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The article discusses some important issues to consider with regards to optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and what the images show in order to capture better images. Topics include the confusion over the scan terminology of OCT, the reason why OCTA should be considered an adjunct for dye angiography and not a replacement, and the overall size of the area of the posterior pole that is sampled as a factor that plays into image analysis.

The article reports that pegcetacoplan injection is effective for managing geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration, based on the post hoc analyses of Apellis Pharmaceuticals' phase 3 OAKS and DERBY studies. Topics include the visual function and quality-of-life benefits in patients with extrafoveal lesions showed by pegcetacoplan injection, the rejection in the loss of retinal pigmented epithelial and photoreceptor cells and the data used in the analyses.

The article discusses the potential of the candidate gene Aster-B for the treatment of patients with autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorders with intellectual disabilities. According to Professor Johannes von Lintig, β-carotene has major physiological functions to the body like metabolic control, reproduction and embryonic development, and how Aster-B could be the definitive transporter of carotenoids to protect the brain and the eyes against oxidative stress.

The article presents an overview of Charles Robert Darwin's theory of evolution through modified descent, with specific reference to the eye and vision. It relates that Darwin's evolutionary theory has been refined in light of new scientific discoveries. Moreover, it emphasizes that the human eye is often cited as an example of a complex organ approaching perfection, with parts that work together in an orchestrated manner that defies evolution as an explanation.

The article discusses the efficiency of model of aqueous outflow in treating glaucoma. It has been believed that the more accurate, our model of the system, the more effective, our treatments mad the less vision lost. The traditional model portrays the trabecular meshwork it is a passive filter. It has been emphasized that moving fluid out of the eye may be the work of a biomechanical pump, not a passive filter.

The article focuses on macular pigment (MP) and its potential for protecting against eye disease. The factors that contribute to age-related maculopathy (ARM) are cited including inflammation and oxidative stress. It states that MP is a yellow pigment composed of the xanthophyll carotenoids L and Z, which are of dietary origin, and the non-dietary carotenoid meso-Z.

The article explores the effectivity of risuteganib, a synthetic, arginine-glycine-aspartate class peptide, in the treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Topics discussed include remarks from David S. Boyer, adjunct clinical professor of ophthalmology at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, and results of a study on the safety and efficacy of 1.0 mg of risuteganib intravitreal injections.

The article presents insights from Mark S. Humayun, a professor of ophthalmology and biomedical engineering,about varied approaches for ophthalmologists. Topics covered include some bioengineering strategies that can help overcome challenges to achieving success with advanced implants aiming to bioengineer the macula, and a brief up-date on two projects that he has been leading to restore vision in patients with retinal degeneration.

The article discusses the effectiveness of the dietary supplements lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin as antioxidants and macular pigments that minimize risk of age-related eye disease. According to researcher John M. Nolan, majority of people are deficient of said pigments that adversely affect their vision and cognitive function. Also cited is Nolan's research on dementia, Alzheimer's disease and cognitive function.

The article discusses methods of improving the precision of therapeutic delivery of gene therapy for retinal diseases. Dr. Allen C. Ho of Thomas Jefferson University shares insights on therapeutic delivery by subretinal delivery, subretinal delivery via the suprachoroidal space, and transfecting target tissue by suprachoroidal injection. Also mentioned are potential complications arising from these methods including scar tissue formation and vitreoretinopathy-related retinal detachment.

The article discusses a study by Amir H. Kashani of the University of Southern California that investigated the feasibility of a new intraoperative surgical method to deliver retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) monolayer in eyes with advanced dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Exploratory findings from the study demonstrate that this method that specifically targets the area of geographic atrophy for RPE replacement is feasible. Functional outcomes of the procedure is further needed.

The article offers clarifications regarding selection of patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) that will most likely benefit from endpoint management (EpM) laser therapy. Topics discussed include risk factors for CSCR, and presentation of CSCR. It concludes that chronic CSCR patient who have less retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) scarring stand to benefit the most form EpM laser therapy.

The article discusses topics related to reasons of waking up with puffy eyes. It explains that while sleeping, the preocular film changes from a dynamic, reflex, tear-rich layer to a stagnant, secretary and IgA-rich layer. On the other hand, it further elaborates that while the eyes are closed, the blinking of the eye stops but still the fresh secretion for surplus tears continues.

The article focuses on the efficiency of stem cells in increasing the success rate of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells transplants. Neurovascular age-related macular degeneration is commonly treated with an intravitreal syringe and a vial of anti-VEGF drug. With this, stem cell technology may have the potential to make the procedure more common. An overview on how stem cells might enhance RPE transplants is provided.

The article discusses the effectiveness of the yellow macular pigments, namely, lutein, zeazanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin in minimizing the risk of age-related eye disease. The pigments are carotenoids that are highly concentrated on the eyes' macula. Also cited are the study by John M. Nolan on the effects of the pigments on vision, dementia, and cognitive function, as well as some sources of said pigments like kale, corn, and spinach.

The article describes the launch of a clinical trial by researchers at the National Eye Institute (NEI) to test the safety of a novel patient-specific stem cell-based therapy for geographic atrophy, the advanced dry form of age-related macular degeneration. According to Kapil Bharti of the NEI Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research Section, it is the first clinical trial to use replacement tissues from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. The researchers used rat and pig models.

The article describes the case of an 86-year-old white female with age-related macular degeneration who was treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy to shed light on the genesis of type 3 neovascularization. Case highlights include evaluation of high-resolution histologic images of the preserved donor eye, complete resolution of the exudation achieved through antiangiogenic therapy, and correlation of microglia with clinical intraretinal hyperreflective foci.

The article discusses a study by Michael J. Allingham of the Duke Eye Center that investigated the use of the mitochondrial-protective drug elamipretide to treat intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) manifest as high risk drussen. Findings showed that trials on the use of elamipretide for AMD yielded encouraging indications that it may improve visual function in eyes with high risk drussen. Results also demonstrated that elamipretide is safe and well-tolerated by patients.

The article discusses a study by Dr. Nicole Eter of the Universty of Muenster of using indocyanine green angiography, special domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography to detect choroidal neorevascularization beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Findings showed that these multi-modal imaging made it easier to scan layer by layer neorevascularization. This method help physicians manage and assess RPE detachment.

The article discusses the use of slit lamp biomicroscopy for diagnosing infectious keratitis in 2019. Topics covered include the modality's initial use to decide whether additional imaging is needed, and its operation in clinical settings of infectious keratitis. Also noted are clues to the cause of the condition.

The article discusses the use of microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography (OCT) in gene therapy. Topics include different ways to deliver gene therapy, the advantages of the microscope-integrated OCT technique for surgeons, and an example of a case where the use of microscope-integrated OCT identified a pending macular hole.

The article examines the role of the modified form of vitamin A, called locked retinal, in retinal disease by researchers at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio. Topics mentioned include the addition of a carbon ring to the vitamin A to induce photoreceptor proteins, recycling of visual pigments in the retinal pigment epithelial cells, and activation of G protein signaling molecule for a long time.

The article reports on several treatments of retinal vein occlusion. The introduction of direct drug delivery into the posterior chamber of the eye is the main developments within the management of retinal disease. It reports on the use of lucentis for wet mascular generation and the focus on drug delivery for treatment of mascular oedema as a result of retinal occlusion. It reports on the study of the use of intraviteral triamcinolone and the technique of sustained Ozurdex drug delivery.

The article reports on the AACU-4429 drugs being developed by researchers at Acucela Inc. which are orally delivered visual cycle modulators targeted at selected cells within the retina to protect visual clarity. The drugs were developed on the premise that modulating the visual cycle can protect the retina from light damage, improve retinal vasculature and reduce the accumulation of toxic by-products. The research focuses on the idea of utilizing the eyes' rods fully which are hardly used except for night vision, causing the rods to slowly deteriorate as aging sets in, preventing them from supporting cone cells and eventually leading to dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The visual cycle modulators being developed slows the visual cycle and protects rod cells from deterioration.

The article presents a case study of a 46-year old patient suffering from blurred vision in the left eye that had persisted for a month. The patient complained of reduced visual capability in the left eye associated with minor pain. Results of the clinical analysis show that the patient has multiple serous retinal pigment epithelial detachments with one large detachment adjacent to macula which cause blurriness in the eye.

The article provides an overview and guidelines on dry eye and its treatment. It has been emphasized that changes in the tear composition lead to ocular surface inflammation and destabilized tear film. In this context, the author mentioned about the concept of Delphi approach that establish an expert consensus on current treatment recommendations.

The article reports that Angela Miller, an optometrist alleged to have made a series of clinical failures relating to the care of patients over 60 years of age has been erased from Great Britain General Optical Council (GOC) registers. It is alleged that she failed to take retinal photos in a number of cases along with allegations on failures relating to undertaking dilation, visual fields and the status of anterior chamber angle.

The article discusses the health impact of blue light or high energy visible light emitted by the sun and artificial light sources. It explains that the blue light region in the visible light spectrum plays a role in non-visual biological mechanisms like regulation of the circadian cycle. It notes that the chronobiological light or good Blue-Turquoise light can have a positive health impact while the Blue-Violet light is said to induce mortality in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.

This article discusses research study being done on the photoisomerization of rhodopsin. It references a study by Marco Garavelli et al., published in the journal "Nature" in 2010. The researchers excited the chromophore with 10-fs pulses of 500-nm laser light and examined the reaction dynamics with time-delayed impulses. The study also investigated the photoinduced process.

The article reports on optometrist Lewis Jacobs who was found to have an area of elevation of the entire retina in his right eye. Though apparently close to the fovea, Jacobs, aged 54, has no measurable symptoms or visual distortion. A review with a consultant ophthalmologist followed, who confirmed that there was indeed a retinal pigment epithelium detachment but no signs of any choroidal neovascularisation.

The article presents information related to retinal vascular occlusions and its classification. Retinal vascular occlusions are the second most common vascular disease affecting the retina, after diabetic retinopathy. Occlusions affecting the retinal arteries tend to result from emboli. Visual symptoms are more likely in retinal vascular occlusions if a large area of retina is affected.

The article presents the layout for the system of the eye diagram in Great Britain. The figure illustrates the signal measured with a high-bandwidth differential probe at the receiving end of the link. The layout designer wisely chose to keep traces on the top layer, every eye diagram comprises many small segments of the received signal. Unfortunately, the diagram makes a terrible diagnostic tool, it shows aggregate performance but clutters the picture.

Cites a study which found that the light-absorbing pigment found in a bacterial-membrane-embedded protein interconverts between a cis and a trans form in response to different colors of light. Observations regarding a cyanobacterial rhodopsin protein; Researchers who conducted the crystallographic study; Ability of the rhodopsin pigment to sense the color of light.

Presents answers to questions on the structure and function of the iris. Information on the principal mechanism that prevents light from passing through the iris other than the pupil; Definition of collarette; Location of the sphincter pupillae.