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The mesothelium consists of a single-layer squamous epithelium and lines the internal organs of the body. Mesothelial cells have many important functions, including the transport of cells and fluid into the serous cavities. Localizations of the mesothelium that are relevant for cytology are the pleura, the pericardium and the peritoneum. An effusion in the serous cavities can be caused by various factors. For diagnostic examination, the free fluid is removed clinically and examined in a cytology laboratory. The cells of the effusion, especially the mesothelial cells, are examined morpho - logically under a light microscope and the cause of the effusion is determined. Not only metastatic tumors can invade the serous cavities, mesothelial cells can also be the origin of a malignant tumor disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the views of the journal's Editorial Advisory Board members on important ophthalmology advances and challenges in 2019. Dr. William W. Cubertson cites the femtosecond laser adjustable intraocular lens (IOL) development, and the approval of ReLEx SMILE for myopic astigmatism, while Dr. Pravin U. Dugel notes the brolucizumab treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). However, Dr. Peter J. McDonnell also acknowledges the need for an accommodating IOL.

The article discusses the successful use of a novel method of changing iris color from brown toward blue in rabbits, with no evidence of resulting inflammation, by injecting into the anterior chamber an adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying a melanocyte-targeting suicide gene. Topics include indication that there is no significant loss of melanocytes in hair follicles and requirements for the color change technique to deplete iris melanocytes.

The article presents information on the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva protects the globe and eyelids. It generates the mucus part of the tear film and causes the globe's freedom of motion. It consists of epithelial cells, Langerhans cells, melanocytes and lymphocytes. The palpebral conjunctiva is mostly supplied by ending branches of ophthalmic artery.

The article discusses the importance for clinicians to be able to distinguish lesions capable of metastasis, tissue destruction and infiltration. It mentions that epithelial cells differentiate commencing at the melanin-containing basal cell layer and migrate toward the skin surface. It states that a thorough lesion examination frequently starts with a detailed history and the patient need to be queried regarding history of cancer, immunosuppression, smoking and ultraviolet exposure. INSETS: Learn the Lingo;ABCs of Skin Lesions;Excisional Biopsy Protocols.

The article focuses on the use of stem cell therapy in medical research of ophthalmology. Topics discussed include reduced risks of rejection for corneal transplant, limbal stem cells response to trauma by modulation in rate of differentiation into epithelial precursors, cure of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) with a healthy stem cell population, and reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency.

The article presents information on corneal wounds and their repair. The cornea is composed of maxiumum amount of sensory nerves in the body. Wound repair involves methods including epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation and adhestion to basement membrane. Corneal abrasions result in inflammatory response and also kill keratocytes.

The article offers information on the significance of combination drugs in treating acute red eye in the U.S. It states that combination drug is best suited if a significant epithelial compromise exists. It notes that combination drugs are essential in addressing conjunctival inflammation, while eliminating infectious component. It emphasizes that Maxitrol is the first highly effective combination antibiotic/corticosteroid.

The article discusses how to address the ingrowth of epithelial cells beneath the laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) flap. Topics covered include the need for surgeons to identify patients at risk of epithelial ingrowth, the flap-lift enhancement as a risk factor for ingrowth, and the signs and symptoms to consider when deciding whether intervention in a case of epithelial growth is needed. Also mentioned are the treatment approaches for ingrowth.

The article focuses on the concerns of digestion to deal with weaning issues of pigs. Topics discussed include role of epithelial cells in the immune system, significance of colostrum for development of microbial flora, limiting antibiotics use during the weaning time period, and mentions the effect of stress in gastrointestinal physiology of pigs.

The article focuses on the capability of epithelial cells to sense when a cell is dying, which was discovered by researchers from Florida Atlantic University who also found needed molecules to do it and the role of ultraviolet (UV) light. Topics discussed include the capability of intact lens to remove apoptopic lens cell debris, the research team's use of embryonic chicken lenses to unearth the lens cells' function and opportunities it opened for treatment of cataract.

The article reports that the brain relies on the chemical checkpoint called the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to balance the need for nutrients and a safe niche. According to the article, the BBB is tight-knit layer of endothelial cells which coat the 400 miles of capillaries and blood vessels in the brain. Molecules enter a BBB cell through membrane-embedded protein transporters or by slipping directly through its waxy outer membrane.

The article presents information on new concepts in dry eye and the ocular surface. Dry eye is among the most common disorders encountered in clinical practice. The ocular surface serves as both the outer boundary of the corneal epithelial barrier and as a specialized organ that facilitates adherence and contact with the tear layer. The surface area of the outermost epithelial cells is maximized by the presence of microvilli and microplicae. These surface elements create an anchoring framework for the tear-attracting glycocalyx.

The article provides information on the diagnosis and treatment of dry-eye condition in patients. The diagnosis of dry eye relies on dyes that help assess the integrity of the ocular surface. Epithelial damage due to this condition is most commonly measured by applying either fluorescein or rose bengal. Researchers have shown that the volume of a dye used can influence the determination of surface damage. Time to fluorescence can vary from one patient to the next depending on tear volume and turnover rate.

The article focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of preservatives used for patients' cornea. Topics discussed include ability of benzalkonium chloride preservative (BAK) to kill bacteria in medication bottles, harshness of chemicals on epithelial and corneal cells, alternatives like polyquad and sofzia that preserve bottle of medication while being gentle on eyes, and ability of BAK to penetrate more into cell junctions of conjunctiva and cornea.

The article offers information on the symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment and management of a cornea abnormality called Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy. Topics include malfunction of the corneal endothelium as the primary cause of Fuchs' dystrophy, a clinical pathological scheme and use of sodium chloride for the treatment of early stromal and/or epithelial edema.

The article discusses methods of improving the precision of therapeutic delivery of gene therapy for retinal diseases. Dr. Allen C. Ho of Thomas Jefferson University shares insights on therapeutic delivery by subretinal delivery, subretinal delivery via the suprachoroidal space, and transfecting target tissue by suprachoroidal injection. Also mentioned are potential complications arising from these methods including scar tissue formation and vitreoretinopathy-related retinal detachment.

The article offers information on the structure of endothelium and the diseases associated with it. It describes endothelium as the cornea's posterior layer which has a single cell layer bound together hexagonal in shape. It discusses the condition of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED), and posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD).

The article focuses on the causes of eye damage due to chemical exposure or toxicity. It mentions the impact of contact lens care product which has the potential to create a toxic effect on the ocular surface of the eye. It also mentions that ocular burns caused by acids are less severe compared to alkali burns due to the natural buffering capacity of the corneal stroma and the barrier to penetration formed by coagulated epithelial cells.

The article offers information on corneal abrasions, which are a common form of injury which resulted from ocular trauma. It mentions that if the cornea is damaged or injured, the possibility of loss of vision is present especially in patients who wear contact lenses. It also states that damage to the corneal epithelium results in loss of the connections of the surrounding epithelial cells.

The article discusses the significance of junction complexes of the conjunctival epithelium which serves as barrier to allergen penetration. It mentions that the conjunctival surface is a complex and dynamic structure which plays an important role in the prevention of inflammatory disease. It is stated that scientific investigation of the conjunctival epithelium is warranted and the effort to determine therapies that can upstream of mast cell stabilizers/anti-histamines.

The article focuses on the comparison of peripheral and the central corneas based on various distinctions which include anatomical, physiological, and pathological. It relates that corneal epithelial cells are generated in the periphery towards the central cornea. A thorough knowledge of the comparison of this distinct regions contributes in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases and conditions.

The article reports on the increasing cases of epithelial ingrowth in older people. Epithelial ingrowth may be more frequent with increasing patient age and as hyperopic ablations are common in older patients. It is a common complication after Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) enhancement procedures. Physician Colin C.K. Chan said that epithelial ingrowth might have resulted from irritation caused by ill-fitting contact lens due to change in the shape of cornea after LASIK ablation.

The article describes the launch of a clinical trial by researchers at the National Eye Institute (NEI) to test the safety of a novel patient-specific stem cell-based therapy for geographic atrophy, the advanced dry form of age-related macular degeneration. According to Kapil Bharti of the NEI Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research Section, it is the first clinical trial to use replacement tissues from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. The researchers used rat and pig models.

This article reports that melanocytoma occur equally in African American and Caucasian populations. The incidence is the same for both men and women, and the mean age of diagnosis is 50 years. Melanocytoma of the optic nerve head, also known historically as magnocellular nevus, are sligbtly elevated benign, darkly pigmented tumors. They have been known to occur most commonly in the disc and peripapiliary area, but can be found anywhere melanocytes reside for example iris, choroid, uvea, sclera, episclera and meninges. Classically, they appear as black lesions with feathery margins involving the disc and adjacent retina.

Examines the causes of a benign epithelial lesion. Signs and symptoms of the disease; Development of a palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae; Removal of the lesion.

Focuses on the management of epithelial ingrowth after laser epithelial keratomileusis. Removal of unwanted epithelium; Use of ethanol to kill epithelial cells on the stromal bed; Application of phototherapeutic keratectomy as adjunctive therapy. INSET: Section Editor's Comments, by Alan Carlson.

The article discusses a study which showed that eyes with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome, without phacodonesis, small pupil, and shallow anterior chamber, do not pose a significant risk for intraocular lens (IOL) decentration. It states that PEX eyes have a higher rate of posterior capsular opacification (PCO). Also noted is the lower endothelial cell density in PEX eyes compared to controls.

The article discusses a study led by Sonali Nashine of the University of California Irvine on the potential nutraceutical effects of Emblica officinalis (EO) to treat age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The study used EO purified extracts to improve survival of damaged cellular and mitochondrial retinal pigment in vitro. Results showed that EO improved cellular and mitochondrial health thereby playing a key cytoprotective role in AMD in vitro.

The article discusses the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) which is located between the photoreceptor (PR) layer of the outer retina and Bruch's membrane. Topics discussed include the diffusion of gases and nutrients across the choroid to the PR, melanin's primary function, disruptions in RPE structure and function, the association between RPE and age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.

The article discusses monitoring and treating corneal melting, or keratolysis, a condition that may lead to scarring, photophobia, irregular astigmatism, and decreased vision. Corneal melting often starts at the rim of the flap and is generally associated with various conditions, such as epithelial ingrowth. The treatment is aimed to remove the agent contributing to the corneal melt process.

The article discusses a clinical trial of a combination therapy of a Rho kinase inhibitor and an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drug in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). The trial involved 44 eyes of 44 patients with DME. It compared the efficacy of bevacizumab with adjunctive intravitreal injection of fasudil and bevacizumab monotherapy.

The article discusses a research paper on the association between vascular stress and age-associated vision loss published in the journal "Experimental Biology and Medicine" in 2018.

The article discusses the use of microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography (OCT) in gene therapy. Topics include different ways to deliver gene therapy, the advantages of the microscope-integrated OCT technique for surgeons, and an example of a case where the use of microscope-integrated OCT identified a pending macular hole.

The article discusses the corneal lifting procedure's potential for reshaping the ectactic cornea via a laser-created crescent keratectomy as of 2018. Topics covered include mechanics of the technique and its resulting reduction of anterior chamber depth (ACD) and keratometry, and correction of irregular astigmatism and higher-order aberrations (HOA). Also noted is corneal lifting's improvement of visual acuity at a 3-year follow-up after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

The article discusses developments in Sjögren's syndrome research and their possible application in the diagnosis and management of dry eye disease (DED). Also cited are the comment by Dr. Stephen C. Pflugfelder on the developments, the possible adverse effects of Sjö's syndrome like filamentary keratitis and early loss of reflex tearing, and the recommended topical treatments for DED like cyclosporine, corticosteroids, and retinoids.

The article offers information about topical squalamine (TS) and its potential use for treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Topics mentioned include the difference of TS's mode of action with that of clinically available anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies, and updates on the randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study on the use of squalamine lactate ophthalmic solution with an anti-VEGF agent.

The article reviews software meant for retinal pathologies, including epithelial thickness mapping software for quantitative measurements of the epithelial and stromal layers of the cornea by the organization Optovue, and Easyret for treatment of edema by the organization Quantel Medical.

The article examines the role of the modified form of vitamin A, called locked retinal, in retinal disease by researchers at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio. Topics mentioned include the addition of a carbon ring to the vitamin A to induce photoreceptor proteins, recycling of visual pigments in the retinal pigment epithelial cells, and activation of G protein signaling molecule for a long time.

The article discusses research published in journals related to refractive surgery. Topics discussed include evaluation of the exclusion criteria used to screen patients for refractive surgery by the Cole Eye Institute published in the journal "Cornea," epithelial ingrowth after Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) published in the journal "Cornea" and Adalimumab as steroid-sparing treatment for Thyroid Eye Disease publsihed in the journal "Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery"

The article presents tips to avoid getting the epithelial growth of Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis (LASIK). It informs about the comments of Michael Taravella, professor of ophthalmology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, on the risk factor of LASIK. It also presents the views of Scott MacRae, professor at the University of Rochester Medical Center, on benefits of flap alignment.

The article states that for the recent evolution of selective keratoplasties is the new development in the corneal diseases treatment which was earlier mandated as a full thickness corneal transplant. it states that in 2011, further it states that the success of the of the procedure, has some short and long term risks as well which incude graft failure, Infection, and cell loss all these are complications that are related to endothelial keratoplasty.

The article offers a guidance for ophthalmic support staff or technicians in the screening and diagnosis of dry eye patients. It describes the measurement of tear film break-up time (TBUT) as a clinical test for dry eye and it differentiates the three epithelial staining techniques that a patient may undergo. It explains the procedure for Schirmer testing and for evaluating the health of the three tear components, which are lipid, aqueous and mucin.

The article offers information on the harmful effects of overdosing eyes with multiple preserved glaucoma eyedrops. It mentions that the action of preserved eyedrops could lead to breakage of apical epithelial cells in the cornea and hampers the barrier function of cornea. It further mentions about preservative free eyedrops that are frequently used in Europe.

The article offers the insights of New York University Langone Medical Center ophthalmology clinical professor Marguerite B. McDonald on hyperosmolarity as a marker of dry eye disease. McDonald says that epithelial cell death and friction in the ocular surface due to inability of mucins to lubricate are caused by hyperosmolarity. She mentions that equipment for eye testing of tear osmolarity is now available.

The article focuses on the results of the study on the feasibility of sidecut-only femtosecond LASIK as a technique for re-treatment of eye refractive error, laid by doctor Sonia H. Yoo at the International Society of Refractive Surgery/American Academy of Ophthalmology. Yoo says that the study reveals the ability of the sidecut-only femtosecond LASIK technique to conduct re-treatment. Moreover, Yoo also discusses how to perform LASIK treatment without epithelial ingrowth complications.

The article focuses on the research on the diagnosis and treatment of vision disorder Salzmann's nodular degeneration (SND). It discusses the attributes of SND, its potential associations, and its topical and surgical treatment options. It mentions the presence of activated keratocytes and elongated basal epithelial cells in the anterior stroma. It states that SND is being linked to osteoporosis and chronic ocular surface inflammatory disorders.

The article discusses several methods used by ophthalmologists in handling epithelial ingrowth after an eye disease treatment. Ophthalmologist Samir Meli explains the epithelial ingrowth can happen early or later after an eye surgery or even LASIK enhancements. It also mentions the risk factors of epithelial ingrowth and provides suggestions from several ophthalmologists on how they handle and manage the recurring complication.

The article reports that Spectrum Thea Pharmaceuticals Ltd. has developed a dry eye drop, Thealoz. It states that dry eye produces hyperosmolarity, which stimulates a cascade of inflammatory events in the epithelial surface cells. It mentions that Thealoz uses trehalose, which improves the hydration of cells, and avoids cell membrane lipid oxidation and protein denaturation, under stress conditions.