sixth chapter and the optical cell stretcher is discussed in the seventh chapter. In the eighth chapter, microfluidics-based high-throughput cell stretching is discussed and the latest developments are presented. Key Features Fifth volume of the author's ‘Physics of Cancer (Second Edition)'books, a highly regarded series Comprises chapters that have been designed as self-contained units Written by a widely respected expert in the physics of cancer field Covers state-of-the-art techniques that were developed by the author Includes research findings that have been presented in numerous peer-reviewed journal articles Contains extensive references at the end of each chapter to enhance further study