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Pneumococcal disease causes substantial morbidity and mortality in older adults. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is routinely recommended to reduce the disease burden in this population. However, the vaccination coverage in older adults remains suboptimal in high-income countries. We sought to understand the current landscape of published literature on the predictors of pneumococcal vaccine uptake in older adults aged 65 years and older in high-income countries, and to identify the gaps in literature to inform future research. We conducted a scoping review employing the Arksey and O'Malley framework and Joanna Briggs Methods. We searched Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Cochrane databases. We included quantitative and qualitative studies on predictors of pneumococcal vaccination in older adults that reported older adult- and pneumococcal vaccine-specific results, conducted in high-income settings, and published in English between January 2015 and April 2020. We excluded studies assessing interventions to improve vaccine uptake. We followed the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization Working Group Vaccine Hesitancy Determinants Matrix to map the predictors within contextual, individual and social group, and vaccine and vaccination-specific influence determinants. Studies on providers and institutions were also included and results summarized separately. We included 52 publications in our review. Most of the predictors in 39 quantitative studies belonged to the individual and social group influences (n = 12), followed by contextual influences (n = 11) and vaccine and vaccination-specific issues (n = 3). Few qualitative studies explored the barriers to pneumococcal vaccination. Only five studies examined predictors from the healthcare providers' perspective. Three studies examined the institutional characteristics as the predictors of pneumococcal vaccination in older adults. We identified enablers and barriers of pneumococcal vaccination among older adults in high-income settings. We also identified gaps in the literature and provide recommendations for future research to address the gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aims to provide a critical summary of economic evaluations of pneumococcal vaccines for adults aged 50 years or older in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), and a 13-valent conjugated vaccine (PCV13). We systematically searched for studies published until October2020 in PubMed and Web of Science. Searching strategies in this literature review were done using various combinations of terms related to 'economic evaluation or cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit or cost-utility,' 'pneumococcal or PPSV or PCV or PPV,' and 'vaccine or vaccination or immunization' in all fields. To be included, each study had to meet our inclusion criteria. Two authors reviewed and extracted studies. From 1,711 records, we included 18 studies for this review. All 18 studies were cost-effectiveness analysis. Compared with no vaccination, either PPSV23 or PCV13 was economically favorable, highly cost-effective, and in many cases, cost-saving for older adults. Studies compared one vaccination (PPSV23 or PCV13) over another and had different findings. While all studies recommended either PPSV23 or PCV13 for older adults in LMICs, substantial questions about potential bias in studies and whether conclusions hold after including the impact of indirect protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly spread around the world. Areas covered This review will discuss the available immunologic and clinical evidence to support the benefit of the influenza, pneumococcal, and tuberculosis vaccines in the context of COVID-19 as well as to provide an overview on the COVID-19-specific vaccines that are in the development pipeline. In addition, implications for vaccination strategies from a public health perspective will be discussed. Expert opinion Some vaccines are being considered for their potentially beneficial role in preventing or improving the prognosis of COVID-19: influenza, pneumococcal and tuberculosis vaccines. These vaccines may have either direct effect on COVID-19 via different types of immune responses or indirect effects by reducing the burden of viral and bacterial respiratory diseases on individual patients and national healthcare system and by facilitating differential diagnoses with other viral/bacterial respiratory disease. On the other hand, a large number of candidate vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are currently in the pipeline and undergoing phase I, II, and III clinical studies. As SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are expected to be marketed through accelerated regulatory pathways, vaccinovigilance as well as planning of a successful vaccination campaign will play a major role in protecting public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]