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Insulin resistance is associated with an increased risk of several metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Advances over the last decade have expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance; however, many details of the mechanisms causing insulin resistance remain unknown. Recently, attention has shifted toward the role of epigenetics in insulin resistance. In this regard, acetylation of the histone tails has been widely investigated for its role in influencing both metabolic and mitogenic cascades of insulin signaling. More specifically, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases, as major modulators of chromatin accessibility and gene expression, have been studied to determine a possible interconnectivity between the special effects of lysine acetylation status and tyrosine phosphorylation networks on the target proteins of downstream pathways involved in both metabolic and mitogenic cascades of insulin signaling. There is accumulating evidence for the post-translational modification effects of IGFR, InsR, IRS1/2, PI3K, Akt, GLUT4, FoxO, PGC-1α, PPAR, AMPK and MAPKs on insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis. In this paper, we review the importance of acetylation of these factors in the regulation of insulin signaling and glucose metabolism, with a primary focus on the target proteins of downstream signaling of insulin. We also provide an update on the interplay between epigenetic modification and the cellular genome in the context of insulin signaling and describe the possible effect of the environment on this epigenetic regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the book "Biochemistry and Genetics of Yeasts: Pure and Applied Aspects," edited by Metry Bacila, Bernard L. Horecker, and Andres O.M. Stoppani.

Reviews the book "MTP International Review of Science. Biochemistry, Series One. Defence and Recognition," vol. 10, edited by R. R. Porter.

Reviews the book "Biochemistry and Function of Vacuolar Adenosine -- Triphosphatase in Fungi and Plants," edited by B.P. Marin.

The article reviews the book "Radiobiologie Appliquée," by edited by J. Loiseleur.

The article reviews the book "The Origin of Life and Evolutionary Biochemistry," edited by K. Dose, S. W. Fox, G. A. Deborin and T. E. Pavlovskaya.

The article reviews the book "The Biochemistry of Copper," edited by Jack Peisach, Philip Aisen and William E. Blumberg.

The article reviews the book "Isotopes in Biochemistry," edited by Gray Davidson.

Reviews the book 'A Documentary History of Biochemistry 1770—1940,' edited by M. Teich with D.M. Needham.

The article reviews the book "Current Aspects of Biochemical Energetics," edited by Nathan O. Kaplan and Eugene P. Kennedy.

The article reviews the book "The Encyclopedia of Biochemistry," edited by Roger J. Williams and Edwin M. Lansford, Jr.

The article reviews the book "Instrumentation in Biochemistry," edited by T. W. Goodwin.

Reviews the book "Biochemistry of Glycoproteins and Related Substances," edited by E. Ross and E. Stoll.

The article reviews the book "Instant Notes: Biochemistry," 3rd ed., by David Hames and Nigel Hooper.

Reviews the book 'An Introduction to Computational Biochemistry,' by C. Stan Tsai.

Reviews two books on biochemistry. `Biochemistry. An Analysis of Global Change,' second edition, by W. H. Schlesinger; Biogeochemical Cycles. A Computer-Interactive Study of Earth System Science and Global Change,' by W. L. Chameides and E. M. Perdue.

Reviews the book 'Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry,' by J.B. Harborne.

Reviews the book "Biochemistry of Parasites and Host-Parasite Relationships," edited by H. Van Den Bossche.

Reviews the book "Fluoroscent Protein Tracing," 4th ed., edited by R. C. Nairn.

Reviews the book "Biochemistry of Virus-Infected Plants," by R.S.S. Fraser.

The article reviews the book "Review of Biochemistry," by N. H. Sloane and J. L. York.

The article reviews the book "Biochemistry of the Avian Embryo," by Alexis L. Romanoff.

The article reviews the book "Radiobiologie Appliquée," by edited by J. Loiseleur.

The article reviews the book "Foundations of Biochemistry," First Edition, by Jenny Loertscher and Vicky Minderhout.

Plant-assisted bioremediation or phytoremediation holds promise for in situ treatment of polluted soils. Enhancement of phytoremediation processes requires a sound understanding of the complex interactions in the rhizosphere. Evaluation of the current literature suggests that pollutant bioavailability in the rhizosphere of phytoremediation crops is decisive for designing phytoremediation technologies with improved, predictable remedial success. For phytoextraction, emphasis should be put on improved characterisation of the bioavailable metal pools and the kinetics of resupply from less available fractions to support decision making on the applicability of this technology to a given site. Limited pollutant bioavailability may be overcome by the design of plant–microbial consortia that are capable of mobilising metals/metalloids by modification of rhizosphere pH (e.g. by using Alnus sp. as co-cropping component) and ligand exudation, or enhancing bioavailability of organic pollutants by the release of biosurfactants. Apart from limited pollutant bioavailability, the lack of competitiveness of inoculated microbial strains (in particular degraders) in field conditions appears to be another major obstacle. Selecting/engineering of plant–microbial pairs where the competitiveness of the microbial partner is enhanced through a “nutritional bias” caused by exudates exclusively or primarily available to this partner (as known from the “opine concept”) may open new horizons for rhizodegradation of organically polluted soils. The complexity and heterogeneity of multiply polluted “real world” soils will require the design of integrated approaches of rhizosphere management, e.g. by combining co-cropping of phytoextraction and rhizodegradation crops, inoculation of microorganisms and soil management. An improved understanding of the rhizosphere will help to translate the results of simplified bench scale and pot experiments to the full complexity and heterogeneity of field applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviews the book "Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry," by J.B. Harborne.

Reviews the scientific journal `JBIC: Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry.'

A description of the course in the field of biochemistry being offered at Hampshire College, Amhert, Massachusetts is provided.

Reviews the book "Colloquium der Gesellschaft für Physiologische Chemie 15. Colloquium: Immunchemie."

Reviews the book "Diagnostic Microbiology," by W. Robert Bailey and Elvyn G. Scott.

The article reviews the book "Methods and References in Biochemistry and Biophysics," edited by Henry C. Damm.

The article reviews the book "The Handbook of Biochemistry and Biophysics," edited by Henry C. Damm.

The article reviews the book "Studies in Comparative Biochemistry," edited by K. A. Munday.

The article reviews the book "Introduction to Biological Chemistry," by J. Awapara.

The article reviews the book "Biochemistry for Dummies," by John T. Moore and Richard Langley.

Reviews the book 'The Emergence of Life: Darwinian Evolution From the Inside,' by Sidney Fox.

The article reviews the book "What Is Life? How Chemistry Becomes Biology," by Addy Pross.

A review of the book "Nature's Chemicals: The Natural Products That Shaped Our World," by Richard Firn is presented.

The article reviews the book "Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology," Seventh Edition, edited by Keith Wilson and John Walker.

The article reviews the book "Biochemistry and Molecular Biology," fourth edition, by William H. Elliott and Daphne C. Elliott.

The article reviews the book "Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations," 6th Edition, edited by Thomas M. Devlin.

The article reviews the book "Principles of Biochemistry," 4th ed., by R. Horton, L. A. Moran, G. Scrimgeour, M. Perry, and D. Rawn.

The article reviews the book "The Inside Story: DNA to RNA to Protein: Readings From Trends in Biochemical Sciences," edited by Jan Witkowski.

Reviews the book "Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology," 6th ed., edited by Keith Wilson and John Walker.

Reviews the book "Chemical Biology: A Practical Course," by H. Waldmann and P. Jenning.

Reviews the book "Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry," 4th ed., by D. Nelson and M. Cox.