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Cyclical recruitment of atelectasis with each breath is thought to contribute to ventilator-associated lung injury. Extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPe) can maintain alveolar recruitment at end exhalation, but PEEPe depresses cardiac output and increases overdistension. Short exhalation times can also maintain end-expiratory recruitment, but if the mechanism of this recruitment is generation of intrinsic PEEP (PEEPi), there would be little advantage compared with PEEPe. In seven New Zealand White rabbits, we compared recruitment from increased respiratory rate (RR) to recruitment from increased PEEPe after saline lavage. Rabbits were ventilated in pressure control mode with a fraction of inspired O2 (FɪO2) of 1.0, inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio of 2:1, and plateau pressure of 28 cmH2O, and either 1) high RR (24) and low PEEPe (3.5) or 2) low RR (7) and high PEEPe (14). We assessed cyclical lung recruitment with a fast arterial Po2 probe, and we assessed average recruitment with blood gas data. We measured PEEPi, cardiac output, and mixed venous saturation at each ventilator setting. Recruitment achieved by increased RR and short exhalation time was nearly equivalent to recruitment achieved by increased PEEPe. The short exhalation time at increased RR, however, did not generate PEEPi. Cardiac output was increased on average 13% in the high RR group compared with the high PEEPe group (P < 0.001), and mixed venous saturation was consistently greater in the high RR group (P < 0.001). Prevention of end-expiratory derecruitment without increased end-expiratory pressure suggests that another mechanism, distinct from intrinsic PEEP, plays a role in the dynamic behavior of atelectasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I General Fractional Derivatives with Applications in Viscoelasticity i presents a comprehensive overview of the fractional derivatives and their applications in viscoelasticity. The authors systematically introduce special functions, fractional derivatives with singular, weakly singular, and nonsingular kernels; variable-order fractional derivatives with singular, weakly singular, and nonsingular kernels; and general derivatives. The monograph introduces the newly established fractional-order calculus operators with applications to fractional-order viscoelastic models from the calculus operator viewpoint. [Extracted from the article]

The article reviews the book "Viscoelastic Waves in Layered Media," by Roger D. Borcherdt.

The article reviews the book "Introduction to Polymer Viscoelasticity," 3rd ed., by Montgomery T. Shaw and William J. MacKnight.

The article reviews the book "Viscoelastic Behavior of Rubbery Materials," by C. Michael Roland.

Reviews the book `Mathematical Analysis of Viscoelastic Flows,' by Michael Renardy.

Reviews the book 'Boundary Value Problems in Linear Viscoelasticity,' by J.M. Golden and G.A.C. Graham.