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This article discusses the use of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in industrial processes. The author highlights the importance of human creators in ensuring the effectiveness of these algorithms. They draw parallels to science fiction shows like Star Trek and Knight Rider, where AI systems have human-like conversational abilities. However, the author also emphasizes the limitations of AI algorithms, noting instances where they can get things wrong. They conclude by stating that while AI engines and methods hold promise in the industrial sector, human intelligence is still necessary to ensure their utility. [Extracted from the article]

ArcelorMittal, a steel producer, is partnering with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and climate tech startup D-CRBN to trial a novel plasma technology that converts CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO) for circular steelmaking. The technology will be deployed at ArcelorMittal's steel plant in Ghent, Belgium, and aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 35% by 2030. The process requires high-purity CO2, which will be provided by a newly installed carbon capture unit. The plasma unit breaks carbon-oxygen bonds using renewable electricity and is connected to the carbon capture unit via a pipeline. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Queensland in Australia are working on electrochemical conversion technology that could turn CO2 into a valuable power source for mobile phones and laptops. The ARC Centre of Excellence for Green Electrochemical Transformation of Carbon Dioxide (GETCO2) is a collaboration between Australian universities, industry, and the Queensland government. The researchers are developing a proof-of-concept nanogenerator that consumes greenhouse gas and generates positive and negative ions. GETCO2 is also exploring electrolyser technology for CO2 reduction and the synthesis of products from CO2 electrolysis. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on debottleneck hydrogen production for gasifier pressure swing adsorption-based plant. Topics include Canadian oil sands reserves in the area surrounding Fort McMurray, Alberta in Canada contain in excess of recoverable bitumen, and the earth's surface and are recovered using an in-situ technique, such as steam assisted gravity drainage.

A preventive explosion protection system can only be effective when it is a total system. The adjustment of the oxygen and carbon monoxide limit concentrations in relation to the process temperature is necessary. The evaluation of the measured values and an alignment with typical trial processes are guaranteed in robecco systems. This makes operating reactions possible, e.g. sealing of leakages or prevention of a further entry of oxygen into silos, mills and bag filters. A safe switching over of the fuel plant from "automatic mode" into "manual mode" during process conditions, like test run, maintenance, revision to avoid accidents must be guaranteed, robecco monitoring and control systems are able to take over self-sufficient system functions in case of failure situations of master systems: The monitoring of all system-relevant functions of the sensor system and the inerting plant with dosing station is necessary. An accurate inert gas dosing regarding effectiveness and environment must be considered. Maintaining of the existing inert gas stock and the future procurement of gas storage must be guaranteed. The functionality of the components has to be supervised, relevant errors or failures must be signalled to alarms. The automatic determination of the maintenance intervals, the maintenance dates and maintenance work of individual components in dependence of the actual working time and operating frequency guarantees operability and with this leads to a safe and productive process, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares the aeroderivatives and reciprocating engines for fluctuating power demand. It mentions that the renewable generation is being installed to reduce the environmental footprint of power generation and mentions unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC) is considered as an additional contributor to greenhouse gas generation. It also mentions that Reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE) produces more Carbon monoxide (CO) than aeroderivative options.

The article focuses on several aspects of optimizing production of ethylene with laser technology. It mentions that laser technologies can provide a measureable impact on plant operations and financial outcomes; and role of gas chromatographs (GCs) as measuring instrument in all areas of ethylene production. It also mentions that ability to measure carbon monoxide (CO) is a key to controlling catalyst activity.

The article discusses several aspects of troubleshooting catalyst losses in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. It mentions that catalyst losses on regenerator side can lead to high particulate matter (PM) emissions or problems operating the flue gas train or power recovery expander. It also mentions that cyclone issues and catalyst attrition are considered as primary causes for increased catalyst losses. It also mentions FCCUs need to control afterburn using a carbon monoxide promoter.

The article discusses the concept of fuel additives and solvents like olefins and oxygenates. It mentions that oxygenates are hydrocarbons that support the complete combustion of gasoline for reducing carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from vehicles. It also mentions the role of aldehydes as chemical intermediates of derivative products like alcohols and carbonic acids.

The article calls on fire departments and firefighters to transform routine calls into small-scale training exercises. Routine calls include fire alarm activations, elevator incidents, and carbon monoxide leaks, which often times make firefighters complacent. Several examples of quick training exercises that firefighters can do during a routine incident include establishing a water supply and stretch handlines and setting up and raising the aerial device.

The article focuses on the outcomes of fire incidents from the outside and inside cause. Topics discussed include origin of fire from the outside that directly communicate to the exterior structure of the house, factors that can cause fire include electric items, smoking materials, and open-flame items, and the fire the importance of dual-powered smoke/carbon monoxide (CO) detection system to provide an advance warning to the occupants in a fire.

The article presents several case studies related to accidents and failures of stationary equipment in the residue fluidized catalytic cracking units (RFCCUs). Topics discussed include failure of a catalyst cooler tube and aeration pipe due to poor insertion of inner tube to outer tube and bad welding quality, leakage of a slide valve packing due to improper countermeasures when valve stem was stuck and Leakage of carbon monoxide boiler tube due to urea solution penetration into insulation.

The article offers information on a new study which found that catalyst treatment could boost clean up of automotive emissions. Topics include stabilization of a platinum-based automotive catalyst to reduce carbon monoxide (CO) from engine exhaust, conversion of CO to carbon dioxide (CO2) using isolated platinum atoms on ceria, and advancement of technology for vehicle exhaust conversion.

Problem/Condition: The Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory lists >84,000 chemicals used in commerce (http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/tscainventory/basic.html). With chemicals having a multitude of uses, persons are potentially at risk daily for exposure to chemicals as a result of an acute chemical incident (lasting <72 hours). Depending on the level of exposure and the type of chemical, exposure can result in morbidity and, in some cases, mortality. Reporting Period: 1999-2008. Description of System: The Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system was operated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry during January 1991-September 2009 to collect data that would enable researchers to describe the public health consequences of chemical incidents and to develop activities aimed at reducing the harm from such incidents. This report identifies the top five chemicals that caused injuries in the nine states (Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin) that participated in HSEES during its last 10 full years of data collection (1999-2008). Results: Of the 57,975 incidents that were reported, 54,989 (95%) involved the release of only one chemical. The top five chemicals associated with injury were carbon monoxide (2,364), ammonia (1,153), chlorine (763), hydrochloric acid (326), and sulfuric acid (318). Carbon monoxide and ammonia by far caused the most injuries, deaths, and evacuations. Chlorine, while not in the top 10 chemicals released, was in the top five chemicals associated with injury because of its hazardous properties. Interpretation: Multiple measures can be taken to prevent injuries associated with the top five chemicals. Because many carbon monoxide releases occur in residential settings, use of carbon monoxide detectors can prevent injuries. Substituting chemicals with less lethal alternatives can result in mitigating injuries associated with ammonia. Routine maintenance of equipment and engineering controls can reduce injuries associated with chlorine and sulfuric acid, and proper chemical handling training can reduce injuries associated with hydrochloric acid. Public Health Implications: Understanding the most frequently reported locations where carbon monoxide, ammonia, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid are released along with the most frequently reported contributing factors can help mitigate injuries associated with these releases. Prevention initiatives should focus on educating the public and workers about the dangers of these chemicals and about proper handling of these chemicals along with routine maintenance of equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem/Condition: Acute chemical incidents (i.e., uncontrolled or illegal release or threatened release of hazardous substances lasting <72 hours) represent a substantial threat to the environment, public health and safety, and community well-being. Providing a timely and appropriate public health response can prevent or reduce the impact of these incidents. Reporting Period: 1999-2008. Description of System: The Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system was operated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) during January 1991-September 2009 to describe the public health consequences of chemical releases and to develop activities aimed at reducing the harm. This report summarizes types, frequency, and trends in public health actions taken in response to hazardous substance incidents in the nine states (Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin) that participated in HSEES during its last 10 full years of data collection (1999-2008). Results: Of the 57,975 HSEES incidents that occurred during 1999-2008, a total of 15,203 (26.2%) incidents resulted in at least one public health action taken to protect public health. Evacuations were ordered in 4,281 (7.4%) HSEES incidents, shelter in place was ordered in 509 (0.9%) incidents, and access to the affected area was restricted in 10,345 (25.9%) incidents. Decontamination occurred in 2,171 (3.7%) incidents; 13,461 persons were decontaminated, including 1,152 injured persons. Actions to protect public health (e.g., environmental sampling or issuance of health advisories) were taken in 6,693 (11.5%) incidents. The highest number of evacuations and orders to shelter in place occurred in Washington (n = 558 [16.1%] and n = 121 [3.2%], respectively). Carbon monoxide and ammonia releases resulted in the highest percentage of orders to evacuate and shelter in place. The most frequently reported responders to chemical incidents were company response teams. Interpretation: The most frequent public health response was restricting access to the area (26% of incidents), public health actions (12%), evacuation (7%), decontamination (4%), and shelter-in-place (1%). Ammonia and carbon monoxide were associated with adverse health effects in the population and the most public health response actions. Therefore, these chemicals can be considered a high priority for prevention and response efforts. Public Health Implications: States and communities can collaborate with facilities to use the information collected through community right-to-know legislation and this report to improve chemical safety and protect public health and the environment, such as being prepared to handle the most common chemicals in their area and probable public health actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem/Condition: Persons exposed to chemicals during acute chemical incidents (i.e., uncontrolled or illegal release or threatened release of hazardous substances lasting <72 hours) can experience both acute and chronic health effects. Surveillance of toxic substance incidents provides data that can be used to prevent future incidents and improve the emergency response to those that occur, leading to a decrease in morbidity and mortality from chemical releases. Reporting Period: 1999-2008 Description of System: The Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system was operated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) during January 1991-September 2009 to describe the public health consequences of chemical releases and to develop activities aimed at reducing the harm. This report summarizes the data collected on injured persons from the nine states (Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin) that participated in HSEES during its last 10 full years of data collection (1999-2008). Results: A total of 57,975 chemical incidents were reported by these states during the 10-year surveillance period. In 4,621 (8%) of these incidents, 15,506 persons were injured. Among them, 354 deaths occurred. The most commonly reported category of injured persons included employees of the responsible party (7,616 [49%]), members of the general public (4,737 [31%]), students exposed at school (1,730 [11%]), and responders to the incident (1,398 [9%]). Deaths occurred among members of the general public (190 [54%]), employees (154 [44%]), and responders (10 [3%]). The most frequent health effects experienced as a result of these incidents included respiratory irritation (7,443), dizziness or central nervous system problems (3,186), and headache (3,167). The three chemicals associated with the largest number of persons injured were carbon monoxide (2,364), ammonia (1,153), and chlorine (763). Interpretation: Company employees, followed by members of the general public, are frequently injured in acute chemical incidents. The chemicals most often associated with these injuries are carbon monoxide, ammonia, and chlorine, all of which are hazardous gases that can be found in various locations including schools and homes. Respiratory irritation is the most common health effect. Public Health Implications: By understanding the types of persons injured in chemical release incidents, as well as how they are injured and the injuries sustained, prevention outreach activities can be focused to protect the health of these groups in the future. Improved awareness among and training for not just employees but also the public is needed, particularly regarding carbon monoxide, ammonia, and chlorine. Appropriate measures to provide protection from respiratory effects of chemical incidents could prevent injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem/Condition: The Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory lists >84,000 chemicals used in commerce (http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existing chemicals/pubs/tscainventory/basic.html). With chemicals having a multitude of uses, persons are potentially at risk daily for exposure to chemicals as a result of an acute chemical incident (lasting <72 hours). Depending on the level of exposure and the type of chemical, exposure can result in morbidity and, in some cases, mortality. Reporting Period: 1999-2008. Description of System: The Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system was operated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry during January 1991--September 2009 to collect data that would enable researchers to describe the public health consequences of chemical incidents and to develop activities aimed at reducing the harm from such incidents. This report identifies the top five chemicals that caused injuries in the nine states (Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin) that participated in HSEES during its last 10 full years of data collection (1999-2008). Results: Of the 57,975 incidents that were reported, 54,989 (95%) involved the release of only one chemical. The top five chemicals associated with injury were carbon monoxide (2,364), ammonia (1,153), chlorine (763), hydrochloric acid (326), and sulfuric acid (318). Carbon monoxide and ammonia by far caused the most injuries, deaths, and evacuations. Chlorine, while not in the top 10 chemicals released, was in the top five chemicals associated with injury because of its hazardous properties. Interpretation: Multiple measures can be taken to prevent injuries associated with the top five chemicals. Because many carbon monoxide releases occur in residential settings, use of carbon monoxide detectors can prevent injuries. Substituting chemicals with less lethal alternatives can result in mitigating injuries associated with ammonia. Routine maintenance of equipment and engineering controls can reduce injuries associated with chlorine and sulfuric acid, and proper chemical handling training can reduce injuries associated with hydrochloric acid. Public Health Implications: Understanding the most frequently reported locations where carbon monoxide, ammonia, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid are released along with the most frequently reported contributing factors can help mitigate injuries associated with these releases. Prevention initiatives should focus on educating the public and workers about the dangers of these chemicals and about proper handling of these chemicals along with routine maintenance of equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the characteristics and dangers of hydrogen-based fuels. Topics covered include the September 26, 2013 explosion incident in Orlando, Florida with the bursting of a "K" cylinder, the electrolysis process separating hydrogen from water and the mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called hydrillium. Also mentioned were the Compressed Gas Association's recognition on hydrillium's incompatibility with steel cylinders and the explosion at Sylmar in California.

The article discusses a new additive material called PK 5000 that offers improved strength, chemical resistance, and resilience compared to general-purpose nylon materials. This material is designed for demanding applications in automotive, consumer electronics, defense, medical, and industrial manufacturing. It has high-impact strength, high abrasion resistance, and improved elongation, making it suitable for functional testing and use. The PK 5000 is also eco-friendly and has low carbon footprint due to its use of polyketone resin made from carbon monoxide. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a case study on the use of ultra-low levels of carbon monoxide (CO) in propylene by TASNEE Petrochemicals to increase polypropylene (PP) production. It is noted that irreversible loss of catalyst activity through occupation of the free coordination site of the titanium III is resulted from the presence of CO in propylene. It is mentioned that TASNEE decided to install a new CO-catcher catalyst system after careful consideration with respect to expected performance.

El artículo discute el uso de monóxido de carbono en el embalaje de carne fresca, con énfasis en la controversia en torno a su uso. Los temas tratados incluyen una breve reseña histórica de las regulaciones sobre el uso de monóxido de carbono en la industria cárnica, el sistema de empaque MAP-CO o empacado atmósfera modificada (MAP por sus siglas en inglés) en combinación con monóxido de carbono y el papel del oxígeno en la contaminación de la carne.

The article discusses the properties of natural gas and how can emergency respondents should consider them when responding to natural gas incidents. Among the properties are tasteless, odorless, colorless, and nontoxic. Also cited are the considerations when can natural gas can ignite or explode, and the possible ignition sources that can ignite the gas like matches, internal combustion engine of vehicles and power tools, and opening and closing of electrical switches.

The article discusses the use of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) by firefighters to avoid smoke that produces carbon monoxide, cyanide poisoning, and cardiac and neurological dysfunction. National Firefighter Protection Association 1404, "Standard for Fire Service Respiratory Training" outlines the Rule of Air Management (ROAM). The three elements of the approach are instructing the firefighter not to breathe the smoke, instilling the belief for firefighters that the air is their responsibility, and to keeping the fireground alarm-free.

The article reports on the combustion control technology applied to furnaces which reduces emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and carbon monoxide. Controlled furnace technology relies on the correct distribution of fuel and air supplies to the process of combustion. This new approach optimizes combustion process and unit efficiency. Moreover, conditions on controlled furnace requires advanced monitoring technologies, new regulation systems, and expert software to enhance furnaces.

The article focuses on the improvement of catalyst technology to produce synthesis gas for ammonia (NH3) production. It notes that the preliminary purification section is the first stage of the NH3 process. It also discusses the new loading scheme of the Engro Chemicals Pakistan (ECPL), which resulted to several advantages including pressure drop, deferred gas-booster compressor revamp, and low carbon monoxide (CO) slip and higher production.

The article reports on the fast declining crude oil production in the U.S. and benefits of alternate sources of liquid fuels including coal-derived liquid fuel. According to the reports of Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. produced only 58 percent of the petroleum products it consumed in 2007. Reportedly, coal derived fuels are stated to reduce particulate and carbon monoxide emissions by almost 50 percent and are abundantly available in the U.S.

The article discusses industrial gases used in refining and petrochemical facilities. Oxygen is said to be the dominant oxidizing agent for manufacturing petrochemicals, and is used in catalysis and thermal oxidation. Synthesis gas is a combination of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and is a building block for chemical syntheses. Hydrogen is catalyzed by transition metals in order to hydrogenize various functional groups. Carbon monoxide is a reactant for products such as phosgene and acetic acid.

This article reviews the design philosophy of a modified burner, which would allow stable operation at even lower nitrogen oxide levels. It presents the results of full scale testing conducted at a customer's facility and the commissioning of the first commercial installation of this technology. It indicates the major limitation on the size of industrial package boiler furnaces. The article notes that, to test the burners operational limits, additional FGR and excess air were added until the carbon monoxide exceeded the maximum level of 50 ppm.

The article discusses the role of gold as a powerful and multipurpose catalysts. Heterogeneous gold catalysts typically consist of tiny particles of gold or gold alloy attached to a solid support. Homogeneous gold catalysts are normally monometallic complexes with organic ligands. Chemist Masatake Haruta was the first to use gold to remove trace carbon monoxide by oxidizing it to carbon dioxide. Gold catalysts are now used in the air quality and alternative energy industries.

The article reports on the detection of carbon monoxide levels at a roasted coffee facility in Elmsford, New York during a dispatch operation with the Elmsford Fire Department on May 10, 2019. Topics discussed include deployment of multiple four-gas meters to monitor carbon monoxide levels, issuance of a cease-occupancy order for the facility until the source was identified, and key points to consider including the roasted coffee's production of carbon monoxide in significant amount.

The article provides information on the new combustor models developed by Cheng Power Systems Inc. to alleviate the levels of emission of NOx and carbon monoxide (CO) of turbines. Results of field tests of naptha burning LM2500 are presented. The goal of the test was to reach 5ppm NOx with coincident CO less than 30 ppm. An unexpected test result revealed NOx levels below 2ppm with steady CO at 2ppm, as well as the observation of a stable flame across the entire low-NOx system steam/fuel operating range up to 4:1 steam/fuel ratio.

Focuses on the participation of the firefighters in some type of rapid intervention team or 'Saving Our Own' training in the U.S. Role of firefighters in interior firefighting operations; Effects of carbon monoxide on firefighter's health; Development of a Mayday decision-making parameters.

Reports on two fire incidents encountered by the Miami-Dade Fire Rescue in Florida that emphasized the dangers of carbon monoxide. Accounts on the incidents; Effects of exposure to high levels of carbon monoxide; Lessons learned from the incident. INSET: Carbon Monoxide: A Silent, Dangerous Enemy, by Jim Murtagh..

Investigates research on the mechanism of binding of carbon monoxide (CO) and molecular oxygen to myoglobin and hemoglobin. Affinities of the chemicals to myoglobin and hemoglobin; Bartunik carboxymyoglobin structure; Steric destabilization of CO; Hydrogen bonding and electrostatics; Berendzen-Schlichting study on the binding parameters.

Reports that carbon monoxide is produced by all fuel-burning appliances in the home and can potentially kill. Availabilty of carbon monoxide detectors; How these detectors can save lives; How to make houses more energy efficient. INSETS: Effects of carbon monoxide exposure.;Chemicals that affect semiconductor detector sensors..

The article presents information on Ziegler-Natta catalysts used in polypropylene (PP) production. Propylene polymerization catalyst poisons include acetonitrile, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), carbonyl sulfide, and methanol. It is stated that CO is a very strong poison for Ziegler-Natta catalysts. If not treated at the source unit, CO is present as a contaminant with the propylene feed, and it can drastically reduce catalyst activity.

The article focuses on the rescue operations of the Hebron Fire Protection District at a private residence in Kentucky on August 16, 2007. Entering the house, firefighters found 800 ppm of carbon monoxide at the front door. They quickly examined five patients who had been inside the residence and placed on them 100 percent oxygen. Firefighters learned the importance of EMS in any response to known carbon monoxide or unknown odors.

The article details how to cut carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 90% while doubling throughput. The stoichiometry in the rotary kiln's post-combustion chamber is adjusted by decreasing the input of fuel from the burners there. The air flow through the burner is kept constant to assure a high oxygen ratio for the burnout of unburned gases from the rotary kiln. The process assures the momentum for mixing the gases in the chamber and clearly decreases the amount of CO in the gas phase.

This article discusses how continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) allow the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to record and report emissions of nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and oxygen on a continuous basis. Major components of existing systems are wearing out, becoming outdated. New importing requirements promulgated by the EPA and local regulators are also incentives to acquire better CEMS.

Discusses the challenges faced by firefighters in dealing with situations involving carbon monoxide exposure during cases of fires. Identification of trends in carbon monoxide poisoning; Steps in creating an awareness program on the issue; Use of proper protective equipment.

In this article the author talks about the challenges facing the aerospace professional in the next 100 years. According to the author, there is a need to address the impact of aircraft on noise levels outside airport boundaries. He also emphasizes the need to design green vehicles that address reductions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, contrails and others. He points out that the hypersonic world opens new frontiers. He also stresses the need for engineers to address the economic and environmental problems associated with fossil fuels.

The article reports that U.S. Senator Charles Schumer is calling for the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration to install carbon monoxide detectors in air traffic control towers. The move followed evacuations at the Washington Dulles control tower and New York terminal radar approach control center, Tracon, due to carbon monoxide leaks that debilitated several controllers on duty.

The article presents information on how the aviation industry is taking aggressive action to respond to the world's long-term environmental and climate change challenges. Modern fleets are 70% more fuel-efficient and carbon monoxide emissions have been reduced by 50%, while unburned hydrocarbons and smoke have been cut by 90%. The aerospace industry is committed to reducing the environmental impact of airliners. Boeing has redesigned its next-generation aircraft to be produced from composites, not aluminum.

This article reports information related to new observations discovered by Aura, NASA's newest Earth Observing Satellite. Aura has turned up its first mystery: What happened to the carbon monoxide? Monitoring Instrument (OMI) picked up a huge ozone cloud stretching from eastern Brazil into equatorial Africa. OMI found elevated readings of nitrogen dioxide, a precursor for tropical ozone. The Aura instrument package says the planet's most famous ozone story, the" ozone hole" over Antarctica, is slightly smaller and has less depth this year than in the past. This year's hole has an average measurement about 16% smaller than previous high readings.

The article discusses the new surface chemistry technique, the catalytic carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation determining the mechanisms of the reactions in heterogeneous catalysis, the oxidation of carbon monoxide on a platinum surface, and the reaction producing two carbon dioxide molecules.