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Sara Pugach's book "African Students in East Germany, 1949–1975" explores the history of African students invited to study in the German Democratic Republic during the Cold War. Pugach's research is based on archival material and oral histories from Germany, Ghana, Kenya, Zambia, and the United Kingdom, providing a global perspective on the students' experiences. The book delves into themes of migration, racism, and the students' agency, shedding light on the complexities of their journeys and interactions in East Germany. Pugach's work is a significant contribution to the historiography of the Cold War, migration, and post-war Africa, offering valuable insights for scholars and students alike. [Extracted from the article]

For patients with unruptured intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), the risk of a hemorrhagic event is approximately 2% to 4% annually. These events have an associated 20—50% morbidity and 10% mortality rate. An understanding of risk factors that predispose these lesions to rupture is important for optimal management. We aimed to pool a large cohort of both ruptured and unruptured AVMs from the literature with the goal of identifying angiographic risk factors that contribute to rupture. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines using Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies that presented patient-level data from ruptured AVMs from January 1990 to January 2022 were considered for inclusion. The initial screening of 8,304 papers resulted in a quantitative analysis of 25 papers, which identified six angiographic risk factors for AVM rupture. Characteristics that significantly increase the odds of rupture include the presence of aneurysm (OR = 1.45 [1.19, 1.77], p < 0.001, deep location (OR = 3.08 [2.56, 3.70], p < 0.001), infratentorial location (OR = 2.79 [2.08, 3.75], p < 0.001), exclusive deep venous drainage (OR = 2.50 [1.73, 3.61], p < 0.001), single venous drainage (OR = 2.97 [1.93, 4.56], p < 0.001), and nidus size less than 3 cm (OR = 2.54 [1.41, 4.57], p = 0.002). Although previous literature has provided insight into AVM rupture risk factors, obscurity still exists regarding which risk factors pose the greatest risk. We have identified six major angiographic risk factors (presence of an aneurysm, deep location, infratentorial location, exclusive deep venous drainage, single venous drainage, and nidus size less than 3 cm) that, when identified by a clinician, may help to tailor patient-specific approaches and guide clinical decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]