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Tashelhiyt Berber is spoken in Morocco. With approximately eight to ten million speakers it is the world's largest Berber language. The lexical data for this work were collected, over almost forty years, from a great number of publications and from various archives. These data were studied and checked by the author and enriched by lexical data from the author's own fieldwork. In this dictionary Tashelhiyt Berber words and phrase are presented in alphabetic order and written in a clear Latin transcription. Meanings of words and phrases are given in French. All lexical data in this work are fully referenced. This book is the first comprehensive dictionary for Tashelhiyt Berber.

Tashelhiyt Berber is spoken in Morocco. With approximately eight to ten million speakers it is the world's largest Berber language. The lexical data for this work were collected, over almost forty years, from a great number of publications and from various archives. These data were studied and checked by the author and enriched by lexical data from the author's own fieldwork. In this dictionary Tashelhiyt Berber words and phrase are presented in alphabetic order and written in a clear Latin transcription. Meanings of words and phrases are given in French. All lexical data in this work are fully referenced. This book is the first comprehensive dictionary for Tashelhiyt Berber.

Tashelhiyt Berber is spoken in Morocco. With approximately eight to ten million speakers it is the world's largest Berber language. The lexical data for this work were collected, over almost forty years, from a great number of publications and from various archives. These data were studied and checked by the author and enriched by lexical data from the author's own fieldwork. In this dictionary Tashelhiyt Berber words and phrase are presented in alphabetic order and written in a clear Latin transcription. Meanings of words and phrases are given in French. All lexical data in this work are fully referenced. This book is the first comprehensive dictionary for Tashelhiyt Berber.

Tashelhiyt Berber is spoken in Morocco. With approximately eight to ten million speakers it is the world's largest Berber language. The lexical data for this work were collected, over almost forty years, from a great number of publications and from various archives. These data were studied and checked by the author and enriched by lexical data from the author's own fieldwork. In this dictionary Tashelhiyt Berber words and phrase are presented in alphabetic order and written in a clear Latin transcription. Meanings of words and phrases are given in French. All lexical data in this work are fully referenced. This book is the first comprehensive dictionary for Tashelhiyt Berber.

Studies on Persianate Societies is an interdisciplinary publication that offers original research on the culture and civilisation of the geographical area where Persian has historically been the dominant language or a major cultural force, encompassing Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, as well as the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, and parts of the former Ottoman Empire. It also offers regular surveys of relevant books published in Iran, India and Pakistan, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. This publication is the predecessor of the Journal of Persianate Studies.

Studies on Persianate Societies is an interdisciplinary publication that offers original research on the culture and civilisation of the geographical area where Persian has historically been the dominant language or a major cultural force, encompassing Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, as well as the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, and parts of the former Ottoman Empire. It also offers regular surveys of relevant books published in Iran, India and Pakistan, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. This publication is the predecessor of the Journal of Persianate Studies.

This study is the first to examine the history and composition of the library of Aḥmad Pasha al-Jazzār (d. 1804), the famous governor of northern Palestine in the late eighteenth century, on the basis of the inventory of the library's holdings. The chapters in the first volume situate the library, one of the largest in Palestinian history prior to the end of the nineteenth century, in its historical context, examine the materiality of the collection based on a study of the extant manuscripts and other historical sources, and analyse the contents of the library. The second volume consists of a facsimile of the inventory, a critical edition and index.

The medieval cookbook Anwāʿ al-ṣaydala fī alwān al-aṭʿima, with its remarkable collection of over 460 recipes, is a tangible testimony to the richness and sophistication of the cuisine of Muslim Spain. Its diverse recipes reflect a pluralistic society of ethnic and religious communities that found a common ground for a collective culture. It further displays a rich regional vocabulary and the material culture it represents. This text has been a culinary diamond in the rough ever since its first publication in the early 1960s, based on a single damaged and titleless manuscript with misplaced folios. In this new translation, Anwāʿ al-ṣaydala is now a polished gem. It is based on a recently discovered manuscript that is in good condition. For the first time in any language, this translation is the closest representation of the original text that the author/compiler constructed. Supplemented with an extensive introduction and glossaries, and enlivened with over 270 color illustrations depicting medieval life. Also included are modern adaptations of twenty recipes.

Edicta munerum: Advertising and Promotion of Gladiatorial Games in Ancient Pompeii delves into the intriguing realm of behind-the-scenes preparations for the gladiatorial games in ancient Pompeii, shedding light on how advertising played a pivotal role in informing and enticing the public to witness gladiators engage in life-and-death combat. By examining epigraphic evidence, the book highlights the spatial and aesthetic significance of inscriptions as ancient means of conveying information about mass events held in the local amphitheatres. This study demonstrates that the world of advertising was well-established and thriving over two millennia ago.

Full biographies of some 800 Belgian printers and publishers of the 15th and 16th century, with a complete survey of the existing literature on each.

Stol's comprehensive exploration of the Babylonians'conception and treatment of epilepsy adds a new chapter to the history of this ancient disease. The author presents the sources, examines the terminology and places epilepsy in context among kindred illnesses. A full edition (transliteration, translation, commentary and cuneiform copy) of the relevant parts of the Diagnostic Handbook is included. According to the Ancients, epileptics are'struck by the moon'. An examination of the relationship between epilepsy and the moon yields surprising results. This volume deals with material that was unavailable to O. Temkin, author of the classic The Falling Sickness; A history of epilepsy from the Greeks to the beginning of modern neurology, (1971). It show that traditional views of the Ancient Near East lived on among the Greeks and Romans.

The Buddha prophesied that his teachings would vanish a few hundred years after his passing, creating an existential dilemma for Chinese Buddhists on the brink of Buddhism's disappearance. This book examines the origins of this prophecy and the famie 法灭 (‘end of Buddhism') belief in Indian and Central Asian Buddhism, and the centuries-long struggle of Chinese Buddhists to interpret and adapt this prophecy. This resulted in the unique East Asian Buddhist belief of mofa 末法 (‘the final age of Buddhism'), which profoundly influenced medieval China and Japan.

The Bakhshālī Manuscript is an old birch-bark manuscript which treats mathematics in Sanskrit. It was unearthed by a farmer in AD 1881 at the small village of Bakhshālī, about eighty kilometers north-east of Peshawar, one of the important trading centers of the ancient Gandhāra district (now Pakistan).It was studied by eminent Indologists and historians of mathematics of the time, yet a number of mathematical rules and examples in it were either left undeciphered or misunderstood due to the fragmentary nature of the manuscript, the irregularities of the language, and the fact that the study of the history of Indian mathematics was in an early stage. The dating of the manuscript as well as of the work in it has also been long a matter of controversy. The dates estimated range from the early centuries of the Christian era to the twelfth century.The situation has been much improved, however, by quite a few studies on Indian mathematics that appeared after those pioneering works, and by the publication of two Sanskrit works, Bhāskara's commentary on the Aryabhaṭīya and Srīdhara's Paṭīgaṇita with an old commentary, which have greatly enhanced our knowledge of Indian mathematics of the seventh and eighth centuries.This book offers a fresh translation of the manuscript, the first English translation of the whole text based on a systematic study of linguistic peculiarities, and a mathematical commentary based on a comparative study of the Bakhshālī work and other Sanskrit mathematical texts, including the two mentioned above. The Introduction attempts to locate the Bakhshālī work properly within the history of Indian mathematics.

This book presents a comprehensive study of the region where Krishna, one of the most popular gods of devotional Hinduism, is believed to have spent his early years as a cowherd boy. The area of Braj, lying between Delhi and Agra, is visited annually by hundreds of thousands of pilgrims, who come to see the sacred sites associated with the romantic legends of Krishna's youth. Many of them follow a pilgrimage circuit over 300 km in length that takes up to eight weeks to complete and includes such famous places as Mathura, Vrindaban, and Gokul.For many centuries the Krishna legends have been a source of inspiration for poets and devotees all over India. Since the turn of the 16th century Braj has been a focus of their attention; devotees who came to settle there related its topography to their conception of a transcendent realm in which Krishna is eternally engaged in his divine play with his consort, Radha. The local dialect served as the medium for most of the vernacular literature written in northern India lip to the end of the last century.The opening chapters survey the development of the Krishna cult from the earliest times to the present day, with reference to the extensive literature in Sanskrit and modern Indian languages, as well as to the numerous studies that have been written about the relevant mythology, theology, archaeology and political history. Modern pilgrimage and associated beliefs and practices are described and related to what is known about Krishna worship in Braj prior to the 16th century. The various Sanskrit and later vernacular texts dealing with the sacred places are examined in detail in order to show how they evolved and are related to each other. On the basis of these sources the full itinerary of the sacred circuit is described, illustrated with plates and maps. As well as being a valuable handbook for anyone visiting Braj, this detailed study will be of use to all those who are interested in the Krishna cult and Hindu devotionalism.

Deze bronnenpublicatie is gewijd aan de geschiedenis van de Nederlandse zending onder de Buginezen en Makassaren in Zuid-Sulawesi (Zuid-Celebes) en bestrijkt de periode 1852 – 1996. In 1852 kwam de eerste zendeling naar Zuid-Sulawesi. Ruim een eeuw later—het zendingswerk was inmiddels overgenomen door de Gereformeerde Kerk van Surabaya (Java) en de Protestantse Kerk in Indonesië—vond deze arbeid zijn afsluiting in de oprichting van een zelfstandige Buginees-Makassaarse kerk, de Christelijke Kerk in Zuid-Sulawesi (Geren Kristen di Sulawesi Selatan, GKSS).

Economic historians have often examined the effects of the integration of the Ottoman Empire into the world markets with macro-level approaches. This book aims to scrutinize the effects of this transition to a capitalist economy through a micro-level approach instead, using micro-level data and microeconomics. It examines the structure of agricultural production and commerce by analyzing major crops and commercial institutions before assessing agrarian, commercial, and maritime changes at the micro-level. Utilizing recent developments in economic history, institutional economics, and ecological economics, it explores the causality behind these agrarian and commercial changes.

Woordenboek van het Kamberaas, een taal die voornamelijk wordt gesproken in het district Kambera, rondom Waingapoe, de hoofdplaats van Oost-Soemba.Zoveel mogelijk zijn aan het begin van een artikel de etymologische verwante woorden in zes andere Soembase dialecten opgenomen, te weten Mangili (Oost-Soemba), Lewa (Midden-Soemba), Anakalang en Mamboroe in het oostelijk deel van West-Soemba en Wewewa en Kodi, uit het westelijk deel van West-Soemba.In de inleiding geeft de samensteller nadere informatie over schrift en uitspraak; trefwoord, woordafleiding door affigering; grammaticale vormen; modale elementen; samenstellingen met ningu en wàngu; voegwoorden; leenwoorden; en Nederlands-Kamberaas register.

This book focuses on Kalabría as an ancient land of Italy from its origin to the early Middle Ages. The place name referred to the Salento peninsula, also called Messapia, as part of present-day Puglia and later to the land of the Bruttii, now the region of Calabria. This work is the first to carefully evaluate linguistic and historical studies in a comprehensive and monographic form. Following an interdisciplinary approach, the systematic combination of Linguistics and Landscape History guides the research step by step. The sample represents a new significant methodological instance that merges Toponymy, History, Archaeology, Topography, and Philology.

In the mid-1920s, Uzbekistan's countryside experienced a ‘land reform', which aimed at solving rural poverty and satisfying radical fringes among peasants and Party, while sustaining agricultural output, especially for cotton. This book analyses the decision-making process underpinning the reform, its implementation, and economic and social effects. The reform must be understood against the background of the wreckage caused by war and revolution, and linked to subsequent policies of ‘land organisation'and regime-sponsored ‘class struggle'. Overall, this is the first comprehensive account of early Soviet policy in Central Asia's agricultural heartland, encompassing land rights, irrigation, credit, resettlement, and the co-operative system.

Studies on Persianate Societies is an interdisciplinary publication that offers original research on the culture and civilisation of the geographical area where Persian has historically been the dominant language or a major cultural force, encompassing Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, as well as the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, and parts of the former Ottoman Empire. It also offers regular surveys of relevant books published in Iran, India and Pakistan, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. This publication is the predecessor of the Journal of Persianate Studies.

In The Verbal Systems of Aramaic, Bruweleit analyses the Aramaic verbal systems from Old Aramaic to the modern dialects. He examines whether the verb forms are to be analysed as aspectual, temporal or modal and decides whether the verbal systems are to be regarded as aspect-, tense- or mood-prominent. On a diachronic level, the study investigates which conclusions the verbal systems allow regarding the classification and history of Aramaic. The work offers a hypothesis that explains the intricate use of the participle in Biblical Aramaic and shows that the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects can be traced back to a common proto-dialect that split into at least four branches from which in turn the modern NENA dialects emerged.

In order to guarantee open access and full searchability, research in historical lexicography and lexicology must follow the same directions as the evolution of the Internet, which has moved from hypertext-based resources to more significative services and products stored and disseminated through databases and, more recently, through knowledge bases. Against this background, this book addresses specific questions like What is involved in the digitisation of linguistic data? What annotation systems can give rise to datasets compatible with knowledge bases? What standards are needed to reach full searchability? What sources and methods can be used to gather the lemmas of a historical dictionary? What determines the obsolescence of lexicographical resources?

The relationship between rulers and their subjects is always channelled by emotion. This volume explores the specific tones this relationship took on in the Middle Ages, as well as their accordance with a concept of power based ultimately on agreement, an inclination to visualise emotions, a social pedagogy based on fear, and a religious ideology which placed humanity between divine order and divine wrath. It also examines the emotive models used to rule society and deal with conflicts. Together, the contributions in this book demonstrate how our understanding of late medieval society can be enhanced by recognising the emotional strategies present in the game of power and how they were used to build authority. Contributors are: Alexandru Stefan Anca, Attila Bárány, Ulrike Becker, Luciano Gallinari, Sari Katajala-Peltomaa, Vinni Lucherini, Esther Martí Sentañés, Francesc Massip, Rob Meens, Tamás Olbei, Bernard Ribémont, Flocel Sabaté, and Hans-Joachim Schmidt.

The book traces the precocious diffusion of family limitation in Grafenhausen bei Lahr, Kappel am Rhein, and Rust, using thousands of reconstituted family histories in local genealogies (Ortssippenbücher), as well as economic and political data from municipal and provincial archives. Graphs, tables, and maps document the fertility transition on the densely populated Rhine plain. A new measure of the percentage of couples practising family limitation is applied. The account highlights the rôles of women as landholders under traditional partible inheritance and as workers in the cigar factories of the late 1800s. Both circumstances increased fertility, even as contraception spread along the networks of solidarity forged by economic and political independence.

This study fills a major gap in the history of medicine, namely the history of medieval Hebrew medicine, in particular of Jewish women's medicine. A general introduction to the history of medieval Jewish medicine, its origins in Muslim countries, the main Arabic and Judeo-Arabic texts, and the renaissance of Hebrew as a language of science in the 12th-15th centuries is followed by a survey and analysis of the 15 extant medieval Jewish gynaecological texts (including translations from Greek, Latin and Arabic as well as original Hebrew treatises) and a comparison of the particular characteristics of Jewish gynaecology to the Latin and Arabic traditions.In the second part of the work the author presents critical editions with translations of six medieval Jewish gynaecological texts.

This volume follows the paradoxical trajectory of patristic studies in early modern Europe, from their full confessionalization in the mid-sixteenth century to the emergence of ‘fringe patristics'within minority groups in the early eighteenth century. The appeal to the Fathers, which was meant to buttress established orthodoxies, powerfully contributed to their dissolution in the internal strifes of seventeenth-century churches, especially on grace and predestination. An ample English introduction, with rich notes, surveys the flourishing field of patristic reception and advocates for a historical, rather than theological or literary, approach.

Jao Tsung-i's scholarship illuminated the development of classical Chinese literature from antiquity through the end of the Qing dynasty. In this volume, eight interviews with and essays by Jao are translated faithfully into English, giving a sampling of his diverse insights into literature and its broader significance. Topics range from the religious beliefs underpinning the earliest Chinese writings, to the influence of Chan Buddhism on Chinese poetics, to Gu Yanwu's (1613–1682) poetic protest against the Manchu conquest. Collectively the essays demonstrate how literary art and spiritual beliefs have been intertwined throughout Chinese history.

This volume is a major contribution to the study of the life, work and standing of Joseph Brodsky, 1987 Nobel Prize Laureate and the best-known Russian poet of the second half of the twentieth century. This is the most significant book devoted to him in the last 25 years, and features work by many of the leading experts on him, both in Russia and the West. Every one of the chapters makes a real contribution to different aspects of Brodsky – the growth of interest in his work, his world view and political position, and the unique aspects of his poetics. Taken together, the sixteen chapters offer a rounded interpretation of his significance for Russian culture today.

Only comprehensive work about the history of printing at Riga (Latvia). pp. 253-310 : Verzeichnis der Mollynschen Drucke und Kupferstiche 1588-1625. Ca. 160 entries, fully described.

The standard work about Gutenberg in the final version of the author.

This volume brings together thirteen case studies devoted to the establishment, growth, and demise of holy places in Muslim societies, thereby providing a global look on Muslim engagement with the emplacement of the holy. Combining research by historians, art historians, archaeologists, and historians of religion, the volume bridges different approaches to the study of the concept of “holiness” in Muslim societies. It addresses a wide range of geographical regions, from Indonesia and India to Morocco and Senegal, highlighting the strategies implemented in the making and unmaking of holy places in Muslim lands. Contributors: David N. Edwards, Claus-Peter Haase, Beatrice Hendrich, Sara Kuehn, Zacharie Mochtari de Pierrepont, Sara Mondini, Harry Munt, Luca Patrizi, George Quinn, Eric Ross, Ruggero Vimercati Sanseverino, Ethel Sara Wolper.

This study focuses on judicial practice in the Andalusian metropolis of Córdoba during the years 456/1064 to 464/1072. The author analyses the writings of councils of the judiciary, who commented, often controversially, on cases heard by courts pertaining to different judiciary systems. These texts offer new insights into the organization of the city's judiciary and its social and economic life. They allow for a precise definition of the relation between the qadi and governmental jurisdiction. By examining both realms, the author demonstrates -for the first time in a pre-Ottoman context- that fiqh, the Islamic system of ethical and juridical norms, was held, by all forms of the judiciary of this Muslim capital, to constitute a fundamental component of the legal system. The author develops a new interpretation of the reciprocity between society and law.

This collection of articles in English and German covers a wide interdisciplinary spectrum of topics in literature, linguistics, philosophy, law, theology, education, politics and intellectual history. They deal with historical and modern aspects of rhetoric and reflect the state of rhetorical scholarship in North America and diverse countries of Europe. The topics include, among others, the treatment of'enargeia'in Quintilians's Institutio Oratoria, the role of Petrus Ramus in the Ciceronian controversy, the social activities of the Rederijkers in the Dutch Republic of the late 16th and early 17th century, the role of'elocutio'in Renaissance grammar books, Martin Luther's attitude towards rhetoric, the functions of forum and theatre in the history of eloquence, a critical review of models of the word-play, rhetorical interpretations of works by W. Shakespeare, J. Milton, L. Sterne, B. Brecht and G. Benn.

The concept of deviance has been central to the academic study of (Western) esotericism since its inception. This book, being the proceedings of the 6th Biennial Conference of the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism (ESSWE), explores the relationship between esotericism and various forms of deviance (as concept, category, and practice) from antiquity until late modernity. The volume is the first to combine incisive conceptual explorations of the concept of deviance and how it informs and challenges the study of esotericism alongside a wide range of empirically grounded case discussions.

In July of 1998 the European Association for Jewish Studies celebrated its Sixth Congress in Toledo, with almost four hundred participants. In these Proceedings have been collected 169 papers and communications read during the conference. By and large, they offer a broad, realistic perspective on the advances, achievements and anxieties of Judaic Studies at the turn of the 20th century, on the eve of the new millennium. They represent the point of view of the European scholars, enriched with notable contributions by colleagues from other continents.One volume (ISBN 978-90-04-11554-5) includes papers dealing with Jewish studies on biblical, rabbinical and medieval times, as well as with some general subjects, such as Jewish languages and bibliography. A second volume (ISBN 978-90-04-11558-3) is dedicated to the Judaism of modern times, from the Renaissance to our days.

Although Jews lacked a political locus standi for a communication system in the Middle Ages and Early Modern periods, their involvement in trade and the close relations among Jewish communities fostered the development of effective channels of communication. This process responded primarily to security and socio-economic considerations but it has important implications for the development of communication systems as well. Written by some of the most outstanding researchers in the field of Jewish history, this collection offers a rich and consistent picture of the main developments in communications in the Jewish world before the era of mass-media. This pioneering research reconsiders the principal means of communication among the Jewish communities in the Islamic world, Christian Europe, the Ottoman Empire, and the New World, from the seventh until the nineteenth centuries.

In the appendix inter alia 34 hitherto unpublished fragments both in poetry and in prose.

This book challenges prevailing models of the ways formerly enslaved individuals in Ancient Rome navigated their social and economic landscape. Drawing on the rich epigraphic evidence left behind by municipal freedmen and freedwomen, who had been owned and manumitted by the communities of Roman Italy, it pushes back against ameliorating views of slavery as a temporary condition and positive notions of a prosperous and consciously proud Roman freedman class. Manumission was a far more complex process, and it did not always put former slaves and their descendants on the straight and narrow path of upward mobility.

In Nation and Empire as Two Trends of Political Organization in the Iron Age Levant MEI Hualong offers an analysis of national and imperial ideologies--two political principles that influenced the establishment, consolidation and expansion of trans-local/trans-tribal polities in the Iron Age Levant. By examining key terminologies, historical accounts and literary sources, MEI argues that the elites of ancient nations may attempt to reshape their political and cultural identity in imperial terms (vice versa, but to a lesser extent). The conceptual transformation from the one to the other is closely related to the political entity's consciousness and understanding of limits and boundaries: political and cultural, real and imagined.

This volume offers a source-based analysis of the complex interactions between the Venetian administration of the coastal town Spalato (Split) and its hinterland under Venetian, Hungarian, and Ottoman rule. Employing a microhistorical approach, Sadovski studies the military importance, economic dynamics, and social changes in the Dalmatian hinterland in the later medieval period. This book also explores multilingualism, highlighting how Slavic languages as well as local laws and customs were integrated into the Venetian administration. In doing so, it broadens our understanding of the Venetian maritime empire and proposes a new way of thinking about hinterlands – in cultural, social, linguistic, and legal terms alongside economic and political aspects.

This groundbreaking book tells the untold story of Indonesian Islam in museums. Often overshadowed by Hindu-Buddhist art, Indonesian Islamic heritage rarely receives the attention it deserves in museum collections and exhibitions. This book unravels the historical silences rooted in Dutch colonial rule that have marginalized Indonesian Islamic material culture. Delving into the colonial archives, it traces the journey of Indonesian objects in Dutch museums, exploring their original meanings and their re-appropriation during instances of collecting, classification, interpretation and public display. Through this lens, the book addresses the enduring impacts of colonialism and offers pathways for the decolonization of museums today.

Among cuneiform texts, only letters address directly a concrete historical person. Letters being texts composed and used in everyday verbal interaction, they replace direct communication. This specific situational context provokes basic questions such as: from the point of view of the ancient letter writer, what are the conventionally possible ways of expressing the intentions of the sender? And from the modern researcher's standpoint, how can we detect the'tone'of a given letter? This study focuses neither on the facts represented and the persons communicating nor on the system of the language, but is rather concerned with the specific, rule-governed use of language in interaction. The method employed is a combination of the philological treatment of the texts with questions and insights from linguistic pragmatics, discourse analysis, and text linguistics. The book concentrates on the corpus of Old Babylonian letters from Mesopotamia. The topics treated include: address behaviour, i.e. use and interdependence of term of address, greeting, and form of address of the verb; the stucture and the basic function of an Old Babylonian letter; the polite speech acts of gratitude and of asking a favour; rational argumentation in everyday verbal interaction.

This volume'Praise to Istar'contains three quite distinct Old-Babylonian prayers to the fertility-and-war goddess. Two of these texts, one from the Louvre Museum, the other from the Irak Museum in Bagdad, are edited for the first time. The third is a thorough revision and expansion of the author's 1981 edition of the Agushaya hymn. Although the contents of the texts are considerably different, the three are thematically related and share the same poetic language of Old Babylonian epic hymns. The lengthy text from the Louvre Museum, clearly marked by a transvestite ceremony, and the much shorter Agushaya hymn present detailed descriptions of Ishtar rituals. The third text can be described as a personal lament, which in style and content resembles the Old-Babylonian version of the'Righteous Sufferer'.

This dictionary is based on the 2nd printing (1885) of the Macassarese-Dutch dictionary of Dr. B.F. Matthes. The collection of material started in 1935, but with regularity only from 1967 onward. All Macassarese words and sentences are rendered in transcription with Latin characters only; the keywords are listed in alphabetical order. As many examples as possible are given of the word use in the sentence (sometimes covering the field of syntax), as e.g. proverbs, phrases and expressions. Dialects, often very different from the Macassarese, are only seldom included. Sometimes the information has an encyclopaedic character. The dictionary includes a Dutch-Macassarese index.