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In occasione dei venticinque anni di vita della rivista Disegnare. Idee, Immagini vorrei tracciare un breve quadro degli avvenimenti che sul finire degli anni Ottanta ci indussero a fondare questa rivista. Come è noto la Scuola Romana del Disegno ha avuto origine e si è sviluppata fin dal momento della nascita della Facoltà di Architettura e ha avuto alcuni grandi maestri come Vincenzo Fasolo, Fausto Vagnetti, seguito da Luigi Vagnetti a sua volta seguito da Gaspare de Fiore e da molti altri ottimi disegnatori e docenti; cito ad esempio Angelo Marinucci, un eccellente disegnatore ma soprattutto un grande acquarellista. | On the twenty-fifth anniversary of the magazine Disegnare. Idee, Immagini I'd like to briefly tell you the story of why we decided to publish the magazine in the early eighties. As we all know the Roman School of Drawing was founded in conjunction with the Faculty of Architecture. Several important masters taught at the school: Vincenzo Fasolo, Fausto Vagnetti, followed by Luigi Vagnetti, Gaspare de Fiore and many other talented draughtsmen and teachers, for example Angelo Marinucci, an excellent draughtsman but above all a talented watercolourist.

The idea for this exhibition was inspired by a previous project with Ambassador Roberto Toscano and his wife Francesca (both of whom are instrumental in the organization of this exhibition in New Delhi) during their tenure in Teheran. The title of the exhibition, Carte7, is an idea by Elisa Montessori, and alludes to a series of themes and concepts implicated in this exhibition but also a play on words that is too complex for translation. Suffice it to say that the country of India has inspired all of us to conceive an exhibition that is both linked to that country but also reflects artistic practice in Italy. Given the strong interest in international art in India, it seemed timely to explore the possibility of bringing our exhibition of Italian artists to the country. And what better idea than to bring women painters from Rome for the first time: a symbol of exchange and future collaboration between the two countries. Curated by Mary Angela Schroth

Published in Sociologia n.1/2018 - Rivista quadrimestrale di Scienze Storiche e Sociali dell'Istituto Luigi Sturzo, diretta da Andrea Bixio | This conceptual paper is aimed at describing the very nature of meaning, advancing its sociological understanding as both process and artifact, both interaction and norm. Such a theoretical perspective mainly owes its theoretical assumptions to thinkers such as John Locke, Ferdinand De Saussure and Roland Barthes, coming up with an original conception and definition of meaning as a “flexible social artifact”. It draws on the analysis and critique of a variety of social theories (from deconstructionism to hermeneutics) but inscribes within the tradition of symbolic interactionism, therefore it describes meaning as intrinsically subjective but constantly objectified and provided with the coercive power that characterizes social institutions, while introducing the ideas of social reliability and responsibility. The study, in fact, is eventually meant to underscore the ethical limits of an absolute subjective interpretation of meaning, hence to advance the hypothesis that emphasis should be posed on the social agreement that subjectivity itself implies.

Questo volume raccoglie i testi che sono stati presentati pochi anni fa dall'Istituto centrale per la patologia del libro, oggi Istituto centrale per il restauro e la conservazione del patrimonio archivistico e librario (ICPAL), in occasione delle Giornate europee del patrimonio. Si tratta di sette articoli, di cui quattro incentrati sulla storia della carta antica dalla Cina all'Europa e tre più vari che trattano rispettivamente di un'esperienza dell'Istituto in Giappone, della valorizzazione di un fondo di circa 5000 carte filigranate conservate presso l'Istituto e delle ultime scoperte sulla degradazione della carta. È questo il primo volume della nuova serie della collana Quaderni, che è destinata ad ospitare studi e ricerche legate al settore della conservazione e del restauro dei materiali archivistici e librari. Tutti sono ormai consapevoli che la conoscenza è una premessa necessaria a qualsiasi attività in questo campo. Di questo ampio sapere la storia della carta è componente essenziale, nonché base indispensabile di ogni buon operare. Il volume è a cura di Carla Casetti Brach testi di M. Bicchieri, L. R. de Bella, S. Iannuccelli, Y. Ma, P. F. Munafò, V. E. Nicoletti, M. L. Riccardi, S. Sotgiu, M. S. Storace.

Published in Origini n. XL/2017. Rivista annuale del Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità – “Sapienza” Università di Roma | Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche – Prehistory and protohistory of ancient civilizations | Starting with the analysis of a recent discovery in an Orientalising necropolis at Veii, and by re-examining some new and old discoveries of textiles from female Etruscan and Latial tombs, this paper aims to define the female ceremonial dress between the Late Iron Age and the Orientalising age. This dress, which takes on a symbolic significance in special occasions and rites of passages of aristocratic life (marriage, death, birth), was used to affirm the gender identity acknowledged by the community. Women enhanced their beauty by wearing precious jewellery and garments enriched by the application of decorative glass and amber beads, pendants and metal plaques, studs and buttons, but these accoutrements also underlined their wealth and social status. Women's elaborate adornment may have been thought to provide some protective measures, and visually communicated a sign of fertility and displayed their aesthetics and/or sexual value. She herself is an agalma and with her dowry a valuable resource for the oikos. In addition, this paper will contextualise the use of specific clothes in the wider gentilician ceremonial world, by taking the textiles and female ornaments in question, as part of a larger program made up of figurative ornaments, but also sounds, smells, food and words that we can only imagine.

Published in Origini n. XL/2017. Rivista annuale del Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità – “Sapienza” Università di Roma | Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche – Prehistory and protohistory of ancient civilizations | The debate regarding experimental archaeology versus the experience of archaeology is currently quite heated in Italy. Experience of archaeology, storytelling and historical re-enactment are the latest trends. Experts and non-expert enthusiasts are often involved in experimental activities as well as in experience of archaeology and re-enacting. Treating these very different aspects of archaeology in the same way is creating confusion. My paper aims to contribute to this discussion. This paper presents the experience of re-enactments and storytelling that were developed during 2014-2016 at the Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia, Rome, as well the as activities that formed part of an experimental archaeology approach that were conducted during research into Etruscan textile tools. I will first outline the experiences of archaeology as a means to disseminate and communicate knowledge. The events recently organised at the National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia in Rome will be used as examples. The second part will be dedicated to the recent practical experiments carried out at La Sapienza University of Rome in collaboration with the Villa Giulia Museum to understand the function of some pre-Etruscan and Etruscan textile tools (10th-5th centuries BC). The focus will be on the theoretical approaches we adopted.

È forte la tentazione di aprire questa Prefazione agli atti del 40.mo Convegno dei Docenti delle Discipline della Rappresentazione – il più importante dei nostri appuntamenti annuali, la cui prima edizione si tenne il 3-4-5 maggio 1979 a Santa Margherita Ligure – con qualche considerazione sul percorso che ci ha condotto fin qui. È però anche facile rinunciare, perché il Comitato Tecnico Scientifico della UID ha deciso di ricordare adeguatamente la ricorrenza, avviando in realtà, considerato che nel 2020 cade poi il 40.mo anniversario della fondazione della nostra società scientifica (formalmente costituita il 4 agosto 1980), un biennio di celebrazioni e, soprattutto, di riflessioni su “chi siamo, da dove veniamo”, ma pure su “dove andiamo”, anzi: su dove “dobbiamo andare”. Ci sta lavorando uno specifico gruppo di lavoro della UID, coordinato dal Vice Presidente Mario Centofanti, e i primi prodotti sono stati preparati proprio per questo Convegno di Milano, nel cui programma è stata prevista una sessione ad hoc. Mi pare allora più opportuno segnalare come quest'appuntamento milanese segni in maniera definitiva l'inserimento del Politecnico di Milano tra le realtà più significative della comunità scientifica della rappresentazione. Forse da sempre è, dopo Sapienza-Università di Roma, la sede con il maggior numero di incardinati sul settore scientifico-disciplinare ICAR/17; di sicuro, è stata la prima in Italia in cui la nostra attività di ricerca e didattica ha iniziato a cimentarsi a più ampio spettro nei diversi campi dall'architettura, del design e dell'ingegneria. Però solo negli ultimi anni è riuscita ad affermarsi in maniera esplicita, grazie soprattutto a un gruppo di giovani preparati e motivati, che finalmente ha trovato un'autorevole, consapevole e riconosciuta leadership in Rossella Salerno. Dopo una serie di significative iniziative, anche a livello internazionale, che hanno avuto il Patrocinio della UID – come il Seminario Brainstorming BIM. Il modello tra rilievo e costruzione, promosso da Cecilia Bolognesi alla fine del 2016; il 5th INTBAU International Annual Event, organizzato nel luglio 2017 da Giuseppe Amoruso e la ICGG 2018, 18th International Conference on Geometry and Graphics, l'appuntamento biennale della ISGG che si è svolta ad agosto scorso per iniziativa di Luigi Cocchiarella – l'organizzazione del nostro Convegno annuale costituisce un traguardo di assoluto rilievo. Per il Politecnico di Milano e per la UID, che non poteva più fare a meno dell'importante e continuo contributo milanese. Ringrazio Rossella, Michela Rossi, Andrea Rolando e tutti i colleghi del Politecnico per il grande sforzo che hanno fatto. L'Introduzione di Rossella Salerno mi consente, quest'anno, di essere più breve rispetto agli anni scorsi. Mi limiterò, pertanto, ad alcune considerazioni sulla partecipazione al Convegno e a una lettura trasversale dei paper, non per Focus, cercando soprattutto di cogliere ed evidenziare i macro temi che risultano più o meno coltivati. A tal fine la lettura dei paper accettati per la pubblicazione agli Atti, finalizzata a scrivere questa Prefazione, è una delle esperienze più faticose ma nello stesso tempo più interessanti e istruttive, come Presidente della UID; determinante per rendersi conto dello stato dell'attività scientifica in corso nella nostra comunità. È infatti nei convegni che in genere vengono presentati, offrendoli alla discussione e alla verifica dei colleghi, i primi risultati delle ricerche in atto, ben prima che sulle stesse vengano redatti meditati articoli o, nei casi di temi di maggiore respiro, scritte corpose monografie.

We must start with the recognition – officially hidden - that the political, traditionally thought of as the domain of power, has been displaced by the economic, specifically financial and monopoly capitalism, i.e., billionaires and multi-millionaires, as the base of power in today's world. Democratic politics, therefore, must be unmasked (and overturned) as plutocracy, as rule by the rich, hard as this task evidently is. While capitalist nihilism – reduction of all values to money - is ideologically defended by neo-liberals, from the “left” it is allegedly radically criticized by the deviations of surrealism, postmodernism, deconstruction, and schizo-politics (Deleuze-Guattari). The present paper challenges the latter claim, exposing these alternatives for their dishonest Epicureanism which not only leaves the status-quo intact but mimics the powerful: George W. Bush fluent in the equivocations of deconstruction, President Trump a perfect instance of Deleuzean delirium. Kant's distinction in “Perpetual Peace” (1795) between the “moral politician,” who aims for the common good, and the “political moralist,” lying opportunist for the wealthy, is enlisted to support this criticism. Countering the enduring Social Darwinist claim of the wealthy to special expertise in politics, the paper concludes with Aristotle's argument in Politics that the least qualified candidate for political office is the business person – whether Perot, Romney, Berlusconi or Trump – because such a person is consumed by selfishness and greed.

Throughout the history of early Mesopotamia the distribution of cuts of meat – usually in the context of what Michael Dietler (2001) has termed ‘diacritical'feasts – was the primary mechanism for building solidarity among the elite, while at the same time differentiating and calibrating the status of individual office-holders and the institutional roles that they inhabited. This phenomenon has been identified and described in much later periods of Mesopotamian history, as in Milano's path-breaking paper “Aspects of meat consumption in Mesopotamia and the food paradigm of the Poor Man of Nippur” (1998), but up to now has not been identified in the Late Uruk period (ca. 3300-3000 BCE), the earliest period of Mesopotamian history for which we have a substantial documentary record. This brief contribution summarizes the findings presented in a much lengthier paper (Johnson 2015) and is drawn in part from a forthcoming summary of the Late Uruk butchering records (Johnson forthcoming).

Food has played a key role in the emergence of urbanization in Mesopotamia throughout the fourth millennium BCE. Although the food itself is only rarely preserved, we do have a great deal of evidence for the production, redistribution and administration of food and beverages in the Late Uruk period archaeological and textual record. The papers collected here derive from a workshop of the same name that took place in Berlin in March 2014 at the Freie Universität Berlin and was funded by Institut Européen d'Histoire et des Cultures de l'Alimentation in Tours. The workshop brought together specialists from different disciplines such as archaeology, philology and archaeozoology, all of which take the material remains of the Mesopotamian Late Uruk period as their object of investigation. Through the combination of different datasets on Uruk foodways, these papers provide a snapshot of current research on Late Uruk food procurement, processing, consumption and administration.

Lo scritto illustra una nuova metodica di descrizione e visione del disegno più famoso al mondo, l'Uomo vitruviano di Leonardo da Vinci: una efficace filiera di acquisizione, elaborazione, visualizzazione e fruizione digitale 3D del supporto cartaceo tesa ad esaltare il realismo della percezione raggiungendo un dettaglio visivo del centesimo di millimetro. Si tratta di un sistema che quindi è in grado di mettere in luce sul disegno dettagli e particolari non rintracciabili a una sua ispezione diretta. Il workflow sviluppato va a definire complessivamente un modello di definizione speditiva di modelli digitali di disegni finalizzati a nuovi studi e spettacolari modalità di loro fruizione, comunicazione e divulgazione. | This paper illustrates a new method used to portray and view the most famous drawing in the world: The Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci. A successful workflow of acquisition, processing, visualisation and 3D digital fruition of the paper support aimed at enhancing perceptive realism and achieve a visual detail of a hundredth of a millimetre. The system highlights details of the drawing and specific features that would otherwise be invisible to the naked eye. The workflow developed by the authors is a rapid definition model of digital drawing models intended to be used in new studies as well as provide spectacular ways in which they can be enjoyed, communicated and disseminated.

Il volume contiene 58 contributi dei dottorandi del 27° e 28° ciclo, così suddivisi per DR: - DICATECH, DR in Rischio, sviluppo ambientale, territoriale ed edilizio, Coordinatore Prof. Ing. Antonio Petrillo (13 paper); - DICAR, DR in Ingegneria civile e Architettura, Coordinatore Prof. Arch. Claudio D'Amato (11 paper); - DMMM, DR in Ingegneria meccanica e gestionale, Coordinatore Prof. Ing. Giuseppe Pascazio (16 paper); - DEI, DR in Ingegneria elettrica e dell'informazione, Coordinatore Prof. Ing. Michele Trovato (18 paper). Il 29° ciclo non è presente poiché i Collegi alla fine del I anno di corso. Tutti i dottorati del Politecnico di Bari sono stati accreditati dall'ANVUR per il 30° ciclo. In this volume 58 contributions of the PhD students of the 27th and 28th cycle, so broken down by PhD courses: - DICATECH, PhD course in risk and development of territory, of the environment and of building. Coordinator: Prof. Eng. Antonio Petrillo (13 submissions); - DICAR, PhD course in Civil Engineering and Architecture. Coordinator: Prof. Arch. Claudio D'Amato (11 submissions); - DMMM, PhD course in Mechanical Engineering and Management. Coordinator: Prof. Eng. Giuseppe Pascazio (16); - DEI, PhD course in Electrical and Information Engineering. Coordinator: Prof. Eng. Michele Trovato (18 submissions). The 29th cycle is not present here because to those students it is not still assigned their research topics (it will happen at the end of the first year of the course). All PhD courses were credited by ANVUR for the 30th cycle.

Il volume rappresenta il risultati del primo censimento ragionato della ricerca che il Politecnico fa dalla sua fondazione nel 1990, relativamente al biennio 2013/2014. Esso dà conto a) dei gruppi di ricerca (attraverso schede sintetiche), e dei dottorandi; b) delle ricerche in atto attraverso gli abstract dei paper presentati. Ne risulta una mappa dello stato dell'arte della ricerca con cui orientarsi, utile sia alla comunità scientifica del Politecnico che alla società civile per la conoscenza di competenze utili ad affrontare le complesse sfide sociali del nostro tempo. In this volume there are the results of the first reasoned census of researches that Politecnico carries out ago from its founding in 1990, relative to the two-year period 2013/2014. It gives an account a) to the research groups (through short cards) and of doctoral students; b) of the researches through the abstracts of the papers submitted. The result is a map of the state of research with which to orient yourself, useful both to the scientific community of the Politecnico that to the civil society, to know skills needed to address complex social challenges of our time.

Published in Origini n. XL/2017. Rivista annuale del Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità – “Sapienza” Università di Roma | Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche – Prehistory and protohistory of ancient civilizations | In all periods of history, the working of textile fibres was among one of the more specialised activities that required skill, space, and specific equipment in order to be undertaken in a domestic or manufacturing sphere. The iconographic and literary sources tell us that in various geographical areas, both men and women were involved in these activities. In the Greek and Italic worlds, the undisputed protagonists, at least in some phases of the wool working process, were women, whose virtue was identified in the wool working itself, in particular spinning, a daily task defined pensum in Roman society. Among the organised textile making activities, spinning required particularly large amount of time, but it was also the most flexible as it could be undertaken anywhere, indoors or outside, within the household or within dedicated spaces, during the day or at night, standing or sitting, using few easily transportable or even improvised implements. The kalathos, the epinetron, the distaff, and the spindle, were the main pieces of equipment that were used after combing, the preliminary process that took place after the wool had been washed, during which the fibres were combed, separating the long ones from the short, and removing the residual impurities. Before being worked with the spindle and distaff, the combed wool needed further preparation, such as the creation of the sliver or roving, a sort of bundle that facilitated the subsequent spinning. This paper discusses these phases of wool working and the implements used, not always easily recognisable without the invaluable help of the iconographic sources and above all archaeological contexts. In particular, the function of epinetra, which carry the precious iconographic sources will be discussed, together with that of objects identified in archaeological literature as “temple keys”, for which, based on their find contexts, different functions can be attributed.

Published in Origini n. XL/2017. Rivista annuale del Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità – “Sapienza” Università di Roma | Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche – Prehistory and protohistory of ancient civilizations | This paper presents the rediscovery of traces of linen “lace” wrapping a peculiar “biconical” vase, which was found in 1890 at Narce in the so-called Tomb of the Shields - tomb C1 (LXII) - in the necropolis of La Petrina, and dates to the end of the 7th century BC. The presence of textiles on this very peculiar “biconical” vase was mentioned in the first publication of this tomb group in 1894 but, despite the numerous studies that took into account this vase and its history in literature, this detail has never been fully investigated. The “old lace” testifies to the ritual value of the “biconical” vase within its tomb group, and seems to recall symbolically the longue durée tradition of dressing the cinerary urns, which at Narce began during the 8th century BC, but continued also into the Orientalising period, especially for the burials of the elite. Furthermore, this new evidence confirms the high ideological value of the uppermost area of the necropolis of La Petrina, where the local community expresses, through different rituals, its identity.

Published in Origini n. XL/2017. Rivista annuale del Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità – “Sapienza” Università di Roma | Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche – Prehistory and protohistory of ancient civilizations | Recent studies on textile production have been demonstrating how the societies of Pre-Roman Italy in the Archaic age (7th- 6th centuries BC) engaged in a development of new productive processes and technological variability in the manufacture of textiles, which resulted in the specialisation and standardisation of the objects used for the different productive steps, and their general increase in number. These changes were likely caused by social and cultural factors, as well as individual experimentations and choices. Within this general picture, Archaic South Italy represents a paradigmatic area of intense and deep contacts and cultural exchanges between Greek communities and indigenous societies. This paper focuses on the case-study of the settlement of Torre di Satriano (Lucania), which demonstrates profound changes in textile tools used for weaving, that is the loom weights, over a limited time span. These changes indicate complex social networks which developed between the Greek coastal settlements and the indigenous groups situated inland, primarily the dominant elites. The adoption and acquisition of new highly specialised weaving traditions and techniques most likely occurred through the exchange of ideas and practices among women, and suggest the presence of women from these Greek communities at Torre di Satriano.

Published in Origini n. XL/2017. Rivista annuale del Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità – “Sapienza” Università di Roma | Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche – Prehistory and protohistory of ancient civilizations | This paper focuses on the experimental tests of archaeological spinning tools carried out within the project TexSEt (Textiles in Southern Etruria). We were asked to test the functionality of some replicas of ancient spindle whorls of different shapes and sizes, for spinning wool and flax. Having different spinning backgrounds, we approached this experience from different points of view: a more “craft-oriented” and “anthropological” in one case, and a more “archaeological” and “experimental” in the other. The results were also different, since in addition to quantitative considerations, more qualitative aspects of work have emerged, such as preferences for and dislikes of certain gestures and tools arising from our different habits and traditions. From these experiences, it seems to emerge that not only tool characteristics but also spinner's work habits and intentions determine the features of the yarn spun with specific spinning tools.

Published in Origini n. XL/2017. Rivista annuale del Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità – “Sapienza” Università di Roma | Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche – Prehistory and protohistory of ancient civilizations | Textiles and their making were important parts of all fields of life in ancient Italy. Evidence for textiles in Central Italy is scarce and rare due to their extremely poor preservation. The numerous presence of textile tools is the main evidence for spinning and weaving activities. These – although their exact function is not always obvious – permit us to gain valuable information about many and varied aspects of textile production in the pre-Roman Italy. The focus of this paper is the equipment of textile tools coming from the Ager Faliscus of the 8th-5th centuries BC and the differences between the finds from different archaeological contexts. Many textile tools were discovered in the female burials excavated at Narce and Falerii and dated to the 8th-7th century BC, primarily spindle whorls, distaffs and spools. On the other hand, spinning and weaving tools were also found in later sanctuaries and votive deposits in both sites. Our main question is: were the textile tools deposed in the sanctuaries and tombs practical objects used in everyday life or were these tools made specifically for votive and funerary contexts? The answer to this question has important implications for the reconstruction of textile production and for the understanding of ritual practices in Iron Age Italy. An innovative combination of different approaches has been employed: morphological and techno-functional analysis of the textile tools with the careful examination of the archaeological contexts. On this occasion, the validity of our approach and the still unresolved questions will be discussed, and the preliminary results of our ongoing research will be illustrated.

Published in Origini n. XL/2017. Rivista annuale del Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità – “Sapienza” Università di Roma | Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche – Prehistory and protohistory of ancient civilizations | This paper presents an overview of textile production in the Hallstatt Culture. “The people behind”, i.e. textile producers and consumers, can be studied using the evidence from the settlements where they lived and worked. Spindle whorls, loom weights and needles found in graves may also indicate that their owners were textile workers, but they also demonstrate their special status. Iconographic sources help us to envision the people involved not only in the production of textiles but also their consumption. Textiles and textile tools can give us a first indication of the level of production, starting from the household production during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages and culminating in the more specialised level of production in the Hallstatt Culture.

Il paper propone i risultati delle ricerche effettuate presso l'Archivio progetti IUAV di Venezia per quanto riguarda il castello di Miglianico progettato da Francesco Bonfanti tra il 1947 e il 1959. L'edificio è un interessante esempio di ricostruzione proposto in Italia dopo i danni durante il secondo mondo Guerra. Il castello appartiene al periodo medievale, si trasforma in una forma di residenza nel XX secolo di proprietà dei Valignani, nobile famiglia del sud Italia. Tuttavia, la città di Miglianico perde almeno il 50% del suo patrimonio architettonico durante la seconda guerra mondiale. La ricostruzione successiva è spesso basata su alterazioni e adattamenti impropri degli edifici preesistenti, gestiti con tecniche e materiali non collegati alla tradizione edilizia locale. La capacità di Bonfanti di dialogare con il passato è evidente nell'accurata costruzione / ricostruzione di parti dell'intero preesistente e nell'uso di materiali tradizionali. Il progetto è in grado di restituire opportunamente il profilo originale e le relazioni morfologiche e volumetriche appropriate, giocando su diverse scale di percezione. L'attuale costruzione della nuova città nell'area prospiciente il castello rischia di compromettere l'equilibrio che Francesco Bonfanti aveva saputo intrecciare tra il contesto moderno e quello antico; questo, ancora una volta, porta l'attenzione sulla questione della protezione di un patrimonio costruito tra le richieste di conservazione e la necessità di trasformare aree urbane consolidate che sono difficili da inquadrare attraverso i soliti strumenti di salvaguardia.

Commissioned by the University of Leuven (Belgium) and mainly carried on between 1962 and 1972, the renovation of the Great Beguinage(fig.1) under the exclusive supervision of Raymond M. Lemaire (1921-1997) has long been seen as an implementation laboratory of the contemporary Venice Charter, of which Lemaire was one of the writers. Nevertheless, an in-depth study of the operation, based on extensive archival and photographic material, reveals that rather than a mere illustration of the charter's principles, the project, considered a pilot operation by the Council of Europe, has been an early challenge for the new document, contributing to Lemaire and Gazzola's will to get it reviewed as soon as in the early 1970's. After a short introduction situating the project in Raymond M. Lemaire's career, this paper will highlight the complex relations of the project with the charter, resulting from the sometimes competing demands of architectural restoration and urban renovation, at the moment when Lemaire took part in the first reflections that would lead to the concept of integrated conservation.

The aim of this paper is to provide a parallel account to the development of urbanism in ancient Egypt and Nubia and, in doing so, contribute the Nile Valley to this volume of comparative studies dedicated to Robert McC. Adams. The Nile Valley was the seat of multiple loci of urban development. The one that occurred in Upper Egypt in the context of the Naqadian culture was instrumental in defining the pattern of urban attributes of Pharaonic Egypt, but was not the only one. There is evidence of urban development already early in the fourth millennium BCE, in the context of the Lower Egyptian culture in the Delta. An alternative form of urbanism is further attested in Nubia from the end of the fourth-early third millennium BCE. A summary of the current knowledge on early cities in the Nile Valley is firstly provided, followed by a discussion on the origin of archaeological urban attributes in the fourth millennium BCE, emphasizing regional pathways and the social background that produced those attributes.

This paper reviews as a tribute to Robert McC. Adams work upon the development of cities the majors steps in the development of landscape archaeology in the Middle East. Three steps are described, encompassing major breakthroughs either in terms of methodology or archaeological perspective. The first step is the pioneering work done In Irak and Iran during the 60 s and 70 s. The second step is the development of the studies in Northern Mesopotamia and the theory of the two models of development. And the third discusses the impact of the corona generation researches. The long term effect of those approaches upon Near Eastern studies is also discussed.

One of the main issues considered in this volume, and also one of the themes on which Adams, as well as Childe, built the foundations for all subsequent analysis and debate, is the'city', viewed in terms of its social and economic dimensions, its origins, its links with the territory and the natural environment, and the social, economic and political'change'of which it was the core (Childe 1950; Adams 1966, 1981, 2004). When, after the sad death of Robert McC. Adams in 2018, I launched this proposal to dedicate a special volume of the journal Origini to him as a tribute to his memory, I had set out to write a paper focusing on the comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in the early developments of the so-called'urban'societies in two crucial areas of the Near East, both bordering on and interacting with the site of Arslantepe, where I have worked for more than 40 years: Mesopotamia and Anatolia. I realised at once the heavy task I had before me if I wanted to offer a step forward in the debate on this issue. A comprehensive re-examination of the features of what has been called'city'in Anatolia and in Mesopotamia in the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE would demand a very thorough examination of the many new data obtained in recent years in these regions in order to face the complexity of the processes that have led, in a variety of contexts and through varying trajectories and outcomes, to the development of societies more or less appropriately defined as'urban'. Following Adams, I believe that in order to explain in broader terms such substantial phenomena as the rise of urban life and state-like political systems, we need to pursue a sense of ascending scales of abstraction (Adams 2012: 2), while nevertheless basing it on a thorough analysis of data describing individual events and historical phenomena. Both approaches are necessary if we want to address the whole issue of the causality of the phenomena, which alone can answer the deeper anthropological and historical questions and make our research meaningful (Frangipane 2018). Even the very concepts of'city'and'state'have often remained vague and insufficiently precise due to the complexity and the variability of the phenomena at issue in crucial moments of their first appearance in different geographical and socio-economic contexts. Once again, we may say with Adams that: Advancing further in the (never fully attainable) direction of comprehensive causal understanding is a goal always to be sought, but it requires frank recognition of the complexity of processes leading to sociocultural change (Adams 2012: 4-5).

This paper discusses socio-cultural developments in central and southern Italy between the late 3rd and the early 1st millennia BC, particularly focussing on settlement patterns. Over this span of time, the foundations were laid for the process towards urbanisation that occurred in various Italian regions at the threshold of the historic period. Two major settlement patterns are recognised, each having specific variations on a regional scale and depending on environmental conditions: 1) small hamlets, often forming definite clusters, which had a long tradition and tended to be resilient to socio-cultural changes; 2) larger settlements, devoted to exchange activities and craft production, which were mostly naturally/artificially fortified, long-lasting and more prone to internal changes. These latter in particular developed from the 18th century BC onwards. Some ceased at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, but others instead grew, existing alongside new-established flourishing centres that based their success on both their agricultural and military potentials, so enabling their fast demographic growth.

The settlement archaeology pioneered by Robert McCormick Adams extended the scope of archaeological investigations to a regional scale, an approach that has been continued in recent years in landscape archaeology. An array of new technologies for recognizing, visualizing, and analyzing data has considerably expanded the possibilities for documenting and presenting the remains of ancient settlements and land use. Relatively unexamined, however, are the broader implications accompanying these large-scale perspectives, including the extensive use of remote sensing technologies. In this paper, we consider a number of the political and ethical issues raised by these perspectives and scales. We suggest that an extension of the goals of regional-based approaches can bring with it new insights into the politics as well as the economic and ecological problems associated with archaeological research that implicate modern landscapes and their inhabitants.

Abbiamo sviluppato nel tempo le nostre teorie e indagini sociologiche nella consapevolezza che l'interazionismo simbolico costituisse, nelle sue radici come nel suo percorso, una storia eminentemente americana, ma verifichiamo oggi il carattere internazionale della sua presenza, dei suoi orientamenti, della sua produzione scientifica. per i quali non rappresentano certo solo una giustapposizione matrici, contributi, approfondimenti, del pensiero europeo, dal più antico ad oggi. Con questo si vuole evidenziare che alla radice pragmatista, ampliata e intermediata attraverso l'elaborazione di Mead e le indagini delle due scuole di Chicago, si è aggiunta nel tempo una riflessione, anche europea, non accessoria ma sostanziale, che ne ha esaltato la capacità euristica, sommandosi alla produzione di nuovi strumenti analitici, con il valore sostanziale anzitutto delle riviste dell'interazionismo, da Symbolic Interaction a Journal of Contemporary Ethnography e dei suoi rapporti con l'indagine etnografica, che ne hanno esaltato e moltiplicato strumentazione e potenzialità analitica. Così l'antica formula, apparentemente molto semplice di Herbert Blumer, che gli individui costruiscono la realtà nella loro interazione, ha trovato costantemente nuovo vigore, riprodotta ed esaltata in un universo che ha progressivamente posto al centro dell'attenzioni dei singoli e della collettività, la vita quotidiana come il manifestarsi, a volte contraddittorio, delle relazioni tra gli individui. In questo quadro l'11 novembre 2015 il Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche, Sociali e della Comunicazione, e le Cattedre di Storia del Pensiero Sociologico e di Individui, Relazioni, Interazioni Sociali dell'Università degli Studi di Salerno hanno organizzato, con il patrocinio della Society for the Study of Symbolic interaction e dell'Associazione Italiana di Sociologia – e dell'AIS Sezione Teorie sociologiche, un seminario sul tema Colloqui interazionisti 2, replicando l'iniziativa analoga svoltasi, nella stessa sede, nei giorni 10 e 11 dicembre 2012. Il seminario, che ha goduto di un messaggio di Dennis Waskul, Presidente della Society for the Study of Symbolic interaction, e al quale hanno partecipato i maggiori studiosi italiani della disciplina, ha approfondito una serie di temi legati alla storia come allo sviluppo teorico e alle indagini realizzate all'interno dell'Interazionismo Simbolico. | Symbolic Interaction (1977-), journal of the SSSi, following Blumer's antecedents, confirmed, strengthened and enlarged theoretical approaches and qualitative surveys of Symbolic Interactionism. The paper highlights as in the 39 years, and in the 126 numbers of its publishing, the journal faced American sociological tradition and developed an heterogeneous continuity of its work, which poses again the relationship between past and present, memory and future, premises for contemporary analyses and a further growth of Symbolic Interactionism.

In this paper methods for identifying inequality, and therefore elites, in the archaeological record are considered, especially the use of Gini coefficients. While this method has not so far been applied to Bronze Age situations, its use in other periods is well attested. For the Bronze Age, it is possible to recognise a number of elite identities, notably that of the warrior. This identity developed over the course of the period, reflecting changes in the type of warfare practised. Other identities are recognisable, but determining whether they are elite or not is a problematical issue. | Nel presente articolo sono considerati diversi metodi per identificare le ineguaglianze, e dunque la presenza di elite, nei contesti archeologici, considerando in special modo il Coefficiente Gini. Sebbene questo metodo non sia stato finora applicato ai contesti databili all'Età del Bronzo, il suo utilizzo per altri periodi è ben documentato. Per l'Età del Bronzo è possibile riconoscere un certo numero di identità d'elite, specialmente quella dei guerriri. Tale identità si sviluppò nel corso dell'epoca riflettendo i cambiamenti del tipo di guerra praticata. E'possibile riconoscere altre identità ma determinare se fossero elitarie a meno è più problematico.

In the 4th millennium BC, Mesopotamia witnessed the world's first urban settlements and associated economic and political complexities. However, the burial practices of this period are poorly known, leaving a gap in our reconstruction of the social implications of this important transition. The funerary traditions of the preceding and succeeding 5th and 3rd millennium BC in Mesopotamia are well-known, but there does not appear to be a continuum of practice across the intervening millennium. This paper explores the current state of knowledge of burial practices in 4th millennium BC Mesopotamia, including an under-examined adult-infant dichotomy. Based on recently-excavated data from Tell Brak in northeast Syria, we propose a model of site-edge burial during the urban transition in northern Mesopotamia.

This paper aims to discuss the process of multicultural adjustment and transformation that took place during the forth millennium BCE in the Nile First Cataract region. The period taken into consideration is timing as it corresponds to the formation of the Egyptian state. New archaeological research in the Aswan area has revealed that the process of cultural mixing in this boundary region, clearly detectable in the cultural material, was much more complex and multidimensional than previously thought. Anthropological theories on ethnicity and boundaries, cultural entanglement, and interaction sphere and material culture style are used as tools.

This paper has two aims. The first is to introduce to a wider audience the recently proposed Bubble Model: a new method to reconstruct ancient settlement territories. After a preliminary discussion of similar methods that have been used in archaeology, such as Voronoi diagrams (Thiessen polygons), Multiplicatively Weighted Voronoi diagrams and XTENT, the Bubble Model is defined and its characteristics are compared. Strengths and weaknesses are identified and discussed. The main advantages of the new model are: a diachronic approach (the reconstructions of the territories depend on the order of appearance of the settlements); the possibility to detect federative polities. The second aim is to discuss the problem of contemporaneity between settlements. It is quite common to observe, in detailed regional studies, simple maps showing the increasing or decreasing number of settlements for each chronological phase. However, since we cannot be certain of the contemporaneity of all settlements, the trends over time might be biased by settlements with very short life (i.e. less than an archaeological phase). Thus, it is worthy to introduce the concept of Minimum number of Contemporary Settlements (MCS).Finally a case study from Latium Vetus and Etruria (Italy) is presented. Using both methods, it has been possible to hypothesise the presence of hierarchical polities in the Tolfa Mountains, from the Early Bronze Age to the Final Bronze Age. Whereas, in the Cerveteri area only federative polities seem to exist from EBA till FBA1-2. Moreover, it is shown that the progressive decrease in settlement number in southern Etruria might partially be due to a gradual process of stabilization of the minor villages. Since the EBA, major central settlements seem to be regularly distributed at about 100/120 minutes walking time distance, resulting in territories of 50/60 minutes radius. At least at the beginning of the EIA, the proto-urban settlements of Roma, Veii and Caere seem to almost double their territory radius.

This paper presents the preliminary results of recent excavations held at the Early Neolithic site of Portonovo - Fosso Fontanaccia on the Conero promontory in the Marche. Here 16 domed ovens were found cut into the hillslope, one of which was intact. Two of the ovens contain three burials, while the remains of a cremated female were found in an open area, carefully collected in a container of organic material which was not preserved. Oven batteries dug into the ground are known in many sites of Central Europe, from France to Slovakia, from the Early Neolithic onwards. Conversely, in Italy the evidence of domed ovens is restricted to a few, poorly preserved specimens. This article focuses on the main features of the structures and burials, while pottery and lithics are currently under study. Micromorphological, archaeozoological and palaeobotanical analyses are in progress. The appendices contain the anthropological study of human remains, the bone collagen stable isotope analysis, the preliminary results of the anthracological study, the analysis of the temperatures reached in the ovens and the chemical characterization of obsidian blades. Sampling for an archaeomagnetical analysis of the three structures discovered in 2012 and not yet excavated will be carried out on the next campaign.

Ancient Kush was one of the earliest complex societies in Africa, yet it is not normally considered in comparative archaeologies of states and empires. This paper makes the case for considering Kush as a culturally distinctive trajectory to political authority, social inequality, and economic complexity. It also considers reasons for its omission from comparative studies, which include a past focus on primary states, a lack of fit with existing archaeological classifications of ancient societies, the overshadowing effect of ancient Egypt to the north, and lingering institutional prejudice. Recent research on early Kush – the Kerma period in archaeological terms – has recovered increasingly detailed evidence from its major urban center at Kerma, but has also begun to gather regional data on the expansion and internal structure of early Kush. Among its many distinctive features, the most significant for understanding the unusual features of its trajectory may be the role of cattle herding and likely associated mobility of population.

Con questa 39.ma edizione, il più importante convegno dell'Unione Italiana per il Disegno continua il suo itinerario tra sedi importanti per la storia della rappresentazione. Dopo Firenze, ove fu messa a punto la prospettiva, Napoli, che vanta una delle scuole di rappresentazione grafica più antiche e prestigiose d'Italia. With this 39th edition, the most important convention of the UID continues its route through important headquarters for the history of representation. After Firenze, where perspective was created, Napoli, proud to have one of the oldest and most prestigious schools of graphic representation in Italy. 224 contributi, sottoposti a double blind peer review 224 papers, submitted to double blind peer review

Case Bastione is a large settlement occupied from the Late Neolithic to the Bronze Age and lying within the western Erei uplands in the valley of the Morello river (central Sicily). The first excavation seasons (2007, 2009, 2013) investigated the Late Copper Age and Early Bronze Age layers (mid 3rd to mid 2nd mill. cal. BC). The campaigns have yielded extensive evidence of domestic structures, and also of a number of craft activities, such as textiles, pottery making, lithic production and possibly metallurgy. Data about the absolute and relative chronologies, based on radiometric dating and the typological analysis of the rich pottery complex, are discussed. Abundant zoological remains also highlight the role of animal husbandry in the subsistence strategies of the village community. The paper ends with a preliminary discussion of geomagnetic and archaeometric analyses carried out during the 2013 campaign.

This paper explores aspects of inequality in Mesopotamia during the 4th millennium BC. This millennium was the era of early cities, which were accompanied by expanded hierarchies of power, new social identities, and innovative modes of working and labour management. Selected types of material culture–statues, amulets, eye idols, clay cone mosaics and bevelled-rim bowls– are explored. Their frequency, quality, raw materials, production and use contexts have a range of implications with regard to the status of their producers and their accessibility to users. Their varied accessibility in particular is illustrative of inequalities and inequities in Late Uruk/Late Chalcolithic Period Mesopotamia. In identifying past inequities in particular, it may be useful to think of ‘attached objects'rather than ‘attached specialists'. | Il presente articolo intende esplorare alcuni aspetti dell'ineguaglianza in Mesopotamia nel corso del IV millennio a.C. Questo millennio vide l'origine delle più antiche città, accompagnate da gerarchie di potere espanse, nuove identità sociali e modi innovativi di organizzazione del lavoro. Classi selezionate di materiali quali statue, amuleti, idoli degli occhi, mosaici a coni d'argilla e beveled-rim bowls verrano prese in esame. Fattori quali la loro frequenza, qualità, materia prima, produzione e contesti di utilizzo hanno una serie di implicazioni riguardo allo status dei loro produttori e la loro accessibilità nei confronti dei fruitori. In particolare, la loro differente accessibilità testimonia ineguaglianze e iniquità nei periodi Tardo Uruk/Tardo Calcolitico in Mesopotamia. Nel tentativo di identificare ineguaglianze nel passato, in particolare, può essere utile considerare il concetto di attached objects piuttosto che di attached specialists.

Between the end of the 13th and the beginning of the 12th centuries BC the Mycenaean polities centered on the palatine socio-economic and socio-political structures came to an end. Whatever the causes of this general collapse, different outcomes can be observed. In this paper the discussion is focused on two specific regions of the Mycenaean world, Argolid and Achaea, which especially in the last decades offered a very rich set of archaeological data. Both in Argolid, where in the case of Tiryns it is possible to observe a long-lasting continuity of life after the destruction of the palace in the upper citadel, and in Achaea archaeological sources suggest the presence of socio-political structures able to manage the new socio-economic scenario. The military character of these post-palatial elites is clear in Achaea; but also at Tiryns – where the memory of the recent palatial past was stronger – the importance of warfare activities for the emerging elites is highlighted in significant ceremonial contexts, such as the rituals linked to the deposition of the Tiryns treasure. | Tra la fine del XIII e l'inizio del XII secolo a.C. le strutture socio-economiche e socio-politiche palatine micenee conobbero un periodo di profonda crisi. Al di là delle cause, probabilmente molteplici e concomitanti, di questo vero e proprio collasso generalizzato, se ne possono riscontrare esiti differenti nelle diverse regioni. In questo lavoro sono prese in esame due regioni specifiche del mondo miceneo, l'Argolide e l'Acaia, che soprattutto negli ultimi anni hanno prodotto un ricco repertorio di dati archeologici relativi a questo periodo. Fatti salvi i caratteri propri delle due zone, sia in Argolide – dove nel caso di Tirinto è possibile riscontrare un lungo periodo di continuità di vita dopo la distruzione del palazzo – che in Acaia, le fonti archeologiche suggeriscono l'esistenza di strutture socio-politiche in grado di gestire un nuovo scenario socio-economico. Il carattere militare delle élites post-palaziali è evidente in Acaia, ma anche a Tirinto – dove la memoria del recente passato palaziale era più marcata – l'importanza delle attività belliche per i nuovi ceti dominanti, e dei ruoli connessi, viene sottolineata in contesti cerimoniali particolarmente significativi come la deposizione del cosiddetto tesoro di Tirinto.

The development of forms of inequality in mainland Italy is analyzed for the periods between the Early Bronze Age and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age (Recent Bronze Age). Basically about a millennium (ca. 2200-1150 BC) during which a trend towards more structured and hierarchical forms of social and political organization can be observed. In this perspective, the earliest forms of inequality – i.e., based on established forms of economic differentiation, and not only on rank – are visible at the threshold of the Recent Bronze Age in some regions. This paper reconsiders the model developed by Renato Peroni since 1970s, on the basis of the main archaeological evidence of recent years. Although the overall validity of that model is acknowledged, the wealth of recent evidence provides the opportunity to update and integrate the former model in several, substantial aspects. | Lo sviluppo di forme di diseguaglianza nel continente italiano possono essere colte fra il Bronzo Antico e il Bronzo Recente (2200 -1150 a.C.). In linea generale durante questo periodo è riconoscibile un generalizzato sviluppo di modelli socio-economici e politici con crescenti livelli di articolazione e gerarchia sociale. Tuttavia le prime forme di consolidate differenziazioni su base economica, e non solo basate su diversi livelli di rango, sembrano potersi cogliere in alcuni ambiti geografici solo alle soglie del Bronzo Recente. In questo articolo viene rivisitato e riconsiderato il modello proposto da Peroni a partire dagli anni settanta del secolo scorso riguardante le diverse forme di formazioni socio-economiche della protostoria. Sulla base delle maggiori evidenze archeologiche emerse negli ultimi due decenni vengono proposte alcune sostanziali integrazioni e modifiche al modello originario.

The paper aims at investigating an unusual pottery category which occurs in the Late Chalcolithic of Southern Levant, as well as in Western Anatolia, Northern Aegean and Sicily between the early Fourth and middle Third Millennium BC. In the archaeological literature of eastern Mediterranean prehistory cylindrical barrel-shaped vessels are interpreted as “churns”, because they closely resemble skin-bottles used by modern pastoral nomads in rural Anatolia for converting milk into products such as butter or light cheese. The archaeological investigations and the results of complementary chemical analyses to detect organic residues, involve some ethnographic evidence, in order to define use and function of such uncommon pottery assemblage, which represents one of the most important element of dairy production.

Inequalities take many forms, ranging from class distinctions to those based on gender or age. In this paper I examine some of the early steps in the development of social inequalities in the early settlement history (Late Neolithic through Early Chalcolithic) of the Fars region of southern Iran. I focus on contexts and mechanisms in and by which the social reproduction of egalitarian relations began to break down, paving the way for the emergence of inequalities. I draw on evidence of built space, pottery production, the ornamentation of bodies and sealing practices to consider the mutual constitution of subjects and material worlds as well as the Handlungsräume that allowed and constrained their actions. | Le ineguaglianze assumono forme differenti che vanno dalle distinzioni di classe a quelle basate su differenze di genere o età. In questo articolo verranno esaminati alcuni dei più antichi passi nello sviluppo delle ineguaglianze sociali nell'antica storia insediamentale (dal Tardo Neolitico al Calcolitico antico) della regione del Fars, nel sud dell'Iran. Lo studio si concentrerà sui contesti e i meccanismi attraverso i quali la riproduzione sociale di relazioni egalitarie cominciò a disgregarsi, aprendo la strada all'emergenza delle ineguaglianze. Verranno esaminate le evidenze degli spazi edificati, della produzione ceramica, dell'ornamentazione corporale e delle pratiche di sigillazione al fine di considerare la costituzione mutuale di soggetti e mondi materiali insieme alla Handlungsräume che permise e limitò le loro azioni.

This paper presents the results of the analysis of human remains from the archaeological excavations in Portonovo-Fosso Fontanaccia. The archaeological material was in a bad state of preservation and pertained three inhumations (two from Structure 1 and one from Structure 5) and a cremation, that was dug out in a whole piece of soil to be further analyzed in the laboratory.

72 Archinauti / quaderni della didattica - Collana di Architettura del Politecnico di Bari diretta da Claudio D'Amato 72 Archinauti series | Educational papers - Architecture Series - Polytechnic of Bari edited by Claudio D'Amato Questo è un libro di ragionamenti architettonici, che come tutti quelli sull'insegnamento della progettazione/composizione, segna l'‘eterno ritorno dell'uguale'che costringe ogni generazione di docenti a misurarsi con l'infinità circolare del tempo per impadronirsi del tema e farlo proprio. La maniera specifica con cui Zattera, Beccu e Menghini hanno scelto di percorrere questo cammino, è stata quella di individuare esempi significativi di musei di diversi autori ed epoche, interpretandoli con le categorie proprie del progetto d'architettura, e costruendo con essi possibili itinerari tematici e formali. This is a book of architectural reasonings which, like all those on teaching of design/composition, marks the ‘'eternal return of the equal”, that forces each generation of teachers to confront themselves with the circular infinity of time to capture the architectural theme and take possession of it. The specific way in which Zattera, Beccu and Menghini have chosen to take this path, has been to identify examples of museums of different authors of different times, and to interprete them with their own categories of architectural design, giving them to the students as possible thematic and formal itinenaries. ARIELLA ZATTERA (Venezia 1942) è stata professore associato di Composizione architettonica e urbana (ICAR/14) nella Facoltà di Architettura di Bari, in servizio nel Politecnico di Bari dal 1° novembre 1998 al 31 ottobre 2012. Ariella Zattera (Venice 1942) has been an Associate Professor of Architectural design in the School of Architecture in the Polytechnic of Bari, from November 1st 1998 to October 31st 2012. MICHELE BECCU (Cagliari 1952) è stato professore associato di Composizione architettonica e urbana (ICAR/14) prima nella Facoltà di Architettura poi nel Dipartimento di Scienze dell'ingegneria civile e dell'architettura (DICAR), in servizio nel Politecnico di Bari dal 3 marzo 1994 al 31 ottobre 2015. Oggi insegna nell'Università Roma Tre. Michele Beccu (Cagliari 1942) has been an Associate Professor of Architectural design in the School of Architecture in the Polytechnic of Bari, from March 3rd 1994 to October 31st 2015. Today he teaches in University of Roma Tre. ANNA BRUNA MENGHINI (Canino, VT 1960) è professore associato di Composizione architettonica e urbana (ICAR/14) nel Dipartimento di Scienze dell'ingegneria civile e dell'architettura (DICAR), in servizio nel Politecnico di Bari da 8 luglio 1999. Anna Bruna Menghini (Canino, VT 1960) is today an Associate Professor of Architectural design in Department of Architecture in the Polytechnic of Bari, where she teaches from July 8th 1999. VITO DE BELLIS (Bari 1984) laureato nel 2010 in Architettura nel Politecnico di Bari dove nel 2015 ha conseguito il titolo di Dottore di ricerca in Progettazione architettonica. Attualmente vive a Londra dove ha ottenuto una borsa di studio per un master presso la Prince's Foundation. Vito De Bellis (Bari, 1984) graduated in 2010 in Architecture in the Polytechnic of Bari where in 2015 he got his PhD in Architectural Design. He currently lives in London where he attends a masters at the Prince's Foundation.

A crucial element in the examination of food-related practices is a consideration of how plants and animals are turned into food. Much archaeological research has been focused on the acquisition of food ingredients, but considerably less attention has been devoted to specific forms of food preparation (but see papers in Pollock ed. 2012). In a survey of the literature, I have examined forms of food preparation that require heat (cooking, roasting, baking) and specifically the fire installations with the help of which these practices were carried out. An emphasis on heat-based forms of preparing food represents an enormous simplification of a much more complex series of processes, as they are only one of many means of transforming plant and animal products into food (see, for example, brewing, pickling, salting; Leroi-Gourhan 1945).

Il saggio è un resoconto scientifico degli studi e dei lavori recentemente effettuati nella Certosa di San Martino, nella quale è stata rifunzionalizzata un'antica meridiana: è stato infatti consentito nuovamente ai raggi solari l'ingresso durante l'intero anno, fino al solstizio d'inverno, da decenni in ombra a causa di impropri lavori di consolidamento. È stato inoltre analizzato il pavimento di riggiole dipinto da Leonardo Chiaiese al fine di verificare, ed eventualmente divulgare, che l'imponente scena dipinta immortala un raro evento astronomico e non può essere considerata meramente come decorazione artistica perché collabora attivamente con la meridiana. | This paper is a scientific report about the studies and works recently performed in the Charterhouse of St. Martin to restore an ancient sundial and make it work. In fact, the sun's rays were once again allowed to enter throughout the year, until the winter solstice; due to incorrect consolidation the sun had not shone on this solstice for decades. We also analysed the tin-glazed, hand-decorated ceramic tiles painted by Leonardo Chiaiese to verify, and possibly disseminate, the fact that the arrangement of painted constellations around the meridian line immortalises a rare astronomical event and cannot be simply considered as an artistic decoration because it actively collaborates with the sundial.

This paper aims at presenting the results of recent investigations on the Early Iron Age at Arslantepe/Malatya (SE Turkey), which yielded important new data on the rise and collapse of a local power that used figurative representation at the town's gate to express its authority. The 12th century BCE was one of the most relevant periods of transformation in the Syro-Anatolian region, which saw the decline of the Hittite Empire and the emergence of independent polities that re-elaborated the imperial tradition in original ways. The breakdown of the empire was not a generalized event, rather a process developing in an uneven temporal and geographic range. The Arslantepe case shows that the collapse was delayed, as it was contained by the rising of a local elite, which adopted strategies of territorial control and manifestation of power through the use of monumental buildings and sculptured reliefs. The archaeological evidence from Arslantepe will be presented and correlated with the Late Bronze Age epigraphic sources from Emar and the land of Aštata. These texts describe rituals illustrating the importance of city-gates as performance spaces in festivals involving the entire community and document the increasing financial support of the local kings. The festivals might have been also an instrument to establish or legitimate a stronger role of a previous “limited kingship” within the community after the Hittite conquest. The association of visual representations and rituals performed at the city-gates offer some reflections about the development of the Syro-Anatolian societies, as well as the role of the ruling class during the late-2nd millennium BCE.

Il saggio analizza alcuni documenti relativi al primo sistema di disegno digitale, chiamato Sketchpad dal suo autore – il giovane studente del MIT Ivan Sutherland – nella versione bidimensionale e nella sua declinazione tridimensionale, a cinquant'anni dalla sua creazione. Alcune differenze rispetto alle tecniche tradizionali di rappresentazione mostrano il grande impegno a suo tempo destinato anche alla sua formulazione teorica, come si evince da alcuni significativi contributi teorici, tra i quali bisogna annoverare quelli di Steven Coons, e alcune note tecniche relative al sistema utilizzato. | The paper analyses several documents illustrating the first two-dimensional and three-dimensional digital drawing systems, called Sketchpad, invented fifty years ago by the young MIT student Ivan Sutherland. Several differences between Sketchpad and traditional representation techniques reveal the enormous effort devoted to its theoretical formulation. This effort is illustrated by several important theoretical contributions, including the ones by Steven Coons, and several technical memorandums about its operating system.

X GUIDE International Conference Wien, 16-18 September 2015 Selected papers (part 1) Pedagogy Collaborative problem based learning in distance and mobile education Manfred Mühlfelder, Sivachandran Chandrasekaran To an education without distances. Strat

Editoriale di Mario Docci Un disegno su un foglio lungo venticinque anni Editorial by Mario Docci A drawing on a piece of paper twenty-five years long Wim van den Bergh Prospettive mentali Mental perspectives Paolo Portoghesi La Città Universitaria di Roma, le due modernità si conciliano: tre anni d'oro dell'architettura italiana del Novecento The University City of Rome. Reconciliation between two modernities: the three golden years of twentieth-century Italian architecture Laura Carlevaris La geometria tra teoria e pratica: la costruzione dell'ennagono nell'Antichità Geometry, theory and practice: the construction of the enneagon in antiquity Laura Farroni, Silvia Rinalduzzi La dimensione speculativa del disegno digitale: sperimentazioni sul disegno teorico di Franco Purini The speculative dimension of digital drawing: experiments with theoretical drawings by Franco Purini Nilda Valentin La composizione geometrica di Gherardo Bosio Gherardo Bosio's geometric composition Enrico Cicalò Alan Fletcher. Il disegno di una vita Alan Fletcher: Drawing a Life Antonio García Bueno, Karina Medina Granados Patrimonio culturale e habitat. Il Sacromonte: un'esperienza percettiva per l'individuazione di criteri di intervento Cultural heritage and the environment. Sacromonte: a perceptive experience to identify intervention criteria Maria Grazia Cianci Gestione, ricostruzione e comunicazione di sistemi urbani complessi. Il quartiere della Suburra a Roma Management, reconstruction and communication of complex urban systems. The Suburra district in Rome Attualità/Events Libri/Books

La prospettiva conica è l'arte di osservare, e non l'arte di vedere. Gli studi storici che ruotano intorno alla prospettiva sono dedicati, in genere, a speculazioni sulla visione o sull'esistenza dei punti di fuga, che hanno sempre affascinato in maniera particolare gli studiosi: le loro domande ossessive sulle immagini storiche rappresentano un settore specifico di studio per gli analisti, che hanno portato a identificare questa particolare proprietà proiettiva delle rette parallele con la prospettiva conica stessa. Questo contributo sostiene che la scelta operata inizialmente di osservare da un unico punto di vista è stata più importante, nel suo sviluppo, del presupposto ritrovamento dei mitici punti limite di rette parallele. | Conic perspective is the art of observing, not the art of seeing. Historical studies about perspective are usually devoted to speculation about the vision or existence of vanishing points, a subject that has always fascinated scholars: their repeated and obsessive exploration of historical images are a specific field of study for analysts which has led them to identify conic perspective with the projective properties of parallel straight lines. This paper maintains that the initial decision to observe from a single viewpoint was more important, as it developed, than the alleged discovery of the mythical end points of straight lines.

Between the Vesuvio slopes and the front coastline, there are several archaeological sites of significant cultural and landscape interest, far less popular than Pompei but not less fascinating. These sites, including the ancient towns of Stabiae and Oplontis up until the coastal city of Sorrento, resemble a constellation surrounded by the metropolitan sprawl and lay in the country of the Campania Region like hidden pearls, as the lack of efficient public transport connections makes these destinations difficult to reach for international tourists. This paper, therefore, discusses different ideas for the design of a Cultural and Touristic District, which may improve their accessibility by linking all these archeological sites together with both physical and ICT networks. Back in 2010, such ideas were presented in Castellammare di Stabia International Workshop “Restoring Ancient Stabiae” by a number of scholars from seven Schools of Architecture of both USA and Italian Universities (Maryland UMD, Miami, Oregon, Cornell Univ.; Napoli Federico II, Bari Politecnico, Roma-Sapienza). The main aim of the workshop was to allow actual team working for designing urban requalification and projects of touristic and cultural development, as well as to stimulate debate between local administrators and experts of urban studies, landscape and archaeology. The results achieved by combination of these objectives paved the way for an ambitious goal, that is presenting a realistic scenario of sustainable development based on recovering and exploitation of archeological sites. ANTONIO FRANCO MARINIELLO (1948) is Architect and Full Professor of Architectural and Urban Design at the Departement of Architecture - University of Naples Federico II, Research Director at L.U.P.T. and past member of the PhD board Architectural Composition at the same Faculty of Architecture. He is autor of many works in Architectural Theory and Criticism; furthermore he has published: Questioni di Forma (Napoli 1985), Variazioni-13 esperimenti di Composizione (Napoli 1996), Pre.Testi - sussidiario di Composizione (Napoli 2005).