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Shrimp tends to deteriorate during the refrigeration process. To monitor the freshness of shrimp during refrigeration, near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging was utilized to non-destructively identify the freshness of shrimp. In the process, three preprocessing methods (multivariate scatter correction [MSC], standard normal variate [SNV], and direct orthogonal signal correction [DOSC]) were employed to preprocess the full-wavelength spectral data, and three characteristic wavelength extraction algorithms (competitive adaptive reweighted sampling [CARS], and random forest [RF] simulated annealing [SA]) were used to extract the best-pre-processed data. Because extreme learning machine (ELM) and kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) are easily affected by parameters, ELM (based on teaching-learning-based optimization [TLBO]) and KELM (based on teaching-learning-based optimization [TLBO]) were proposed. In this study, four discriminant models (ELM, TLBO– ELM, KELM, and TLBO–KELM) were used for the full wavelength modeling analysis and the characteristic wavelength modeling analysis. In this work, the results of the final selected models are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KITCHEN AND BATH Modern Emulsion Known for artisanal and eco-friendly wallcoverings and paints, Farrow & Ball developed this latest water-based paint line in a palette meant to imbue residential spaces, including moisture-prone areas such as kitchens and baths, with calm and comfort. The new hue is available in more than 300 sink styles ranging from the round Rondo prep sink to Ikon, a farmhouse-sink design. Like Duravit's sinks, toilets, and tubs, the C.1, B.1, and B.2 faucets are clean-lined and contemporary. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the fluctuating environmental policies in the U.S. tend to obscure the fact that the transition toward refrigerants with a low global warming potential (GWP) continues. It mentions that HVACR manufacturers, researchers, and facility owners worldwide are making significant progress thanks to consistent public policies but also from recent development of proven technologies.

The article focuses on managing demand on the power grid at best a never-ending balancing act between generation and load has become an increasingly complex and challenging responsibility. Topics include the urgent need to reduce carbon-based energy generation, the consumer demand for energy being continuously growing and shifting, and the energy landscape evolves power providers across the country are facing a combination of factors that present significant challenges.

The article focuses on the optimization of the refrigeration of the cryogenic hydrocarbons as part of advanced export terminal technology for ethylene. Topics include the comparison of the open-cycle refrigeration and single-mixed refrigerant (SMR) cycle, the various factors considered in the comparison of the process such as capital expenditures, process efficiency, layout, and operating costs, and the aspects of the design of the refrigeration process.

The article discusses the functionalities of compressed air dryers which are an important form of industrial pneumatic systems. Topics discussed include compressed air being a critical resource to industrial environments, contamination sources for these systems and procedures for maintaining compressed air quality. Types of dryers discussed include aftercoolers, particulate filters and refrigeration dryers.

The medicines refrigerator is a common piece of equipment found in clinical areas. It is used to ensure specific medicines are safely stored within a narrow temperature range in line with manufacturers' instructions; this is usually between +2² and +8²C, and ideally +5²C. Drugs stored in the medicines refrigerator include: vaccines; insulin; chemotherapy drugs; topical preparations, such as some types of eye drops; and other treatments such as glucagon, which is used to manage severe hypoglycaemia. This article reviews the function of the medicines refrigerator and the checks required by healthcare practitioners to ensure that medicines remain safely stored and their effectiveness is maintained. It also outlines the medicines refrigeration procedure known as the 'cold chain', which includes the use of cold boxes or vaccine carriers to maintain the required temperature of medicines during transport from the manufacturer to user, or between healthcare departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on role of triple-chamber parenteral nutrition bags in fulfilling patient requirements. Topics discussed include response of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for the same; utility of compounded bags; and external pressure applied for sealing of these bags.

The article discusses how refrigerants for residential and commercial air conditioning units. It mentions Air conditioners use chemicals such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) that easily convert from a gas to a liquid and back again. It reports that chemical is used to transfer heat from the air inside of a home to the outside air.

The article presents a study of the estimation of the amount of boiloff gas (BOG) that evaporates at the C3 and C4 refrigeration and loading facilities at the Bandar Abbas, Iran gas condensate refinery using boundary conditions and parameters. It focuses on reducing evaporation losses by calculating the BOG in liquefied petroleun gas (LPG) storage tanks. It mentions the mixing of liquid in the tanks as an effective solution using two circulating pumps inside the tank.

The article focuses on Chillventa, which takes place in Nuremberg, Germany from October 11 to 13, 2022 as GEA will present product solutions to some of the most pressing issues and these include products that help to reduce carbon emissions, achieve greater energy efficiency.

The article reports that Brayton refrigeration (BR) cycles are are used in small-scale liquified natural gas (LNG) projects. The BR cycle using nitrogen is attractive for small-scale LNG as it eliminates the import and storage of hydrocarbon refrigerants. Nitrogen is needed for process purging and inerting, which is readily available.

El artículo discute el uso de innovaciones tecnológicas en el proceso de cocción y refrigeración en la industria alimenticia, con énfasis en el aspecto de inocuidad alimentaria. Los temas tratados incluyen la comparación entre la refrigeración por chorro de aire y la refrigeración por agua, el uso de calentamiento infrarrojo para productos cárnicos y el desarrollo del segmento de aperitivos o snacks congelados.

The article discusses the emerging role of A2L refrigerants in commercial refrigeration applications is a topic of spirited conversation among industry stakeholders as the transition from high-global warming potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants to lower-GWP alternatives continues. It mentions that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has listed any A2Ls as approved for use in commercial refrigeration.

Safe vaccine storage and handling is essential to ensure that the 'cold chain' that refrigerates the vaccine at a temperature between +2°C and +8°C is maintained from manufacture, through delivery and storage, to patient administration. This article considers the available literature on vaccine storage and handling. Although the UK provides significant guidance on the topic, global resources can increase understanding of areas that are not particularly clear for the practitioner undertaking cold chain management. It is hoped that readers will appreciate the importance of this subject not only within their own practice, but also on a global scale. The article aims to increase readers' confidence to review and enhance, or if necessary develop, a vaccine storage and handling protocol, thus ensuring the highest standard of care in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the best refrigeration technology for small-scale liquefied natural gas (LNG) production. It states two process for LNG production including a single-cycle, multistage mixed-refrigerant process and a dual N2 expander process. It further discusses refrigeration process performance, refrigerant use and makeup system, and environmental and process safety.

The article discusses recent advances in modeling and simulation of thermoelectric (TE) materials and devices. It mentions that modeling allows for identification of the basic physical phenomena that govern the transport of charge and heat. The article also suggests that TE devices can be competitive with existing refrigeration and power generation techniques.

The article discusses a technology called Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Turbine Inlet Conditioning (ARCTIC) for combustion turbine inlet air temperature control. Its ability to offer precise control over inlet air temperatures while mitigating issues associated with evaporative cooling and mechanical chilling are addressed. Minimizing the carbon dioxide footprint of the machines by operating combustion turbines at maximum efficiency is also discussed.

The article reports on improving process efficiency of refrigeration systems in the chemical processing industry. It is said that one of the most critical operating systems in the chemical processing industry are the refrigeration systems. The systems works by removing heat from low-temperature streams and transferring it to higher-temperature streams. A refrigeration system is indispensable to cryogenic cooling and separation operations.

The article discusses cooling tower heat transfer which is dependent on the contact efficiency between air and water flowing through the cooling tower. It mentions splash fill, a type used in early cooling towers and identifies major film fill designs such as cross flutes (CF), offset flutes (OF), vertical flutes (VF), XF stand-off and hybrid/trickle (H/T). The article also elaborates on prevention of microbiological fouling by using proper chemistry control and presents performance improvement by employing microstructure.

The article discusses the verification of chiller plant to determine whether it is functioning at or close to its optimal lifecycle level by using automated control techniques. The need for the building management system (BMS) controllers to have the capability to communicate to individual package chilled water systems and pumping systems is explored. The significance of understanding the interdependencies and relationships between available BMS is also tackled.

The article evaluates several process cooling equipment including the Maximum Series portable chillers from Advantage Engineering, Iceman portable and central chillers from Mokon and the MX Series central chillers from Thermal Care.

The article offers information on the reason for upgrading and the pricing for R-22. It notes that it is used in packaged A/C units and heat pumps, chillers, and retail food refrigeration. It is also used as a component in refrigeration which include R-401A, R-402A, R-409A and R-502. It notes that some manufacturers have had R-22 replace products on the market, however, it is still available until 2010.

The article discusses the approaches made by the U.S. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) to reduce the energy consumed in cooling the electronics in data centers. It notes the utilization of outdoor air to wetbulb (wb) and airside economizer cycles to develop the required cold aisle inlet delivery conditions. It also relates to the application of the recirculation air cooling by evaporation (RACE) units in ensuring integrity of the equipment.

The article reports on the four common solvents that are designed to remove acid gas from product gas streams, including chemical, physical and cryogenic fractionation in 2009. It states that chemical solvent method includes heat application. It cites that physical solvents are noncorrosive and are chosen over chemical methods when concentration of acid-gas is high. It notes that cryogenic fractionation uses huge refrigeration requirements and has the advantage of recovering carbon dioxide.

The article offers information on the basics for refrigerant chillers. Chillers are said to be the cooling workhorses for many industrial facilities. Chillers are of two categories such as absorption and refrigerant. It describes the refrigerant chillers which is the most complicated piece of heating, ventilation & air conditioning (HVAC) equipment. It also provides information on the features of the basic refrigerant chiller.

The article focuses on the important role of pressure sensors in controlling the refrigeration cycle and keeping the system efficient. It also discusses the basic refrigeration cycle, the normal locations of pressure sensors in refrigeration systems, and the factors to consider when choosing the best sensor for a refrigerant system. In addition, the article compares the various approaches, advantages and drawbacks designers face from sensor technologies employed with refrigeration systems.

The article focuses on the dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS). It cites several terminal equipment which are required in accommodating the sensible cooling loads not met by the DOAS including fancoil units, heat pumps, passive chilled beams, and ceiling radiant cooling panels. It explores the two arrangements of the terminal equipment with the DOAS, the series and parallel. It also indicates the differences of the performance between the two arrangements.

The article examines how the application of heat integration can improve the performance of an existing heat exchanger network. The authors demonstrate how the combination of heat integration and retrofitting of heat exchange networks into the total design procedure when debottlenecking a process unit can optimize effective utilization of existing heat exchangers, without adding new heat exchangers, boilers, furnaces or cooling/refrigeration systems.

The article describes a new approach for synthesizing cascade refrigeration systems. This procedure is a combination of fuzzy set theory, a process simulation program and engineering knowledge. This proposed approach, which consists of three main steps: qualifying expert rules in a fuzzy rule-based procedure, the classical conjunction of fuzzy compatibility degrees and selecting the best refrigeration systems, is based on applying expert rules appropriate for an economical design problem.

The article evaluates several chromatography equipment and supplies including the GC Chaser oven cooling system from Zip Scientific, the Atlas chromatography data system add-on instrument control software from Thermo Fisher Scientific, and the XDS35i vacuum pump from Edwards.

The article discusses system intrinsic maximum recovery (SIMAR), a method for evaluating the expander-based process for C2+ recovery. SIMAR can be applied to gas processing plants when an efficient means for handling "rich" liquid natural gas is needed, but adjustments are needed to offset the effect of external refrigeration. Two industrial cases are mentioned, as well as the four categories of expander schemes or XPDR design.

The article discusses the effectiveness of liquid cooling as a new option for handling spiraling heat loads in data centers. It highlights the four objectives which evaluate the effectuality of the data center cooling system, including scalability and energy efficiency. According to the author, chilled water piping plant mains and distribution headers accommodate high data loads. Information on water-based innovations such as in-cabinet cooling coils and heat exchangers is presented.

The article evaluates equipment and products, including the CBW granulator from Conair, the MLC central chiller from Motivair Corp. and the Smart Rheo 1000 benchtop capillary rheometers from Ceast.

The article discusses small-plot farmers in Puerto Rico have struggling to meet new regulations that preserve food safely and reduce post-harvest losses. Topics include the views of Alexandra Garcia, World Central Kitchen's chief program officer, on cold-storage; and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued new regulations to farms called the Food Safety Modernization Act.

The article offers information on managing and maintaining evaporative cooling towers. Criteria for determining the cost efficiency of filtration equipment is presented. Factors to consider in choosing filtration system are also provided. Approaches to control solid contaminants in evaporative cooling system are also discussed.

The article evaluates the EcoDry fluid cooler system from Frigel North America and offers information on its features and capabilities.

The article explains how heat exchangers help in controlling the heat generated by hydraulic systems. Hydraulic systems use either the energy loss method or the volume control method in load control. Heat exchangers can help hydraulic systems in both methods. These heat exchangers are available in 1-,2- and 4-pass configurations. Some of the designs of heat exchangers available in the market include the extended-surface design and the brazed-plate type.

The article presents information about various air-conditioning, heating and refrigerating equipment that will be exhibited at the 2006 Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigerating Exposition. Heating equipment company HydroTherm will feature its wide range of gas-fired boilers at the Exposition. Spirax Sarco Inc. will display its packaged boiler blow-down heat recovery systems. These systems can recover up to 95% of the heat energy usually lost with conventional blow-down separators. Air-conditioning equipment company Distech Controls will display a new variable air volume system. Air-conditioning company MovinCool's new ceiling-mounted air conditioner provides supplemental cooling for hot spots caused by network servers.

This article focuses on the role of cooling towers in many industrial processes. Aside from unplanned emergencies, cooling towers that are overworked, are out of service, or require periodic rebuilding or replacement also exact a severe toll in terms of lost production, labor, and materials. For these reasons, plant engineers are realizing that when the time comes to retrofit or expand a cooling system, the reliability of its cooling tower ranks is as important as its installation costs. Faced with the choice of a metal or an engineered-plastic tower, more engineers and plant managers are opting for the latter. New developments increasingly tip the scales in favor of plastic cooling towers that weigh less, have a higher through-put, are more energy efficient, and cost less to maintain. Today's industrial cooling towers have come a long way from the simple heat-exchanger designs of their ancestors, which date back to the 1890s. Yet only in the past decade have tower designs been modernized to minimize the expense of upkeep, repair, and replacement. A very important step in the evolution has been the recent availability of corrosion-proof, polyethylene-plastic cooling towers that never rust, chip, flake, or peel.

This article informs that Kapi'olani Medical Center in Oahu Island, Hawaii, has decided to replace its aging chiller systems with a new, centrally located TES system. In 2001 the center's thirty-year-old dual chilled water system had began showing its age by showing significant operational and maintenance problems. Hence, it was clear that the time was right to review and overhaul the entire cooling operation. According to John Henderson of Sodexho, the general contractor, the reasons behind the decision to install the TES system were four-fold; experience, economics, efficiency and the environment.

Focuses on heat-transfer-based electronic sensors being developed that target the sensing, metering and controlling of water volume. Features of liquid-level sensor for the dish and clothes-washer industry; Information on the water flow-rate sensors for the refrigeration industry; Modifications that can expand the applications of the sensors.

This article discusses several applications highlighting the hands-on approach of portable cooling equipment companies. Miami International Airport, Miami, Florida, leads all U.S. airports with 85% of the 165,000 tons of fresh-cut flowers imported into the U.S. every year. In January 2005, a brand new 13,000-sq-ft warehouse wasn't prepared for the influx of flowers arriving for Valentine's Day. The facility was built and ready to house the flowers, but its cooling system was not quite ready. They looked around on the Internet and discovered Carrier Rental Systems, a Lakeland, Florida-based company. They ended up designing a unique portable cooling system for the floral warehouse that utilizes propylene glycol and consists of a chiller, air handlers, pump, generator, fuel tank, cable, fittings, flexible hose, and duct. INSET: Portable Equipment Not Limited To Cooling.

This article investigates energy efficient systems related to energy recovery and the geographic regions where it might prove beneficial. The cool condensate from a large air conditioning process may be collected and used to reduce the cooling load in an independent and smaller air conditioning cycle. Three factors increase the energy recovery process: a location with high ambient wetbulb temperature; a primary latent cooling load large enough to produce condensate that could be used as the media of heat recovery; and a smaller secondary cooling load that is independent of the primary cycle. Obviously, it is expected that this system will be more attractive in locations where high wetbulb temperatures occur year-round.

Features products related to testing and mensuration available in the U.S. as of October 2004. Introduction of the microprocessor-controlled flow meters for gas and steam applications developed by J-TEC Associates Inc.; Total capacity of the multi-bag filter from Hayward Industrial Products Inc.; Cooling capacities of the 6000 series recirculating chillers from PolyScience; Others.

Reports on the popularity of underfloor air distribution systems in the United States. Advantages of UFAD over traditional air distribution systems; Considerations in the installation of UFAD. INSETS: Backwash On Purported Savings;Researching UFAD: What Washed Up.

This article provides information on several new products related to engineering. A small magnetic latching valve is designed by Peter Paul Electronics Co. for situations in which coil heating is undesirable or continuous power is unavailable. It can be used with battery-powered equipment and produces up to 500 psi pressure. The Ashcroft digital industrial gauge from the company Dresser Instruments can be used as a mechanical gauge, transducer, and switch. The Sigma Air Manager, a real-time compressed air system monitor, from Kaeser Compressors Inc. is available for vacuum units.