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Tumor development and progression depend on reprogramming of signaling pathways that regulate cell metabolism. Alterations to various metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, and hexosamine biosynthesis pathway are crucial to sustain increased redox, bioenergetic, and biosynthesis demands of a tumor cell. Transcription factors (oncogenes and tumor suppressors) play crucial roles in modulating these alterations, and their functions are tethered to major metabolic pathways under homeostatic conditions and disease initiation and advancement. Specificity proteins (SPs) and Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are closely related transcription factors characterized by three highly conserved zinc fingers domains that interact with DNA. Studies have demonstrated that SP and KLF transcription factors are expressed in various tissues and regulate diverse processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. This review highlights the role of SP and KLF transcription factors in the metabolism of various cancers and their impact on tumorigenesis. A better understanding of the role and underlying mechanisms governing the metabolic changes during tumorigenesis could provide new therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• More evidence concerning efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of vaccinations is needed in children with chronic conditions treated with biologics. • Vaccinations should be administered before immunosuppression, if possible. • It is essential to clarify how long vaccine-induced immunity lasts, and whether vaccinations protect immunosuppressive patients from infection. Vaccinations are essential for preventing infectious diseases in children with chronic diseases as they have increased risk of infection from frequent use of biologics. Response to immunizations in this group is not well known. A systematic review was performed to evaluate three primary outcomes: efficacy; immunogenicity; and safety of vaccines in children with chronic conditions treated with biologics. The protocol for our systematic review and meta-analysis was registered and published with PROSPERO. We searched electronic bibliographic databases for studies published from 2009 to 2019, focusing on vaccinations in children with chronic conditions treated with biologics. We retrieved 532 records. Thirty-one full-text articles were selected, and 14 were included in the meta-analysis. No significant publication bias was found. Efficacy : limited data are available regarding the efficacy of vaccination, as most studies have focused on immunogenicity as surrogate outcome for efficacy. Immunogenicity: patients receiving anti-TNF-alpha therapy had a statistically significant risk of poor seroconversion (p = 0.028) and seroprotection by the serotype B influenza vaccine [inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) p = 0.013; juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) p = 0.004]. We found adequate responses with H1N1 and H3N2 serotypes. Few studies existed for pneumococcal, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, varicella-zoster virus, Measles Mumps Rubella virus, and multiple vaccine administration. Safety: vaccine administration was not associated with serious side effects, but JIA patients on anti-TNF alpha therapy had a statistically significant risk of presenting with myalgia or arthralgia postinfluenza vaccine (p = 0.014). More evidence concerning efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of vaccinations is needed to guide physicians in the vaccine decision process for this pediatric population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviews the book `Hands-Off: Why the Government Is a Menace to Economic Health,' by Susan Lee.

Reviews the book 'Topics in Applied Econometrics,' by Kenneth F. Wallis.

Reviews the book `Our Changing Planet: An Introduction to Earth System Science and Global Environment Change,' by Fred T. MacKenzie and Judith A. MacKenzie.