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Hebrew translations of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC) and the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS) were administered to 17 Israeli males with fragile X and 17 with Down syndrome matched for chronological and mental ages. When differences in the initial baselines were considered, the pattern of findings was generally consistent with previous reports. On the K-ABC, the males with fragile X scored higher on some subtests of the Simultaneous Domain but not on any of those of the Sequential Domain. On the VABS, superior scores of the males with fragile X on the Daily Living Skills and Communication domains is consistent with prior evidence of their relative strength on the former and the specific weakness of persons with Down syndrome on the latter. These differences between the males with fragile X and Down syndrome with regard to functioning on various domains and subdomains highlight the need to carefully examine the profiles of aetiologically homogeneous groups of persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]