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This book brings together the exciting new findings that will bring us closer to a better understanding of the alterations of neuronal connectivity in autistic brains. This volume authoritatively covers the epidemiology, physiology, neurodevelopment, genetics, environmental influences, imaging studies, neuroanatomy, and neurochemistry of autism spectrum disorders. While the neurobiology of autism is still a long way from being understood, this book posits techniques, such as using brain imaging to find signatures in early days of life, that could help move the diagnosis and help identify neural pathways. Understanding these mechanisms opens the possibility to pharmacological, behavioral, and psychosocial therapeutic interventions. With contributions from the leading international autism researchers, Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders is the go-to reference for researchers and clinicians with an interest in understanding the underlying neurobiologyof autism spectrum disorders.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting the brain and spinal cord. Despite significant advances in treatment modalities the prognosis of this patient population is still poor. New Updates on Clinical Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis reviews the clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment management for both pediatric and adult patients with Multiple sclerosis (MS). Multiple chapters present the various subtypes of MS in a case-based format, providing readers with the presentation of differential diagnosis. This book will also review the advancements in methods of assessing demyelinating plaques including, 7T MRI, DTI, PET, and MR spectroscopy. Multi-contributed, this book will become the essential guide for anyone in the field of MS - Explores the practical applications of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) in assessing MS. - Delves into utilizing advanced imaging modalities and corresponding radiological findings for the diagnosis and monitoring. - Includes cutting-edge technologies: 7 Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MR spectroscopy).

This book presents high-quality, peer-reviewed papers from the International Conference in Information Technology & Education (ICITED 2023), to be held at the Nilton Lins University, Manaus, Brazil, during June 29–30, 2023. The book covers a specific field of knowledge. This intends to cover not only two fields of knowledge—Education and Technology—but also the interaction among them and the impact/result in the job market and organizations. It covers the research and pedagogic component of Education and Information Technologies but also the connection with Society, addressing the three pillars of higher education. The book addresses impact of pandemic on education and use of technology in education. Finally, it also encourages companies to present their professional cases which will be discussed. These can constitute real examples of how companies are overcoming their challenges with the uncertainty of the market.

Autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immune system malfunctions and mistakenly attacks healthy cells, tissues, and organs. Strong data on the incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases are limited, but a 2009 study estimated the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in the U.S. to be 7.6 to 9.4 percent, or 25 to 31 million people today. This estimate, however, includes only 29 autoimmune diseases, and it does not account for increases in prevalence in the last decade. By some counts, there are around 150 autoimmune diseases, which are lifelong chronic illnesses with no known cures. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was asked to assess the autoimmune disease research portfolio of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Enhancing NIH Research on Autoimmune Disease finds that while NIH has made impressive contributions to research on autoimmune diseases, there is an absence of a strategic NIH-wide autoimmune disease research plan and a need for greater coordination across the institutes and centers to optimize opportunities for collaboration. To meet these challenges, this report calls for the creation of an Office of Autoimmune Disease/Autoimmunity Research in the Office of the Director of NIH. The Office could facilitate NIH-wide collaboration, and engage in prioritizing, budgeting, and evaluating research. Enhancing NIH Research on Autoimmune Disease also calls for the establishment of long term systems to collect epidemiologic and surveillance data and long term studies (20+ years) to study disease across the life course. Finally, the report provides an agenda that highlights research needs that crosscut many autoimmune diseases, such as understanding the effect of environmental factors in initiating disease.

Primary health care providers such as pediatricians and family medicine physicians commonly encounter children with neurologic symptoms such as headache, double vision, facial weakness etc. Most books currently available in the specialty of pediatric neurology are “condition” or “disorder” based, and most of them are geared towards pediatric neurologists, not generalists who take care of children. A common thread amongst most currently available books in Pediatric Neurology is that the practitioner already knows what “condition” or “disorder” the child is suffering from. This book focuses on symptoms to a large extent. However, children with chronic neurological conditions will follow up with their primary care physicians after their visit with the sub-specialists. They may have questions or ongoing concerns regarding the diagnosis that has been made or being considered. This book attempts to provide information to the primary care physician regarding management and follow upof such children as well. This book serves as a guide for busy clinicians who take care of children presenting with neurological symptoms- with special emphasis on symptoms that are commonly encountered in clinical practice. For each symptom, a brief introduction is given as well as a definition and epidemiologic information for the given symptom. Readers are also instructed on what historical features and physical examinations are essential in narrowing the differential diagnosis. A recommendation on the management of the condition is then established. Instructions on when one should refer the patient to subspecialists for further evaluation and management are clearly laid out. Finally, a list of appropriate resources is provided for families, as well as clinical pearls that can be quickly scanned when one is pressed for time. The overarching goal of this book is to enable the primary care physician to make a confident diagnosis, triage efficiently and initiate treatment if need be.Written by experts in the field, Symptom-Based Approach to Pediatric Neurology is a valuable resource for evaluation and management of children presenting with neurologic symptoms for primary care providers who take care of children.

Genetic polymorphisms are important determinants of phenotypic variations and may modulate the risk to or even cause various diseases including genetic disorders and multifactorial diseases. Genetic polymorphisms also serve as important genetic, population and evolutionary markers that allow the study of genetic and evolutionary aspects of individuals, populations and organisms and aid in tracing the evolutionary and parental lineages. Genetic polymorphisms in low penetrance genes are responsible for the alterations in the gene expression of critical signal transduction proteins and metabolic enzymes. Some of these polymorphisms are linked to increased susceptibility to various diseases especially cancers, cardiovascular diseases, immune disorders, neurological pathologies. This book collates the reviews on the roles played by polymorphisms in critical metabolic, signal transduction, cell cycle or DNA repair genes either directly or indirectly in the disease mechanisms. The focus is on various techniques for identifying the various Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Polymorphism studies document the affect SNPs, and their expressions have upon the functionality of the enzymes, proteins. Key Features Describes the genetic polymorphism and its various types Discusses the role of genetic polymorphisms in modulating the risk of various human diseases Explores various molecular techniques used for detecting GPs Characterizes the role of SNPs in modulating the susceptibility of human diseases Provides a genetic basis for individual variations in response to therapeutics

Keep up-to-date with current clinical practice guidelines and policies form the American Academy of Pediatrics with the latest edition of this clinical reference classic. This evidence-based decision-making tool for managing common pediatric conditions has been revised and updated for 2021 with the latest clinical practice guidelines for more than 40 conditions plus every AAP policy statement, clinical report, and technical report through December 2020.Key FeaturesNew and revised AAP policy statements, clinical reports, and technical reportsPrinted text and eBook access, including full text of all AAP clinical practice guidelines and full text of 2020 AAP policy statements, clinical reports, and technical reportsMore than 600 policy statements, clinical reports, and technical reportsQuick Reference Tools, including coding tips, patient education handouts, and moreFive-section organization for ease of useClinical practice guidelines included in this edition cover the following pediatric conditions: Bronchiolitis Diabetes Febrile seizures High blood pressure Otitis media Sinusitis Urinary tract infection And more...

Neurodevelopmental Disorders, the latest release in the Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience series, presents the most thorough coverage available, addressing all aspects on how the nervous system and its components develop. This book brings together the latest research in this rapidly evolving field, with section editors discussing the technological advances that are enabling the pursuit of new research on brain development. This volume focuses on neurodevelopmental disorders in humans and experimental organisms. Particular attention is paid to the effects of abnormal development and on new psychiatric/neurological treatments being developed based on our increased understanding of developmental mechanisms. - Features leading experts in various subfields as section editors and article authors - Presents articles that have been peer reviewed to ensure accuracy, thoroughness and scholarship - Covers disorders of the nervous system that arise through defects in neural development

Genomic and Precision Medicine: Infectious and Inflammatory Disease, Third Edition, provides current clinical solutions on the application of genome discovery on a broad spectrum of disease categories in IMD - including asthma, obesity and multiple sclerosis. Each chapter is organized to cover the application of genomics and personalized medicine tools and technologies, along with information on a) Risk Assessment and Susceptibility, b) Diagnosis and Prognosis, c) Pharmacogenomics and Precision Therapeutics, and d) Emerging and Future Opportunities in the field. - Offers comprehensive coverage of infectious and inflammatory disease genomics - Provides succinct commentary and key learning points to assist providers with the implementation of genomic and personalized medicine - Presents an up-to-date overview on major opportunities for genomic and personalized medicine - Includes case studies that highlight the practical use of genomics in the management of patients

The main aim of this volume is to provide an updated overview of the genetic basis of a group of complex disorders that are considered rare individually, but show a relatively high prevalence on the whole in developed countries: the rare autoimmune diseases. These are chronic disorders that involve long and expensive treatments with considerable side effects that may dramatically reduce the quality of life of affected people. Therefore, shedding light into their pathologic mechanisms is a major concern given their growing social and economic awareness and impact. General sections include different chapters on single entities as systemic lupus and sclerosis, Behçet's disease, Sjogren's syndrome and polymiositis, and sections devoted to autoimmune vasculitis, hepatic autoimmune conditions, as well as those affecting the nervous system, and a concluding chapter in which the shared predisposition amongst all diseases is discussed. All the chapters are given a homogeneous scheme in which the authors explain the clinical singularities of every disease and report the recent breakthrough discoveries related to them, giving a critical interpretation and suggesting future perspectives. All contributors are renowned researchers with high expertise in each disease. Due to the exponential increase in our understanding of the genetic causes of these complex diseases, a major advance in biomedical discovery is taking place. However, most of the achievements in this field are very recent and there is a lack of bibliography gathering them together. This book is thus filling a gap and will prove a useful companion to clinicians in the first place (internists, rheumatologists, clinical immunologists, and hematologists) but also to basic and applied researchers.

Fully revised and expanded, the second edition of this best-selling resource provides expert guidance for primary pediatric health care professionals on caring for children with developmental and behavioral concerns – from medical evaluation and care initiation to transition to adulthood.New chapters cover •Environmental and biological influences on child development and behavior •Development and disorders of feeding, sleep, and eliminationTopics include •Counseling children and families •The role of early childhood adversity and toxic stress and the impact on child development and behavior •Medical evaluation of children with developmental-behavioral disorders •Developmental surveillance, screening, and evaluation •Autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, learning disability, ADHD, and cerebral palsy •Anxiety and mood disorders •Evidence-based interventions, including psychopharmacology •Social and community services for children with developmental-behavioral disorders and their families •How to appropriately bill and code for care •Transitioning to adult medical care

This pocketbook is an evidence-based educational resource that provides a concise overview of diagnosis, treatment and long-term management of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. An ideal clinical handbook for a wide range of medical professionals, this handbook includes international guidelines, clinically relevant clinical trial data, and an introduction to emerging therapies. Handbook of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis is a comprehensive overview of recent advances in this indication, enhanced by high quality figures and clinical images.

Encyclopedia of Immunobiology, Five Volume Set provides the largest integrated source of immunological knowledge currently available. It consists of broad ranging, validated summaries on all of the major topics in the field as written by a team of leading experts. The large number of topics covered is relevant to a wide range of scientists working on experimental and clinical immunology, microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, veterinary science, physiology, and hematology. The book is built in thematic sections that allow readers to rapidly navigate around related content. Specific sections focus on basic, applied, and clinical immunology. The structure of each section helps readers from a range of backgrounds gain important understanding of the subject. - Contains tables, pictures, and multimedia features that enhance the learning process - In-depth coverage allows readers from a range of backgrounds to benefit from the material - Provides handy cross-referencing between articles to improve readability, including easy access from portable devices

Homeostatic Control of Brain Function offers a broad view of brain health and diverse perspectives for potential treatments, targeting key areas such as mitochondria, the immune system, epigenetic changes, and regulatory molecules such as ions, neuropeptides, and neuromodulators. Loss of homeostasis becomes expressed as a diverse array of neurological disorders. Each disorder has multiple comorbidities - with some crossing over several conditions - and often disease-specific treatments remain elusive. When current pharmacological therapies result in ineffective and inadequate outcomes, therapies to restore and maintain homeostatic functions can help improve brain health, no matter the diagnosis. Employing homeostatic therapies may lead to future cures or treatments that address multiple comorbidities. In an age where brain diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's are ever present, the incorporation of homeostatic techniques could successfully promote better overall brain health. Key Features include · A focus on the homeostatic controls that significantly depend on the way one lives, eats, and drinks. · Highlights from emerging research in non-pharmaceutical therapies including botanical medications, meditation, diet, and exercise. · Incorporation of homeostatic therapies into existing basic and clinical research paradigms. · Extensive scientific basic and clinical research ranging from molecules to disorders. · Emerging practical information for improving homeostasis. · Examples of homeostatic therapies in preventing and delaying dysfunction. Both editors, Detlev Boison and Susan Masino, bring their unique expertise in homeostatic research to the overall scope of this work. This book is accessible to all with an interest in brain health; scientist, clinician, student, and lay reader alike.

Translational Immunology: Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Approaches highlights and summarizes the most important advances in human immunology, clinical translations, new tools to analyze therapeutic targets, and new pharmacological approaches for autoimmunity, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. The book is an essential resource for those seeking to understand the potential translational applications of burgeoning studies in human immunology, helping readers make sense of the existing and emerging scientific advances. The book grounds fundamental science in the translational realm, providing insights from world renowned researchers at the top of their game in their respective fields, in both industry and academic settings. Readers will gain an understanding of the rationale and mechanisms underlying current and emerging pharmacologic approaches for interventional immunology, the gaps therein, and new ideas for better and safer therapeutic approaches, and physicians will glean information about pharmacological limitations in altering disease progression and complications. This reference on the translational realization of the burgeoning findings in immunology provides a go-to reference for experienced professional clinicians, researchers, industry scientists, and those seeking more information on the field. - Delivers comprehensive coverage of seminal human immunology discoveries and the resulting impact on therapeutic strategies - Presents potential novel targets and approaches for clinical applications in organ specific and systemic autoimmunity, transplant rejection, cancer, and vaccine development - Discusses lessons learned from successful and failed clinical trials with specific interventions, including pharmacological issues and limitations, and complications due to immunosuppression - Provides information on new strategies and outstanding issues that should be addressed in future research