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One of the greatest theoretical physicists of the 19th century, James Clerk Maxwell is best known for his studies of the electromagnetic field. The 101 scientific papers of this two-volume set, arranged chronologically, testify to Maxwell's profound scientific legacy and include the preliminary explorations that culminated in his most famous work, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. One of the nineteenth century's most significant papers,'A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field,'appears here, along with similarly influential expositions of Maxwell's dynamical theory of gases. The author's extensive range of interests is well represented, from his discussions of color blindness and the composition of Saturn's rings to his essays on geometrical optics, ether, and protecting buildings from lightning. His less technical writings are featured as well, including items written for the Encyclopedia Britannica and Nature magazine, book reviews, and popular lectures. Striking in their originality, these papers offer a wealth of stimulating and inspiring reading to modern students of mathematics and physics.

As the title promises, this helpful volume offers easy access to the abstract principles common to science and mathematics. It eschews technical terms and omits troublesome details in favor of straightforward explanations that will allow scientists to read papers in branches of science other than their own, mathematicians to appreciate papers on topics on which they have no specialized knowledge, and other readers to cultivate an improved understanding of subjects employing mathematical principles. The broad scope of topics encompasses Euclid's algorithm; congruences; polynomials; complex numbers and algebraic fields; algebraic integers, ideals, and p-adic numbers; groups; the Galois theory of equations; algebraic geometry; matrices and determinants; invariants and tensors; algebras; group algebras; and more.'It is refreshing to find a book which deals briefly but competently with a variety of concatenated algebraic topics, that is not written for the specialist,'enthused the Journal of the Institute of ActuariesStudents'Society about this volume, adding'Littlewood's book can be unreservedly recommended.'

This book is an introduction to the geometry of Euclidean, affine, and projective spaces with special emphasis on the important groups of symmetries of these spaces. The two major objectives of the text are to introduce the main ideas of affine and projective spaces and to develop facility in handling transformations and groups of transformations. Since there are many good texts on affine and projective planes, the author has concentrated on the n-dimensional cases.Designed to be used in advanced undergraduate mathematics or physics courses, the book focuses on'practical geometry,'emphasizing topics and techniques of maximal use in all areas of mathematics. These topics include:Algebraic and Combinatoric PreliminariesIsometries and SimilaritiesAn Introduction to CrystallographyFields and Vector SpacesAffine SpacesProjective SpacesSpecial features include a spiral approach to symmetry; a review of the algebraic prerequisites; proofs which do not appear in other texts, such as the Polya-Burnside theorem; an extensive bibliography; and a large collection of exercises together with suggestions for term-paper topics. In addition, special emphasis is placed on the geometric significance of cosets and conjugates in a group.

Equations are the lifeblood of mathematics, science, and technology, and this book examines equations of all kinds. With his masterful ability to convey the excitement and elegance of mathematics, author Boris Pritsker explores equations from the simplest to the most complex—their history, their charm, and their usefulness in solving problems. The Equations World bridges the fields of algebra, geometry, number theory, and trigonometry, solving more than 280 problems by employing a wide spectrum of techniques. The author demystifies the subject with efficient hints, tricks, and methods that reveal the fun and satisfaction of problem solving. He also demonstrates how equations can serve as important tools for expressing a problem's data, showing the ways in which they assist in fitting parts together to solve the whole puzzle. In addition, brief historical tours reveal the foundations of mathematical thought by tracing the ideas and approaches developed by mathematicians over the centuries. Both recreational mathematicians and ambitious students will find this book an ample source of enlightenment and enjoyment.

The first two chapters of this frequently cited reference provide background material in Riemannian geometry and the theory of submanifolds. Subsequent chapters explore minimal submanifolds, submanifolds with parallel mean curvature vector, conformally flat manifolds, and umbilical manifolds. The final chapter discusses geometric inequalities of submanifolds, results in Morse theory and their applications, and total mean curvature of a submanifold.Suitable for graduate students and mathematicians in the area of classical and modern differential geometries, the treatment is largely self-contained. Problems sets conclude each chapter, and an extensive bibliography provides background for students wishing to conduct further research in this area. This new edition includes the author's corrections.

Invariant manifold theory serves as a link between dynamical systems theory and turbulence phenomena. This volume consists of research notes by author S. S. Sritharan that develop a theory for the Navier-Stokes equations in bounded and certain unbounded geometries. The main results include spectral theorems and analyticity theorems for semigroups and invariant manifolds.'This monograph contains a lot of useful information, including much that cannot be found in the standard texts on the Navier-Stokes equations,'observed MathSciNet, adding'the book is well worth the reader's attention.'The treatment is suitable for researchers and graduate students in the areas of chaos and turbulence theory, hydrodynamic stability, dynamical systems, partial differential equations, and control theory. Topics include the governing equations and the functional framework, the linearized operator and its spectral properties, the monodromy operator and its properties, the nonlinear hydrodynamic semigroup, invariant cone theorem, and invariant manifold theorem. Two helpful appendixes conclude the text.

This book derives from author Nolan R. Wallach's notes for a course on symplectic geometry and Fourier analysis, which he delivered at Rutgers University in 1975 for an audience of graduate students in mathematics and their professors. The monograph is geared toward readers who have taken a basic course in differential manifolds and elementary functional analysis. The first chapters cover certain geometric preliminaries, advancing to discussions of symplectic geometry and the application of its concepts to the action of a Lie group on a symplectic manifold. Subsequent chapters address Fourier analysis, the metaplectic representation, and quantization. A final chapter on the Kirillov theory applies the ideas of the previous chapters to homogeneous symplectic manifolds of nilpotent Lie groups. The book concludes with an Appendix on Quantum Mechanics by Robert Hermann.

This famous little book was first published in German in 1933 and in Russian a few years later, setting forth the axiomatic foundations of modern probability theory and cementing the author's reputation as a leading authority in the field. The distinguished Russian mathematician A. N. Kolmogorov wrote this foundational text, and it remains important both to students beginning a serious study of the topic and to historians of modern mathematics.Suitable as a text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in mathematics, the treatment begins with an introduction to the elementary theory of probability and infinite probability fields. Subsequent chapters explore random variables, mathematical expectations, and conditional probabilities and mathematical expectations. The book concludes with a chapter on the law of large numbers, an Appendix on zero-or-one in the theory of probability, and detailed bibliographies.

Focusing on functions defined on Riemann surfaces, this text demonstrates how Riemann's ideas about Abelian integrals can be arrived in terms of the flow of electric current on surfaces. 1893 edition.

A pioneering monograph on tensor methods applied to distributional problems arising in statistics, this work constitutes a valuable reference for graduate students and professional statisticians. Prerequisites include some knowledge of linear algebra, eigenvalue decompositions, and linear models as well as likelihood functions and likelihood ratio statistics. Index notation is the favored mode of expression throughout the book. The first chapter introduces a number of aspects of index notation, groups, invariants, and tensor calculus, with examples drawn from linear algebra, physics, and statistics. Subsequent chapters form the core of the text, addressing moments, cumulants, and invariants. Additional topics include sample cumulants, Edgeworth series, saddlepoint approximation, likelihood functions, and ancillary statistics. More than 200 exercises form an integral part of the text.

This introductory treatment provides insightful expositions of specific applications as well as elements of mathematical history and culture. The in-depth coverage of key mathematical topics is presented in clear terms and at an informal level that relates classic concepts to readers'everyday lives. Some knowledge of high school algebra would be useful for a full appreciation of the book, which is suitable for advanced high school students and college undergraduates in all fields as well as readers with an interest in mathematics and its history. The first five chapters, as published in the book's first edition, deal somewhat unconventionally with probability, statistics, voting systems, game theory, and linear programming. This new edition adds chapters on geometry in two and three dimensions, Egyptian arithmetic, the evolution of the normal distribution, and other subjects. Readers are certain to acquire a heightened awareness of many aspects of contemporary mathematics and its subject matter, relevant applications, and history.

This advanced monograph of semigroup theory explores semigroups of linear operators and linear Cauchy problems. Suitable for graduate students in mathematics as well as professionals in science and engineering, the treatment begins with an introductory survey of the theory and applications of semigroups of operators. Two main sections follow, one dedicated to semigroups of linear operators, and the other to linear Cauchy problems. Author Jerome A. Goldstein emphasizes motivation and heuristics as well as applications. Each of the two sections concludes with further applications and historical notes. Challenging exercises appear throughout the text, which includes a substantial bibliography. This edition has been updated with supplementary transcripts of five lectures given by the author during a 1989 workshop at Blaubeuren, Germany.

'The object of the following chapters is not to teach mathematics, but to enable students from the very beginning of their course to know what the science is about, and why it is necessarily the foundation of exact thought as applied to natural phenomena.'Thus begins this volume by the prominent English philosopher and mathematician Alfred North Whitehead, a concise statement on the nature and meaning of mathematics for the general student. Expertly written and abounding in insights, the book presents a lively exposition of mathematical concepts, the history of their development, and their applications to the physical world. Whitehead explains in broad terms what mathematics is about, what it does, and how mathematicians do it.Generations of readers who have stayed with the philosopher from the beginning to the end have found themselves amply rewarded for taking this journey. As The New York Times observed decades ago,'Whitehead doesn't popularize or make palatable; he is simply lucid and cogent... A finely balanced mixture of knowledge and urbanity.... Should delight you.'

'A first-class mathematician's lucid, unhurried account of the science of numbers from arithmetic through the calculus.'— James R. Newman, The World of Mathematics.This highly accessible introduction to mathematics is geared toward readers seeking a firm grasp of the essentials of mathematical theory and practice. The treatment also offers a concise outline of mathematical history and a clearer notion of why mathematicians do what they do.Author E. C. Titchmarsh, who served for many years as Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University, begins with counting and the fundamentals of arithmetic. He guides readers through the complexities of algebra, fractions, geometry, irrational numbers, logarithms, infinite series, complex numbers, quadratic equations, trigonometry, functions, and integral and differential calculus. Titchmarsh's graceful, fluid style helps make complicated topics easier to grasp, and his inclusion of numerous examples will prove especially helpful to readers with little or no background in mathematics.

'On the required reading list for all thoughtful students who wish to see mathematics from the'higher standpoint.''— American Mathematical MonthlyElegant and original, this exposition explores the foundations and development of both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry, particularly the postulational geometry of planes. Emphasis is placed upon the coordination of affine and projective planes as well as the basic unity of algebra and geometry.Geared toward undergraduate and graduate students, the treatment begins with a brief but engaging sketch of the historical background of Euclidean geometry and an elementary summary of set theory and propositional calculus. Subsequent chapters explore coordinates in an affine plane, including those with Desargues and Pappus properties, and coordinatizing projective planes. The final two chapters contain detailed developments of simple sets of postulates for the Euclidean and non-Euclidean planes.

One of the most widely used texts in its field, this volume introduces the differential geometry of curves and surfaces in both local and global aspects. The presentation departs from the traditional approach with its more extensive use of elementary linear algebra and its emphasis on basic geometrical facts rather than machinery or random details. Many examples and exercises enhance the clear, well-written exposition, along with hints and answers to some of the problems.The treatment begins with a chapter on curves, followed by explorations of regular surfaces, the geometry of the Gauss map, the intrinsic geometry of surfaces, and global differential geometry. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students of mathematics, this text's prerequisites include an undergraduate course in linear algebra and some familiarity with the calculus of several variables. For this second edition, the author has corrected, revised, and updated the entire volume.

In this famous monograph, a distinguished mathematician presents an innovative approach to classical boundary value problems ― one that may be used by mathematicians as well as by theoreticians in mechanics. The approach is based on a number of geometric properties of conformal and quasi-conformal mappings and employs the general basic scheme for solution of variational problems first suggested by Hilbert and developed by Tonnelli. The first two chapters cover variational principles of the theory of conformal mapping and behavior of a conformal transformation on the boundary. Chapters 3 and 4 explore hydrodynamic applications and quasiconformal mappings, and the final two chapters address linear systems and the simplest classes of non-linear systems. Mathematicians will take particular interest in the method of the proof of the existence and uniqueness theorems as well as the general theory of quasi-conformal mappings. Theoreticians in mechanics will find the approximate formulas for conformal and quasi-conformal

Celebrated mathematician Shlomo Sternberg, a pioneer in the field of dynamical systems, created this modern one-semester introduction to the subject for his classes at Harvard University. Its wide-ranging treatment covers one-dimensional dynamics, differential equations, random walks, iterated function systems, symbolic dynamics, and Markov chains. Supplementary materials offer a variety of online components, including PowerPoint lecture slides for professors and MATLAB exercises.'Even though there are many dynamical systems books on the market, this book is bound to become a classic. The theory is explained with attractive stories illustrating the theory of dynamical systems, such as the Newton method, the Feigenbaum renormalization picture, fractal geometry, the Perron-Frobenius mechanism, and Google PageRank.'— Oliver Knill, PhD, Preceptor of Mathematics, Harvard University.

Comprehensive but concise, this introduction to differential and integral calculus covers all the topics usually included in a first course. The straightforward development places less emphasis on mathematical rigor, and the informal manner of presentation sets students at ease. Many carefully worked-out examples illuminate the text, in addition to numerous diagrams, problems, and answers.Bearing the needs of beginners constantly in mind, the treatment covers all the basic concepts of calculus: functions, derivatives, differentiation of algebraic and transcendental functions, partial differentiation, indeterminate forms, general and special methods of integration, the definite integral, partial integration, and other fundamentals. Ample exercises permit students to test their grasp of subjects before moving forward, making this volume appropriate not only for classroom use but also for review and home study.

A self-contained treatment of finite Markov chains and processes, this text covers both theory and applications. Author Marius Iosifescu, vice president of the Romanian Academy and director of its Center for Mathematical Statistics, begins with a review of relevant aspects of probability theory and linear algebra. Experienced readers may start with the second chapter, a treatment of fundamental concepts of homogeneous finite Markov chain theory that offers examples of applicable models.The text advances to studies of two basic types of homogeneous finite Markov chains: absorbing and ergodic chains. A complete study of the general properties of homogeneous chains follows. Succeeding chapters examine the fundamental role of homogeneous infinite Markov chains in mathematical modeling employed in the fields of psychology and genetics; the basics of nonhomogeneous finite Markov chain theory; and a study of Markovian dependence in continuous time, which constitutes an elementary introduction to the study of continuous parameter stochastic processes.

A classic of pure mathematics, this advanced graduate-level text explores the intersection of functional analysis and analytic function theory. Close in spirit to abstract harmonic analysis, it is confined to Banach spaces of analytic functions in the unit disc.The author devotes the first four chapters to proofs of classical theorems on boundary values and boundary integral representations of analytic functions in the unit disc, including generalizations to Dirichlet algebras. The fifth chapter contains the factorization theory of Hp functions, a discussion of some partial extensions of the factorization, and a brief description of the classical approach to the theorems of the first five chapters. The remainder of the book addresses the structure of various Banach spaces and Banach algebras of analytic functions in the unit disc.Enhanced with 100 challenging exercises, a bibliography, and an index, this text belongs in the libraries of students, professional mathematicians, as well as anyone interested in a rigorous, high-level treatment of this topic.

There's more than one way to define a paradox, and this intriguing book offers examples of every kind. Stanley J. Farlow, a prominent educator and author, presents a captivating mix of mathematical paradoxes: the kind with surprising, nonintuitive outcomes; the variety that rely on mathematical sleight-of-hand to impress the unwary observer; and the baffling type with a solution that passes all understanding.Students and puzzle enthusiasts will find plenty of thought-provoking enjoyment mixed with a bit of painless mathematical instruction among these twenty-eight conundrums. Some of them involve counting, some deal with infinity, and others draw on principles of geometry and arithmetic. None requires an extensive background in higher mathematics. Challenges include The Curve That Shook the World, a variation on the famous Monty Hall Problem, Space Travel in a Wineglass, Through Cantor's Looking Glass, and other fun-to-ponder paradoxes.

An unabridged republication of the classic 1911 edition, this volume constitutes both a great historical contribution to mathematical literature and a basic reference book in its field. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in mathematics as well as historians of mathematics, the introductory treatment was hailed by International Mathematical News as'more easily comprehensible than most other books on the subject,'and as'a classic work, extraordinarily rich,'by Elemente der Mathematik.After introducing permutation notation and presenting the definition of a group, author William Burnside discusses the simpler properties of groups that are independent of their modes of representation; composition-series of groups; isomorphism of a group with itself; Abelian groups; groups whose orders are the powers of primes; and Sylow's theorem. Permutation groups and groups of linear substitutions receive an extensive treatment; two chapters are devoted to the graphic representation of groups, and the closing chapter examines congruence groups. Forty-five pages of notes at the back of the book offer ample treatment of special topics.

This reader-friendly volume groups the patterns of mathematics into five archetypes: numbers, space, logic, infinity, and information. Rudy Rucker presents an accessible introduction to each of these important areas, reflecting intelligence gathered from the frontiers of mathematical thought. More than 100 drawings illuminate explorations of digital versus analog processes, logic as a computing tool, communication as information transmission, and other'mind tools.''Mind Tools is an original and fascinating look at various aspects of mathematics that is sure to fascinate the nonmathematician.'— Isaac Asimov'A lighthearted romp through contemporary mathematics.... Mind Tools is a delight.'— San Francisco Chronicle'For those who gave up college mathematics for what seemed more liberal arts, Rudy Rucker's book, Mind Tools, is a dazzling refresher course.... He rekindles the wonder that can come from contemplating logarithms, exponential curves and transcendental numbers.'— The New York Times Book Review'One of Rucker's greatest assets is his ability to make complexities comprehensible to the general reader without lecturing.'— The Washington Post'Approaching all of mathematics, and everything else, by way of information theory, Dr. Rucker's latest and most exciting book opens vistas of dazzling beauty — scenes that blend order with chaos, reality with fantasy, that startle you with their depths of impenetrable mystery.'— Martin Gardner

Full and authoritative, this history of the techniques for dealing with geometric questions begins with synthetic geometry and its origins in Babylonian and Egyptian mathematics; reviews the contributions of China, Japan, India, and Greece; and discusses the non-Euclidean geometries. Subsequent sections cover algebraic geometry, starting with the precursors and advancing to the great awakening with Descartes; and differential geometry, from the early work of Huygens and Newton to projective and absolute differential geometry. The author's emphasis on proofs and notations, his comparisons between older and newer methods, and his references to over 600 primary and secondary sources make this book an invaluable reference. 1940 edition.

'Still a joy to read.'— Mathematical GazetteThis classic by the famous mathematician defines the basic methodology and psychology of scientific discovery, particularly regarding mathematics and mathematical physics. Drawing on examples from many fields, it explains how scientists analyze and choose their working facts, and it explores the nature of experimentation, theory, and the mind. 1914 edition.

An in-depth survey of some of the most readily applicable essentials of modern mathematics, this concise volume is geared toward undergraduates of all backgrounds as well as future math majors. By focusing on relatively few fundamental concepts, the text delves deeply enough into each subject to challenge students and to offer practical applications.The opening chapter introduces the program of study and discusses how numbers developed. Subsequent chapters explore the natural numbers; sets, variables, and statement forms; mappings and operations; groups; relations and partitions; integers; and rational and real numbers. Prerequisites include high school courses in elementary algebra and plane geometry.

This comprehensive text covers both applied and theoretical branches of matrix algebra in the statistical sciences. It also provides a bridge between linear algebra and statistical models. Appropriate for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, the self-contained treatment also constitutes a handy reference for researchers. The only mathematical background necessary is a sound knowledge of high school mathematics and a first course in statistics.Consisting of two interrelated parts, this volume begins with the basic structure of vectors and vector spaces. The latter part emphasizes the diverse properties of matrices and their associated linear transformations--and how these, in turn, depend upon results derived from linear vector spaces. An overview of introductory concepts leads to more advanced topics such as latent roots and vectors, generalized inverses, and nonnegative matrices. Each chapter concludes with a section on real-world statistical applications, plus exercises that offer concrete examples of the applications of matrix algebra.

This text explores aspects of matrix theory that are most useful in developing and appraising computational methods for solving systems of linear equations and for finding characteristic roots. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, it assumes an understanding of the general principles of matrix algebra, including the Cayley-Hamilton theorem, characteristic roots and vectors, and linear dependence.An introductory chapter covers the Lanczos algorithm, orthogonal polynomials, and determinantal identities. Succeeding chapters examine norms, bounds, and convergence; localization theorems and other inequalities; and methods of solving systems of linear equations. The final chapters illustrate the mathematical principles underlying linear equations and their interrelationships. Topics include methods of successive approximation, direct methods of inversion, normalization and reduction of the matrix, and proper values and vectors. Each chapter concludes with a helpful set of references and problems.

Many people suffer from an inferiority complex where mathematics is concerned, regarding figures and equations with a fear based on bewilderment and inexperience. This book dispels some of the subject's alarming aspects, starting at the very beginning and assuming no mathematical education.Written in a witty and engaging style, the text contains an illustrative example for every point, as well as absorbing glimpses into mathematical history and philosophy. Topics include the system of tens and other number systems; symbols and commands; first steps in algebra and algebraic notation; common fractions and equations; irrational numbers; algebraic functions; analytical geometry; differentials and integrals; the binomial theorem; maxima and minima; logarithms; and much more. Upon reaching the conclusion, readers will possess the fundamentals of mathematical operations, and will undoubtedly appreciate the compelling magic behind a subject they once dreaded.

A classic introduction to mathematical logic from the perspective of category theory, this text is suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students and accessible to both philosophically and mathematically oriented readers. Its approach moves always from the particular to the general, following through the steps of the abstraction process until the abstract concept emerges naturally.Beginning with a survey of set theory and its role in mathematics, the text proceeds to definitions and examples of categories and explains the use of arrows in place of set-membership. The introduction to topos structure covers topos logic, algebra of subobjects, and intuitionism and its logic, advancing to the concept of functors, set concepts and validity, and elementary truth. Explorations of categorial set theory, local truth, and adjointness and quantifiers conclude with a study of logical geometry.

This brief monograph by a distinguished professor is based on a mathematics course offered at the California Institute of Technology. The majority of students taking this course were advanced undergraduates and graduate students of engineering. A solid background in advanced calculus is a prerequisite.Topics include elementary and convergence theories of convolution quotients, differential equations involving operator functions, and exponential functions of operators. Tools developed in the preceding chapters are then applied to problems in partial differential equations. Solutions to selected problems appear at the end of the book.

This complete and coherent exposition, complemented by numerous illustrative examples, offers readers a text that can teach by itself. Fully rigorous in its treatment, it offers a mathematically sound sequencing of topics. The work starts with the most basic laws of matrix algebra and progresses to the sweep-out process for obtaining the complete solution of any given system of linear equations — homogeneous or nonhomogeneous — and the role of matrix algebra in the presentation of useful geometric ideas, techniques, and terminology.Other subjects include the complete treatment of the structure of the solution space of a system of linear equations, the most commonly used properties of determinants, and linear operators and linear transformations of coordinates. Considerably more material than can be offered in a one-semester course appears here; this comprehensive volume by Franz E. Hohn, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Illinois for many years, provides instructors with a wide range of choices in order to meet differing interests and to accommodate students with varying backgrounds.

This excellent textbook introduces the basics of number theory, incorporating the language of abstract algebra. A knowledge of such algebraic concepts as group, ring, field, and domain is not assumed, however; all terms are defined and examples are given — making the book self-contained in this respect.The author begins with an introductory chapter on number theory and its early history. Subsequent chapters deal with unique factorization and the GCD, quadratic residues, number-theoretic functions and the distribution of primes, sums of squares, quadratic equations and quadratic fields, diophantine approximation, and more. Included are discussions of topics not always found in introductory texts: factorization and primality of large integers, p-adic numbers, algebraic number fields, Brun's theorem on twin primes, and the transcendence of e, to mention a few.Readers will find a substantial number of well-chosen problems, along with many notes and bibliographical references selected for readability and relevance. Five helpful appendixes — containing such study aids as a factor table, computer-plotted graphs, a table of indices, the Greek alphabet, and a list of symbols — and a bibliography round out this well-written text, which is directed toward undergraduate majors and beginning graduate students in mathematics. No post-calculus prerequisite is assumed. 1977 edition.

Solid but concise, this account of Lie algebra emphasizes the theory's simplicity and offers new approaches to major theorems. Author David J. Winter, a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Michigan, also presents a general, extensive treatment of Cartan and related Lie subalgebras over arbitrary fields.Preliminary material covers modules and nonassociate algebras, followed by a compact, self-contained development of the theory of Lie algebras of characteristic 0. Topics include solvable and nilpotent Lie algebras, Cartan subalgebras, and Levi's radical splitting theorem and the complete reducibility of representations of semisimple Lie algebras. Additional subjects include the isomorphism theorem for semisimple Lie algebras and their irreducible modules, automorphism of Lie algebras, and the conjugacy of Cartan subalgebras and Borel subalgebras. An extensive theory of Cartan and related subalgebras of Lie algebras over arbitrary fields is developed in the final chapter, and an appendix offers background on the Zariski topology.

This broad introduction to vector and tensor analysis is designed for the advanced undergraduate or graduate student in mathematics, physics, and engineering as well as for the practicing engineer or physicist who needs a theoretical understanding of these essential mathematical tools. In recent years, the vector approach has found its way even into writings on aspects of biology, economics, and other sciences.The many and various topics covered include: the algebra of vectors — linear dependence and independence, transformation equations, the inner product, the cross product, and the algebra of matrixes; the differentiation of vectors — geometry of space curves, kinematics, moving frames of reference, Newtonian orbits and special relativity theory; partial differentiation of vectors — geometry of space curves, kinematics, moving frames of reference, Newtonian orbits and special relativity theory; partial differentiation and associated concepts — surface representations, bases in general coordinate systems, and maxima and minima of functions of two variables; the integration of vectors — line integrals, surface integrals, surface tensors and volume integrals; tensor algebra and analysis — fundamental notions of n-space, transformations and tensors, Riemannian geometry, tensor processes of differentiation, geodesics, the curvature tensor and its algebraic properties, and general relativity theory.Throughout, Professor Wrede stresses the interrelationships between algebra and geometry, and moves frequently from one to the other. As he points out, vector and tensor analysis provides a kind of bridge between elementary aspects of linear algebra, geometry and analysis. He uses the classical notation for vector analysis, but introduces a more appropriate new notation for tensors, which he correlates with the common vector notation. He stresses proofs and concludes each section with a set of problems designed to help the student get a solid grasp of the ideas, and explore them more thoroughly on his own. His approach features a combination of important historical material with up-to-date developments in both fields. The knowledge of vector and tensor analysis gained in this way is excellent preparation for further studies in differential geometry, applied mathematics, and theoretical physics.

Anyone with an interest in mathematics will welcome the republication of this little volume by a remarkable mathematician who was also a logician, a philosopher, and an occasional writer of fiction and poetry. Originally published in 1913, and later included in the acclaimed anthology The World of Mathematics, Jourdain's survey shows how and why the methods of mathematics were developed, traces the development of mathematical science from the earliest to modern times, and chronicles the application of mathematics to natural science.Starting with the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, the author profiles mathematics'rise and progress with the development of analytical methods by Descartes, Galileo, Newton, Leibnitz, and others. The text focuses on principles rather than techniques, exploring the foundations of algebra, analytical geometry, and the method of indivisibles. It discusses the beginnings of the correlation of mathematics and natural science in the study of dynamics as well as the emergence of modern mathematics with the infinitesimal calculus. Additional topics include contemporary views of limits and numbers and a brief summation of the nature of mathematics.

This textbook for advanced courses in group theory focuses on finite groups, with emphasis on the idea of group actions. Early chapters summarize presupposed facts, identify important themes, and establish the notation used throughout the book. Subsequent chapters explore the normal and arithmetical structures of groups as well as applications. Topics include the normal structure of groups: subgroups; homomorphisms and quotients; series; direct products and the structure of finitely generated Abelian groups; and group action on groups. Additional subjects range from the arithmetical structure of groups to classical notions of transfer and splitting by means of group action arguments. More than 675 exercises, many accompanied by hints, illustrate and extend the material.

This clear, rigorous introduction to the calculus of variations covers applications to geometry, dynamics, and physics. Focusing upon problems with one independent variable, the text connects the abstract theory to its use in concrete problems. It offers a working knowledge of relevant techniques, plus an impetus for further study.Starting with an overview of fundamental problems and theories, the text advances to illustrative examples and examinations of variable end-points and the fundamental sufficiency theorem. Subsequent chapters explore the isoperimetrical problem, curves in space, the problem of Lagrange, and the parametric problem. The final chapter is devoted to multiple integrals, with a particular focus on Dirichlet's principle. Suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, this text requires a background in mathematical analysis.

Part I of this coherent, well-organized text deals with formal principles of inference and definition. Part II explores elementary intuitive set theory, with separate chapters on sets, relations, and functions. Ideal for undergraduates.

Polytopes are geometrical figures bounded by portions of lines, planes, or hyperplanes. In plane (two dimensional) geometry, they are known as polygons and comprise such figures as triangles, squares, pentagons, etc. In solid (three dimensional) geometry they are known as polyhedra and include such figures as tetrahedra (a type of pyramid), cubes, icosahedra, and many more; the possibilities, in fact, are infinite! H. S. M. Coxeter's book is the foremost book available on regular polyhedra, incorporating not only the ancient Greek work on the subject, but also the vast amount of information that has been accumulated on them since, especially in the last hundred years. The author, professor of Mathematics, University of Toronto, has contributed much valuable work himself on polytopes and is a well-known authority on them. Professor Coxeter begins with the fundamental concepts of plane and solid geometry and then moves on to multi-dimensionality. Among the many subjects covered are Euler's formula, rotation groups, star-polyhedra, truncation, forms, vectors, coordinates, kaleidoscopes, Petrie polygons, sections and projections, and star-polytopes. Each chapter ends with a historical summary showing when and how the information contained therein was discovered. Numerous figures and examples and the author's lucid explanations also help to make the text readily comprehensible. Although the study of polytopes does have some practical applications to mineralogy, architecture, linear programming, and other areas, most people enjoy contemplating these figures simply because their symmetrical shapes have an aesthetic appeal. But whatever the reasons, anyone with an elementary knowledge of geometry and trigonometry will find this one of the best source books available on this fascinating study.

“What does a mathematician do?” someone once asked the author, and from that simple inquiry sprang this entertaining and informative volume. Designed to explain and demonstrate mathematical phenomena through the use of photographs and diagrams, Dr. Steinhaus's thought-provoking exposition ranges from simple puzzles and games to more advanced problems in mathematics.For this revised and enlarged edition, the author added material on such wide-ranging topics as the psychology of lottery players, the arrangement of chromosomes in a human cell, new and larger prime numbers, the fair division of a cake, how to find the shortest possible way to link a dozen locations by rail, and many other absorbing conundrums.This appealing volume reflects the author's longstanding concern with demonstrating the practical and concrete applications of mathematics as well as its theoretical aspects. It not only clearly and convincingly answers the question asked of Dr. Steinhaus but also offers readers a fascinating glimpse into the world of numbers and their uses.

This book is an integrated work published in two volumes. The first volume treats the basic Markov process and its variants; the second, semi-Markov and decision processes. Its intent is to equip readers to formulate, analyze, and evaluate simple and advanced Markov models of systems, ranging from genetics and space engineering to marketing. More than a collection of techniques, it constitutes a guide to the consistent application of the fundamental principles of probability and linear system theory.Author Ronald A. Howard, Professor of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford University, continues his treatment from Volume I with surveys of the discrete- and continuous-time semi-Markov processes, continuous-time Markov processes, and the optimization procedure of dynamic programming. The final chapter reviews the preceding material, focusing on the decision processes with discussions of decision structure, value and policy iteration, and examples of infinite duration and transient processes. Volume II concludes with an appendix listing the properties of congruent matrix multiplication.

'For high school seniors or college freshmen with a background in algebra and trigonometry, the book should provide a good introduction to matrices, vector algebra, analytical geometry, and calculus. The work's solid modern mathematical content and its personality recommend consideration as a text or as stimulating supplementary reading.'— American Scientist'The book is well written and the presentation throughout achieves clarity of thought with a minimum of computational effort.'— Physics TodayThis rewarding text, beautifully illustrated by the author and written with superb clarity, offers undergraduate students a solid mathematical background and functions equally well for independent study.The five-part treatment begins with geometry, defining three-dimensional Euclidean space and its axioms, the coordinate system and coordinate transformation, and matrices. A review of vector algebra covers vector properties, multiplication, the resolution of a vector along a complete set of base vectors, and vector transformations. Topics in analytic geometry introduce loci, straight lines, the plane, two-dimensional curves, and the quadratic form. Functions are defined, as are intervals, along with multiplicity, the slope at a point, continuity, and areas. The concluding chapter, on differential and integral calculus, explains the concept of a limit, the derivative, the integral, differential equations, and applications of the calculus to kinematics.

This book by Robert Weinstock was written to fill the need for a basic introduction to the calculus of variations. Simply and easily written, with an emphasis on the applications of this calculus, it has long been a standard reference of physicists, engineers, and applied mathematicians. The author begins slowly, introducing the reader to the calculus of variations, and supplying lists of essential formulae and derivations. Later chapters cover isoperimetric problems, geometrical optics, Fermat's principle, dynamics of particles, the Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue-eigenfunction problem, the theory of elasticity, quantum mechanics, and electrostatics. Each chapter ends with a series of exercises which should prove very useful in determining whether the material in that chapter has been thoroughly grasped.The clarity of exposition makes this book easily accessible to anyone who has mastered first-year calculus with some exposure to ordinary differential equations. Physicists and engineers who find variational methods evasive at times will find this book particularly helpful.'I regard this as a very useful book which I shall refer to frequently in the future.'J. L. Synge, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society.

'Cartan's work provides a superb text for an undergraduate course in advanced calculus, but at the same time it furnishes the reader with an excellent foundation for global and nonlinear algebra.'—Mathematical Review'Brilliantly successful.'—Bulletin de l'Association des Professeurs de Mathematiques'The presentation is precise and detailed, the style lucid and almost conversational... clearly an outstanding text and work of reference.'—AnnalesCartan's Formes Differentielles was first published in France in 1967. It was based on the world-famous teacher's experience at the Faculty of Sciences in Paris, where his reputation as an outstanding exponent of the Bourbaki school of mathematics was first established.Addressed to second- and third-year students of mathematics, the material skillfully spans the pure and applied branches in the familiar French manner, so that the applied aspects gain in rigor while the pure mathematics loses none of its dignity. This book is equally essential as a course text, as a work of reference, or simply as a brilliant mathematical exercise.

'Will delight a broad spectrum of readers.'— American Mathematical Monthly.Do long division as the ancient Egyptians did! Solve quadratic equations like the Babylonians! Study geometry just as students did in Euclid's day! This unique text offers students of mathematics an exciting and enjoyable approach to geometry and number systems. Written in a fresh and thoroughly diverting style, the text — while designed chiefly for classroom use — will appeal to anyone curious about mathematical inscriptions on Egyptian papyri, Babylonian cuneiform tablets, and other ancient records.The authors have produced an illuminated volume that traces the history of mathematics — beginning with the Egyptians and ending with abstract foundations laid at the end of the nineteenth century. By focusing on the actual operations and processes outlined in the text, students become involved in the same problems and situations that once confronted the ancient pioneers of mathematics. The text encourages readers to carry out fundamental algebraic and geometric operations used by the Egyptians and Babylonians, to examine the roots of Greek mathematics and philosophy, and to tackle still-famous problems such as squaring the circle and various trisectorizations.Unique in its detailed discussion of these topics, this book is sure to be welcomed by a broad range of interested readers. The subject matter is suitable for prospective elementary and secondary school teachers, as enrichment material for high school students, and for enlightening the general reader. No specialized or advanced background beyond high school mathematics is required.

This is an unabridged republication of the definitive English translation of one of the very greatest classics of science. Originally published in 1637, it has been characterized as'the greatest single step ever made in the progress of the exact sciences'(John Stuart Mill); as a book which'remade geometry and made modern geometry possible'(Eric Temple Bell). It'revolutionized the entire conception of the object of mathematical science'(J. Hadamard).With this volume Descartes founded modern analytical geometry. Reducing geometry to algebra and analysis and, conversely, showing that analysis may be translated into geometry, it opened the way for modern mathematics. Descartes was the first to classify curves systematically and to demonstrate algebraic solution of geometric curves. His geometric interpretation of negative quantities led to later concepts of continuity and the theory of function. The third book contains important contributions to the theory of equations.This edition contains the entire definitive Smith-Latham translation of Descartes'three books: Problems the Construction of which Requires Only Straight Lines and Circles; On the Nature of Curved Lines; and On the Construction of Solid and Supersolid Problems. Interleaved page by page with the translation is a complete facsimile of the 1637 French text, together with all Descartes'original illustrations; 248 footnotes explain the text and add further bibliography.

Ideal for self-instruction as well as for classroom use, this text helps students improve their understanding and problem-solving skills in analysis, analytic geometry, and higher algebra. More than 1,200 problems appear in the text, with concise explanations of the basic notions and theorems to be used in their solution. Many are followed by complete answers; solutions for the others appear at the end of the book. Topics include sequences, functions of a single variable, limit of a function, differential calculus for functions of a single variable, fundamental theorems and applications of differential calculus, the differential, indefinite and definite integrals, applications of the definite integral, and infinite series.

This work presents, in English translation, the great discoveries in mathematics from the Renaissance to the end of the nineteenth century. You are able to read the writings of Newton, Leibniz, Pascal, Riemann, Bernoulli, and others, exactly as the world saw them for the first time. Succinct selections from 125 different treatises and articles, most of them unavailable elsewhere in English, offer a vivid, firsthand story of the growth of mathematics. The articles are grouped in five sections: I. The Field of Number. Twenty-four articles trace developments from the first steps in printed arithmetic through selected number systems, to the early phases of modern number theory.II. The Field of Algebra. Eighteen articles on algebra include writings by Fermat, John Wallis, Newton, Leibniz, Abel, Galois, etc.III. The Field of Geometry. Thirty-six articles on geometry span 500 years. Here are the early writers such as Fermat, Desargues, Pascal, and Descartes; and some of the men who revived the study in the nineteenth century and developed non-Euclidian forms: Lobachevsky, Bolyai, Riemann, and others.IV. The Field of Probability. Selections from Fermat, Pascal, De Moivre, Legendre, Chebyshev, and Laplace discuss crucial topics in the early history of this branch of modern mathematics.V. The Field of Calculus, Functions, and Quaternions. The development of the calculus, function theory, and quaternions is covered from early sources of calculus to important advances relating to the commutative law in quaternions and Ausdehnungslehre. This section contains works of Bessel, Mobius, W. R. Hamilton, Leibniz, Berkeley, Cauchy, Fermat, and six other pioneering mathematicians.Each article is preceded by a biographical-historical Introduction.