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Reviews two volumes of the book `The Papers of General Nathanael Greene,' edited by Richard K. Showman, Dennis M. Conrad, Roger N. Parks, and Elizabeth C. Stevens.

Reviews Volume IV through Volume VI of `The Papers of General Nathanael Greene,' edited by Richard K. Showman, Robert E. McCarthy, Dennis M. Conrad, Elizabeth C. Stevens, E. Wayne Carp, Susan M. Bowler, Nathaniel N. Shipton, Mary MacKechnie Showman, Laurie L. Weinstein, and Roger N. Parks.

The article reviews the book "The Enemy Combatant Papers: American Justice, the Courts, and the War on Terror," edited by Karen J. Greenberg and Joshua L Dratel with Jeffrey S. Grossman.

A critique is presented of poems such as "Planetarium," "The Demon Lover," and "The Burning of Paper Instead of Children" by Adrienne Rich, which allude to the Vietnam War and Rich's understanding of feminism. Rich's involvement in the civil rights and anti-war movements in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s is discussed, as well as her belief in pacifism.

This paper involves a close reading of Herman Melville's poem “On the Photograph of a Corps Commander,” published in Melville's 1866 collection Battle-Pieces. Realizing that Melville's poem is one of the first descriptions (ekphrases) of a photograph in verse, the paper explores how Melville's poem uses physiognomy to describe the subject of the photograph: an American Civil War general, who is only identified as “the Corps Commander.” In this way, Melville's poem reflects the nineteenth-century philosophical and popular notions of photography. These notions came to regard photography as a Neoplatonic medium capable of recording and revealing the inner character of its subjects. Relying on these conceptions of photography, Melville's poem describes the photograph of the Corps Commander as having the power to reveal the Platonic absolute of American masculinity, and thus it comes to hail the photograph as a semi-sacred image that has the power to draw Anglo-Saxon American men into a common brotherhood. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article provides information about the book "Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, 1942." The fact that the United States is again engaged in war, for the first time since 1918, dominates the tone and outlook of the latest Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, which held its sixty-ninth annual session in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 10-16, 1942. In his presidential address, entitled "Attacking on Social Work's Three Fronts," Shelby M. Harrison showed how social work was meeting the war challenge, first by providing skilled services in the immediate war program to the soldier and his family; second, by keeping up the home morale through the "day-by-day performance of social work's essential duties" serving the poor, the misguided, the sick, the imprisoned, the crippled, the jobless, the maladjusted, and the rest; and third, by planning for post-war reconstruction on a world-wide scale. Another speaker described the social work goal, as follows: "There may be few opportunities left for pioneering in the exploration of new territories or the exploitation of new resources, but breathtaking opportunities open up before us for pioneering in the development of relations between men and between nations."

While Niedecker's “life by water” is the subject of many of her poems, reflecting the experience of living on the flood-prone island of Black Hawk, Wisconsin, the water imagery that saturates many of her poems also becomes a way of reflecting upon time as it is experienced, of consciousness as process, of subjectivity as something pulled along by a temporal stream. The poetics of temporal flow suggests Niedecker's interest in exploring forms of experience that fall outside conscious attention and that point to her affinity with the modernist philosopher of time, Henri Bergson, whose Creative Evolution she read in 1955. This paper examines some of the short, concise poems Niedecker wrote in the 1950s, together with the later, looser-limbed poems such as “Paean to Place” where she turns away from the objectivist principles of com pression in order to produce fluid, malleable poems commensurate with the flow of experience. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The main goal of this paper is to outline and discuss the US-EU trade dispute regarding the A-380 financing and to evaluate the implications of A-380 entry on the large commercial aircraft market. Although Tyson (1992) and Busch (1999) provide excellent discussions of the trade conflict in the aircraft industry up to 1992, studies have not examined the recent developments in the industry. The current dispute is unique for several reasons. First, the US and EU trade officials disagree whether the 1992 agreement or the 1994 WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (WTO subsidy agreement) should be used to assess the legitimacy of the A-380 government funding. I therefore outline the provisions of the two agreements and discuss EU compliance with the two agreements. Moreover, industry experts expect the A-380 to compete directly with the Boeing 747. The 747 has dominated the long-range market segment during the past 30 years and has accounted for as much as a third of Boeing's commercial profits in some years. As a result, some suggest that unlike in the past, the US will be more insistent on pursuing the disputed topic and potentially retaliate. The cost of a potential US retaliation would be substantial, so it is important to evaluate the extent to which the entry of the A-380 might alter competition in the commercial aircraft market and harm Boeing's market performance. In this context, I discuss the recent findings by Irwin and Pavcnik (2001) that simulate the impact of the A-380 entry on the pricing and market share of Boeing and Airbus wide-bodied aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns Black women poets of the Harlem Renaissance. Considered by modern critics to have adopted anachronistic subject matter and to be out of step with the militant race-consciousness of the period, these poets have been largely neglected in discussions of the 1920's, despite the fact that this was the most significant flowering of Black women's writing until the 1960's. I provide an interpretive model that reveals the rebellious messages in this verse, one that helps explain the poets' imaginative choices by placing them in their historical context and liking them to a female poetic tradition. This approach makes clear the affirming nature of Renaissance poetry by women and makes it accessible to us today, anticipating as it does contemporary issues and forging a modern sensibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the book "Recreation for the Aging," by Arthur Williams. Recreation for the aging is one of the most popular interest fields at this time. With the growing concern about old age and the general scientific developments in gerontology, recreation offers assistance in enriching this age of life. Arthur Williams' volume is one of the first books to appear giving full recognition to recreation activities, organization and administration for the aging. Williams is on the staff of the National Recreation Association, and this volume is a part of the Association's general offerings to the recreation leadership of the U.S. The volume is a very practical and comprehensive one, indicating steps to be taken in the stages of organization, dealing with the fundamentals of administration and offering rich suggestions for activities and programs. Suggestions for social events, day camping, arts and crafts, hobbies, music, drama, club activities, and various recreation services are presented in detail. Special interest is given to the handicapped, the homebound, and the institutionalized.

The authors revisit General Education in a Free Society: Report of the Harvard Committee, also known as the Harvard Red Book, an important book produced during World War II. The book considered the role of the university at a time when popular access to higher education was undergoing massive expansion. In view of parallel trends in Southeast Asia, and in particularly Malaysia, this paper draws out some of the insights from the Harvard Red Book which are relevant to contemporary higher education contexts. Of particular interest to this article is the role of the social sciences, whose value is often underappreciated. It is argued that the social sciences have an important social function in educating individuals not as potential social scientists, but more generally, as citizens who are able to participate competently in the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the book "Sweatshop Warriors: Immigrant Women Workers Take On the Global Factory," by Miriam Ching Yoon Louie. Between 1997 and 2000, Miriam Ching Yoon Louie interviewed Chinese, Korean, and Mexican immigrant women who are active in five community workers' centers in New York, California, and Texas. In this volume, she analyzes the colonial and global economic conditions in their home countries that led these women to emigrate and that prepared them for work in U.S. sweatshops. She describes how restaurant, garment, and manufacturing workers challenge sexual harassment, violations of wage and hour laws, and mass layoffs, most successfully in campaigns against Levi Strauss, Donna Karan, and Los Angeles's Koreatown restaurants.

The article presents information on the book "A Generation of Change: A Profile of America's Older Generation," by Jacob S. Siegel. This book is one of a census monograph series on the population of the United States in the 1980s produced for the National Committee for Research on the 1980 Census. The committee is promoting a coordinated program of census analysis by interdisciplinary groups of scholars. This book arrived on my desk as I was preparing a paper on the future of home-based services for elderly people and was surrounded by special reports from the U.S. Census Bureau, the American Association of Retired Persons, and similar sources. The fact that this book was based on the 1980 census at first unnerved me, knowing how policy analysts, politicians, and students want the most up-to-date numbers. Much of the information in the book, however, has been updated to the mid-1980s by use of the current population reports, other government studies, and the work of specialists in gerontology.

The article focuses on the book "Labor Economics," by Solomon Blum. The extraordinarily complex forces and motives which we encounter in any comprehensive study of labor in society must be treated together or the effect is misleading. Labor must be regarded not as a series of problems, but as a phase of communal existence, a collective striving by a group for the solution of its own problems. In the need for a statement of the obstacles which prevent the attainment of labor's ends, lies the need for a study of Labor Economics. This new type of approach, Blum has, in a measure, created. His is easily the best of the books which attempt to give a conspectus of the place of labor in modem society and at the same time consider labor not as a problem but as a movement. Since his book deals primarily with the United States, it is regrettable that he should begin his story in England; the history of American economics finds all too slight a place in his opening chapter. Not so in those which follow: one on political theory; several chapters on labor and the law, which demonstrate a familiarity with legal decisions attained by few lawyers and then social insurance; unemployment and the business cycle.

This article presents information on the book "Still the Big News: Racial Oppression in America," by Bob Blauner. This collection contains several of Blauner's most famous essays about the racial climate of the United States in the 1960's and 1970's as well as more recent essays that rethink his earlier positions. Part I includes essays describing his theory of internal colonization, white privilege, and African-American culture. Part 2 examines public events, such as the 1965 Watts riots and the 1968 Huey Newton murder trial, in order to expose racist frameworks in American institutions and academic practices. The essays in part 3 revisit critical race theory and internal colonization.

This article presents information on the book "Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation," by Alejandro Portes and Rubén G. Rumbaut. One-fifth of all U.S. residents are first- or second-generation immigrants. Portes and Rumbaut ask what makes the children of immigrants successful Americans. They base their answers on 1990 and 2000 census results and on a San Diego and southern Florida longitudinal study of high-school-age children and some of their parents from 77 countries. Portes and Rumbaut find that most members of the second generation speak English better than the first generation, most expect to go to college, two-thirds live in intact families, and a majority feel discriminated against by their native white peers, teachers, and neighbors. Despite these similarities, immigrants from different countries face different prospects.

This article presents information on the book "Age Through Ethnic Lenses: Caring for the Elderly in a Multicultural Society," edited by Laura Katz Olson. The 21 chapters in this volume address issues of aging and social service delivery among different ethnic, socioreligious, and gender groups in the United States. Although many groups have strong traditions of elder care by kin, traditions change on contact with the larger American culture. For example, many women work outside the home and cannot provide traditional care, and many elderly people are reluctant to leave their ethnic neighborhoods for the suburban homes of their children.

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The article discusses the book "Problems of Rural Development; Case Studies and Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives," edited by R.E. Dumett and L.J. Brainard. The articles in the book are taken from a series of "Interdisciplinary Seminars on Modernization and Development" held at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. The book gives an overview of relevant phases of theories of rural development since the Second World War. The article states that empirical studies demonstrated that in many developing countries, even high rates of growth in Gross National Product are accompanied by growing inequalities of income distribution in both rural and urban areas, heavy rural out migration, urban unemployment and uneven overall development. Most of the articles in the book are case studies because they demonstrate the practical use of multi-disciplinary research. All articles are vivid and clear in the way they deal with the chosen problem and in the methods of thinking and analyzing by which they come to grips with the relevant factors and relationships.

In the early twentieth century, organized nudism emerged as a collective social practice of predominantly white, middle-class Americans intent on pursuing alternative paths to health and well-being while shedding the poisonous sexual and cultural hang-ups of mainstream society. After World War II, nudism became more of a family concern and was increasingly practiced indoors with nudists modifying their homes to accommodate their alternative lifestyle. This article traces the history of nudism in American suburbs and the world nudists created in their homes and in the pages of nudist magazines, the one public outlet for their experience. I argue that the existence of suburban nudism forces a reconsideration of suburban conservatism while acknowledging how neatly alternative lifestyles could fit into a postwar domestic ideology of atomized family life and consumer capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers poetry criticism of the "Croaker" series of poems authored by Joseph Rodman Drake and Fitz-Greene Halleck in 1819, including the poems "To Ennui," "The National Painting," and "The Council of Appointment". According to the author, these satirical poems, first published in the newspaper the "New York Evening Post," had a widespread appeal outside of New York City and helped define both local and national identities.

The article reports on the significance of nonparametric models for the estimation of hedonic house price functions in the U.S. It demonstrates the feasibility of nonparametric estimation for large datasets with several independent variables. It notes that nonparametric procedures are not used for spatial data analysis despite its advantages due to perceived difficulties associated with estimation and hypothesis testing.

The article presents information about the book "The Labor Market Experience of Workers with Disabilities: The ADA and Beyond," by Julie L. Hotchkiss. The book focuses on the labor-market provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Hotchkiss analyzes the current labor-market experience of the U.S. workers with disabilities and assesses the impact that the ADA has had on that experience. Whereas previous studies focused on a single dimension of this experience evaluated at a single point in time or focused on the labor supply impact of disability policies, this research explores the labor-market experience across those dimensions and across time.

This article presents information about the book "Human Capital in the United States from 1975 to 2000: Patterns of Growth and Utilization," by Robert H. Haveman, Andrew Bershadker, and Jonathan A. Schwabish. The book presents a study that enhances the existing measures of the nation's human capital and the extent to which that capital is utilized. Developing an indicator that they term "Earnings Capacity" (EC), Robert Haveman, Andrew Bershadker, and Jonathan Schwabish assess the value of the human capital stock held by the nation's working-age population. The authors use EC to study the time trends in aggregate human capital in the United States and human capital per worker.

The article presents information about the book "The Cambridge History of the English Language," vol. VI, "English in North America," edited by John Algeo. This is a collection of survey and position papers by well-known scholars on various aspects of the history of North American English. The editor begins with an external history, setting the stage for the rest of the book. Then follow discussions of the continued relationship between the languages on either side of the Atlantic. Each of the articles is an excellent overview of its field and could serve as the basis for a course on that particular aspect of American English and/or its history. Many of the authors do not shy away from the controversies inherent in their fields, taking principled stands on one side or the other. In a short notice such as this one it is difficult to do justice to the detailed contents of this book, but it should be on the bookshelf of anyone interested in either the history or even the current state of American English, construed broadly. The sole drawback to the book is high price.

This article presents information on the book "The State of Working America, 2000-2001," by Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein and John Schmitt. The goal of the Economic Policy Institute is to promote a prosperous, fair, and sustainable economy. By comparing data between business cycle peaks, this volume examines how well the U.S. economy met that goal in the last half of the 1990's. Mishel, Bernstein, and Schmitt conclude that while the economy has been improving since 1995, it is not yet good. Sustained low unemployment in this period led to rapid wage growth, especially among lower wage earners and union members, but wages still vary widely by worker ethnicity, income inequality continues to grow, lower- and middle-wage earners are working more hours than ever, and U.S. households have the highest levels of debt.

The article looks at the social shaping of commission reports. The article examines three U.S. governmental reports, including volume one of "Report to the President by the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle 'Challenger' Accident," volume one of "The 'Columbia' Accident Investigation Board Report," and "The 9/11 Commission Report. Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorists Attacks Upon the United States." According to the article, the frames of the reports were political, which influenced the causal findings and the policy recommendations. The article discusses regulatory failure, U.S. foreign policy, and the role of the White House and Congress in the events.

The article considers the performance of disability in Herman Melville's "The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade." The article discusses the books position in an historical period in which the disabled were becoming the responsibility of the larger society while being further marginalized as non-productive members of a capitalist system. Melville's destabilizing of the concept of disability critiques its role in the capitalist society of Jacksonian America.

The purpose of this study was to reveal how the Caswell County Training School operated during the era of legal segregation. As a product of the community, the author wanted to tell the story of her experiences and the development of the school. Next, the researcher wanted to hear the voice of a people who had good experiences with schooling during segregation even though educational literature reports that the education of African American school children during this time was of a very poor quality. Finally, the researcher decided that this study could aid her professional career as she was already working on several reform projects: thus, constantly observing children in school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the portrayal of identity formation of hyper-masculinity in songs written by rap musician Tupac Shakur. Discussion on masculinity in the U. S. culture; Influence of mob image in the life of Tupac; Songs that described positive messages of communal change and mental liberation; Representation of women in his songs.

A critique is presented which compares the of poems by Sylvia Plath such as "Cut," "The Applicant," and "An Appearance" to advertisements from the 1950s, focusing on portrayal of gender roles in the poems and ads. Domesticity, hysteria in women, and gender relations are discussed, as well as surrealism in advertising and Plath's themes of agency for women.

A critique is presented of poems from the book "God's Trombones" by African American poet James Weldon Johnson, which also includes decorative lettering by C. B. Falls and illustrations by Aaron Douglas. The Harlem Renaissance in New York City in the 1920s, Johnson's efforts to promote African American accomplishments in order to combat racism, and his portrayal of prayers and speeches by black clergymen are discussed.

This article exposes the influence and expression of Emma Lazarus's Jewish background and literary heritage in her renowned sonnet on The Statue of Liberty, "The New Colossus." Despite no explicit reference to Jews or Judaic sources, the poem's profoundly Jewish character is disclosed through a close look at the context in which it emerged, its place in Lazarus's biographical and artistic development, and its actual content. "The New Colossus" would seem to give voice to local aversion to the presumptuous French gesture of bestowing Liberty upon America by rejecting its original symbolism and suggesting one that transforms the Statue into a New World heroine. However, Lazarus wrote the poem when her energies and writing were primarily devoted to championing the cause of Jewish refugees fleeing pogroms in Eastern Europe in the early 1880's. Moreover, a record of its commission clearly reveals that she was enticed to write the sonnet on the basis of this concern. Thus, in the work itself, Lazarus shrewdly stated her case for the American intake of Jewish immigrants by not referring to them directly and attempting instead to compel her audience to live up to a Hebraic definition of America as redeemer of persecuted peoples. It is claimed that Lazarus ventured this feat by drawing her image of the Statue from a Jewish tradition that viewed the biblical matriarch Rachel as "Mother of Exiles." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents insights into the poem "Garbage," by A.R. Ammons. The author discusses the science of garbology, explores the ecological and political debate surrounding the controversy of waste, and examines how the poem relates to America's twentieth-century awakening of consciousness to its waste problem.

A critique is presented of poems by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter from his book "Always a Reckoning and Other Poems," such as "The Pasture Gate," "The History of a Point," and "Rosalynn." Themes of people, places, and politics in his book are discussed, as well as autobiographical elements in his poems such as his family relationships and social views.

Reviews the findings of a project undertaken by Region IX of the Public Health Service in 1989 to provide technical assistance to three primary care clinics serving street youth in San Francisco. Juveniles who live on the street; Victims of physical and sexual abuse and family chaos; Multitude of health problems; Method; Results; Discussion; More.

Reviews tuberculosis cases in a semi-rural county of western Maryland to identify high-risk groups at which tuberculosis control efforts could be targeted. Study methods and results; More.

Reviews and analyzes the impact of media coverage of law on the public's knowledge and views of law and the legal system by considering how the media presents law, crime and justice, and by discussing the impact of these media distortions on people's knowledge of and attitudes toward law and crime. An examination of the effect of media coverage of courtroom trials on juries; The impact of cameras in court on jurors; Conclusion.

The article discusses the sociology of the telephone. Communications in general has been much studied but the meaning and the consequence for individuals of being able to pick up something called a telephone and rapidly transmit or receive messages all but ignored. This inattention to the social consequences of the telephone is the more surprising still in light of the importance usually attached to the presence or absence of mass media of written communication in explaining differences among societies. Whether a matter of social structure or of "national character" American society not only fosters technological innovation but also typically embraces it with alacrity once it occurs. The introduction and almost immediate acceptance of the telephone in the U.S. after 1876 is characteristic. The telephone, like modernization itself, has insinuated itself into even the most remote crevices of American life. The telephone made possible the efficient organization and operation of large scale, integrated, mass production manufacturing enterprises.

The article presents information about several books. "El Nacimiento De la America Españ ola," by Juan B. Teran. "Historia Economica Del Virreinato Del Plata," by Ricardo Levene. There is a new spirit of nationalism in Latin America, not unlike that of a hundred years ago. That impulse to unity gave rise to a more or less concerted movement for independence from Spain. The new spirit aims primarily at the establishment of national personalities before the world, and not merely at political independence. There is a marked tendency among the Spanish Americans to review their national origins and colonial history. Juan B. Teran, the learned and able rector of the University of Tucuman, has painted an absorbing picture of Spanish America in the sixteenth century in his Birth of Spanish America. He makes the men and the trends of the times live before our eyes, but first and always he is a philosophic historian and portrays for us the meaning of events. Transferring their view from Mexico to Argentina, they encounter three works on the national constitution, by means of which in 1853 the Argentinans under General Urquiza abolished the tyrannical government of Rosas and entered upon a long period of stable republican institutions. There has long been waged a controversy in Argentina as to whether this constitution was copied pirmarily from that of the United States or whether it had a more general origin.

Presents labor statistics in the United States compiled as of June 1965. Employment; Labor turnover; Earnings and hours; Consumer and wholesale prices; Work stoppages; Work injuries.

The article focuses on the book "The American Colleges and the Social Order," by Robert Lincoln Kelly. The book traces the changing relations of the colleges in the U.S. with their social order. The treatment is historical and synthetic, the style simple, descriptive, and undocumented and the objective an illustrative use of the data of educational and social history to point up a thesis. This thesis is that there has been in the U.S. history a golden thread binding the colleges together and to the social situation. The author's essential philosophical method is a recurring use of the Hegelian dialectic. According to the writer, the objectives of the American college have been learning, thinking and service. The author's use of undocumented generalizations results in this case in striking insights. Thus, the proposition, only implicitly suggested it is true, that the American colleges have sought freedom within the culture in order to have freedom for the culture is most useful in understanding the American college situation.

The article presents information about the book "American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism," by Nancy Ordover. This book traces the historical roots and persistence of eugenics in the U.S., Ordover explores the political and cultural climate that has endowed these campaigns with mass appeal and scientific legitimacy. American Eugenics demonstrates how biological theories of race, gender, and sexuality are crucially linked through a concern with regulating those deemed unfit. These links emerge in Ordover's examination of three separate but ultimately related U.S. eugenics campaigns: early twentieth-century anti-immigration crusades; medical models and interventions imposed on lesbians, gays, transgendered people, and bisexuals; and the compulsory sterilization of poor women and women of color.

The article presents information about the book "The Challenge of Crime: Rethinking Our Response," by Henry Ruth and Kevin R. Reitz. This book examines the history, scope, and effects of the revolution in America's response to crime since 1970. Ruth and Reitz propose a comprehensive, long-term, and pragmatic approach to increase public understanding of and to find improvements in the nation's response to crime.

The article presents information on the book "Recreation in the American Community," by Howard G. Danford. Recreation in the American Community by Howard G. Danford of Florida State University, Tallahassee, becomes another volume in the growing number of introductory texts on the subject of organized community recreation. The book is a part of Harper's series in school and public health, physical education and recreation. The volume is presented in four parts. Part I deals with recreation philosophy and its setting. Part II takes up the principles of operation, the organization and administration of playgrounds, community centers, competitive sports, and communitywide activities and services. Common problems are discussed in Part Ill--laws, safety, finances, public relations, and the general principles of community action for recreation. The future of recreation is discussed in Part IV. Part IV is a very rich contribution to the recreation field. It seems a very fine program of action for the next decade. If the field can achieve most of the patterns set, it will have made tremendous strides forward.