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Nollywood is the nickname given to the film industry in Nigeria. This name references Hollywood and Bollywood, which describe the film industries in the United States and India respectively. Nollywood produces hundreds of films each year, and many of them are released directly onto DVD and sold at markets in Nigeria. The film industry is an important part of the Nigerian economy, with roughly one million Nigerians having jobs in the industry. The filmmaking industry in Nigeria includes people of all different backgrounds, and it allows Nigerians to continue their strong history of storytelling.

Connection culture theory is a management theory created by American business expert Michael Lee Stallard. Stallard proposes that employees need to feel a shared bond with their company and coworkers to create a connection culture. Scientific research has proven that feelings of connection and high-quality interpersonal relationships can make people happier and healthier. Stallard’s theory claims that people who work in places with connection cultures have positive feelings and experiences that help to energize them and improve their performance. The theory also states that companies with disorganized cultures or that do not promote connection are more likely to have problems with employee retention, low productivity, and other negative consequences.

An economic depression is when economic activity in a particular area experiences a prolonged, dramatic slowdown. Economic depressions are uncommon occurrences, while recessions are less severe and more common economic slowdowns. Depressions have severe effects on societies that can last for years and decades. Economists usually identify economic depressions as happening either when an economic downturn lasts for three or more years or when real gross domestic product (GDP) declines at least 10 percent in one year. Economic depressions are different from recessions because they are more severe, and they last for a longer period. By the 2020s, the United States had experienced only one true depressionthe Great Depression of the 1930sin its history. Because of globalization and the interdependence of world economies, an economic depression in one part of the world can significantly affect economies in other parts of the world.

Douglas fir is a tree in the genus Pseudotsuga, which are conifer trees native to North America and part of Asia. The tree—which is also known as yellow or red spruce and Oregon pine—is not truly a fir, pine, or spruce. Douglas fir is a distinct tree named after botanist David Douglas. In North America, Douglas fir is most common in the Pacific Northwest, with numerous ranges in the United States and Canada. Two species of Douglas fir exist in the United States. Coast Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, grows mostly in wet coastal areas from Alaska and Canada south to California. Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, grows in cool, dry locations from Canada down to New Mexico. Several subspecies also exist. Douglas firs are valuable timber trees and are grown commercially throughout the United States. Douglas firs have also been introduced to other locations around the world, including South America, Europe, and New Zealand, usually because of economic opportunities; however, Douglas fir has also been planted in the hopes that it will be a hardy species able to withstand the effects of climate change.

The Eyak people are an Indigenous group who lives in a small area along the Copper River in Alaska. The Eyak people’s ancestors first settled in the area about ten thousand years ago. No full-blooded Eyak survive, and the last Indigenous speaker of the Eyak language died in 2008. The group had always been small, but the effects of European colonization reduced its size to only about sixty people by the 1910s. Since the mid-1900s, efforts have been made to preserve the Eyak’s culture and language, which were nearly lost because of forced assimilation and other hardships. In the twenty-first century, the Eyak people still live near their ancestral homeland.

The Iñupiat are an Indigenous people who live in northwestern Alaska. The term Iñupiat means “real people” or “genuine people.” Iñupiaq is the singular form of Iñupiat and is also the name of their Indigenous language. The ancestors of the Iñupiat first settled in the region about a thousand years ago. According to the 2020 US Census, more than 5,600 Iñupiat people live in Alaska, and 10,500 additional people claim some Iñupiat heritage. Only a small portion of the people speak the Iñupiaq language, with most Indigenous speakers as part of the older generation. There are continuing efforts, however, to preserve the language.

Life Savers is an American brand of candy. Traditional Life Savers are hard candy that are made in fruit, mint, and other flavors. The candy was invented in 1912 in the United States. The brand has been purchased by various companies over time. Throughout its history, the Life Savers brand has manufactured multiple products in addition to the iconic O-shaped hard candies, including gummy candies, lollipops, and drinks.

Whitemarsh Hall was an estate in Springfield Township, Pennsylvania, that was built by architect Horace Trumbauer for wealthy banker Edward T. Stotesbury. Stotesbury commissioned Trumbauer to design the house in 1916, when Stotesbury was one of the richest people in the United States. After the original owners left the massive house, it quickly fell into disrepair and was torn down in 1980. The home was seen as an example of Gilded Age opulence.

The Holy Inquisition was an institution in the Catholic Church that was created to investigate and eliminate heresy—words and beliefs that contradicted the official doctrine of the Church. The height of the Holy Inquisition lasted between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries as inquisitors—the judges who investigated heresies—interrogated and punished people accused of heresy. While investigations of heresy ended in the nineteenth century, the institution of the Inquisition survived until the twentieth century when it was renamed. Punishments for those accused of heresy varied from wearing robes that indicated heretical beliefs to torture and execution. Theses executions were carried out by civil authorities and not the Catholic Church. The Holy Inquisition is often broken down into the Portuguese, Spanish, and Roman (or Italian) Inquisitions, though investigations took place throughout Europe and in the Americas. Protestants, Jews, and Muslims who converted to Catholicism were some of the major targets of the Inquisition. In the 1990s, the Catholic Church apologized for the actions taken by the Church and the clergy during the Inquisition.

The 2020 United States federal government data breach was a cyberattack on the United States that was most likely initiated by the government of the Russian Federation. The data breach lasted for months during 2020 and affected numerous government agencies. The effects of the breach were not known at the time, and experts suggested that the United States might never know the full extent of the hack. The hackers used a popular network software to infiltrate and take information from networks used by the US government and private businesses, mostly inside the United States.

Originalism is a method of legal interpretation that most often applies to the United States Constitution. Originalists believe that legal interpretations of the Constitution should consider the original meaning of the document’s words or the intended meaning of the Founding Fathers who signed the Constitution on September 17, 1787. Originalists have slightly different ideas about what the term means, but nearly all believe that the meaning of the Constitution should not change over time. They believe that the document’s legal meaning has remained constant since it was written. They also believe the only way to change the Constitution is through amending it by the process laid out in the document. Originalists believe that more liberal ways of interpreting the Constitution allow justices to change laws of their own accord. Opponents of Originalism believe changes to the Constitution are warranted because ways of American life and society have changed since the document was written. Originalism became a popular term in the late twentieth century. In the early twenty-first century, it became identified as a method most often used by justices with conservative political beliefs, typically affiliated with the Republican Party.

Sexual assault of LGBT persons refers to nonconsensual sexual acts against individuals who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. Studies have indicated that LGBT persons are more likely to experience sexual assault throughout their lives than non-LGBT persons. Certain groups within the community are most at risk because they have been oversexualized or are vulnerable to attack because of biases and discrimination. LGBT persons are also more likely to face obstacles to accessing care and finding professional resources after experiencing sexual assault. Fear of being outed or not being believed may prevent individuals from seeking the help they need.

Neo-Nazism is a group of modern social and political beliefs based on tenets of the Nazi Partywho ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and oversaw the Holocaust and other crimes against humanity. Neo-Nazism hold antisemitic and White supremacist beliefs. Neo-Nazis emerged even before World War II and have been creating various political and social networks around the world since that time. Most Neo-Nazis want to establish a social order similar to the one established by Nazis in Germany, and revere Adolf Hitler and other leaders of the original movement. Many neo-Nazi groups also adopt Nazi symbolssuch as the swastikaand mythologysuch as the belief in a so-called Aryan “master race.” Modern neo-Nazis usually express hatred for many of the same communitiesJews, Catholics, Black people, LGBTQ+ personsas did the original Nazis. Many modern neo-Nazis also express Islamophobia and extreme nativistanti-immigrantviews. Although Nazism originated in Germany and spread to other parts of Europe in the early twentieth century, in modern times neo-Nazism thrives in many parts of the world, including Europe and the Americas, and sometimes overlaps with the far-right “Alt-Right” movement.

An inuksuk, or inukshuk, is a figure made of piles of stones or boulders. The Inuit people of North America and people throughout the Arctic have a tradition of making inuksuit, which is the plural of inuksuk. They make the figures to communicate with one another. The word inuksuk means “to act in the capacity of a human” and is related to the Inuit word inuk, meaning “person.” The oldest known inuksuit have been found in archeological locations dating back thousands of years.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term used to describe the trend of more and more devices being connected to the internet and to each other. As smartphones, wearable data collection devices, and other "connected" products become more common, the IoT is becoming more useful and more popular. The IoT became a real factor during the early 2010s, as high-speed internet became more readily available and hardware and software became less expensive to produce. It has been said that IoT could potentially affect all devices with an on/off switch. By the 2020s, the impact of the IoT was far-reaching, as it affected people's personal lives as well as businesses.

The mass media plays a significant role in modern society, wielding considerable influence on public opinion. Agenda setting theory proposes that the media affects society by deciding which topics people view as most important. This theory was created by professors who studied the public during a presidential campaign. Other researchers have conducted further studies over the years, adding more insight into the theory. Researchers believe this theory is important because it shows how public attitude and public policy can be indirectly changed by the mass media and socialization.

A logic model is a tool used to organize information and goals for programs and projects. Logic models are common in social science fields, but are also used in many different fields including health care, education, and business. People or groups can create their own logic models, helping them organize and prioritize the data they need. Logic models are flexible and can be updated as the data needed for the model changes. This data can include inputs, outputs, outcomes, assumptions, and external factors. Logic models are usually represented as graphic organizers with the organizer including a section for each factor included the model. The graphic organizer shows the relationships among the different factors in the model. Logic models can be used during various stages of a program or project.

Augmented reality (AR) refers to any technology that inserts digital interfaces into the real world. For the most part, the technology has included headsets and glasses that people wear to project interfaces onto the physical world, but it can also include cell phones and other devices. In time, AR technology could be used in contact lenses and other small wearable devices.

Simone Biles is an American gymnast and Olympian. She is widely considered one of the greatest athletes of all time. She set numerous national and international gymnastics records in the 2010s and 2020s, becoming the most-decorated competitor in the history of the sport with her successes at the World Championships and the Olympic Games. Biles also became known for using her celebrity status as an advocate on social issues such as mental health.

Negativity bias is a term used to describe the tendency humans have toward focusing on negative information and events more than on positive ones. Negativity bias is a widely accepted phenomenon in psychology and other social sciences, such as economics. Many different psychological studies have provided evidence that supports negativity bias. Negativity bias affects people of all ages and backgrounds, even infants, but older populations may have reduced negativity bias. Negativity bias affects mood and emotions. It can also affect relationships and even society as a whole. Some psychologists believe that people who understand and know to look for negativity bias can help themselves and others recognize and correct the phenomenon.

The Likert scale is a tool that social scientists use in polling and research to determine public opinions and attitudes. The Likert scale was developed in the first half of the twentieth century, and it remained a popular tool in research studies into the twenty-first century. The Likert scale and similar rating scales help researchers quantify data about social attitudes. Some researchers use a strict definition when discussing Likert scales, and others use more general definitions.

Utilitarianism is a well-known moral theory. It is a type of consequentialism, which is the belief that the morality of an act is determined by what happens as a result of committing the act. Utilitarianism states that an act is moral only if the outcomes of the act are good. In utilitarianism, pleasure or happiness are considered good. Suffering or discomfort are considered bad. Followers of utilitarianism believe that people should make choices based on increasing the amount of good in the world. Another important aspect of utilitarianism is that all people are equally deserving of good. Thus, a person should take into account how actions will affect all people, not just the person making the decision or that person's friends or family.

Genome editing, which is also called gene editing, is a group of processes and technologies that allow scientists to change genes and DNA inside living organisms. Scientists use gene editing to add, remove, or change genes and parts of genes. They have developed several ways to do this and use gene editing in many applications. Medical research is one of the most important and widely publicized applications for gene editing, but scientists have also used gene editing in research dealing with plants, food, and animals. Gene editing is controversial, and scientists who take part in it have ethical questions to consider. For example, scientists will one day have the ability to create embryos with certain genetic traits, such as a specific eye color and a low risk of disease. Although some of these aspects are seen as positive developments, the possibility exists that wealthy and well-connected people will be able to create offspring with genetic traits that most people consider to be superior while less wealthy people will continue to naturally pass on genetic information to their offspring.

The Space Shuttle Discovery is a retired spacecraft that was used during the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s space shuttle program, which operated from 1981 to 2011. Discovery was one of five orbiters created for the program. The shuttle spent 365 days in space during its 39 total missions and made more flights than any other orbiter in the program. During its time in space, Discovery was involved in missions carrying and deploying satellites, transporting crews to the International Space Station (ISS), and conducting scientific experiments. Discovery, officially known as OV-103, was the third space shuttle orbiter in the shuttle program. It flew on missions between 1984 and 2011, including a history-making 1990 mission in which it launched the Hubble Space Telescope into Erath orbit. The US government ended the space shuttle program in 2011, putting Discovery into retirement where it became an exhibit at the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

The northernmost region on Earth, the Arctic Circle, is the area around the geographic North Pole. The Arctic Circle is approximately the region north of the 66° 33’ line of latitude, but the exact line of latitude considered the Arctic Circle shifts slightly depending on Earth’s tilt and rotation. The Arctic Circle is known for having one day a year when the sun does not rise and one day a year when the sun does not set.

Quantum computing refers to the development of computers using ideas gained from quantum physics. A quantum computer can potentially make certain complex calculations far faster than traditional computers, which would bring great benefits to scientific research and many other applications. The theory behind quantum computing emerged in the 1980s, and small-scale models were demonstrated over the next few decades. By the 2020s, many technology companies were investing heavily in quantum research. However, quantum technology remained mostly experimental well into the twenty-first century. Early quantum computers required very specific environments to operate and had essentially no practical use. Scientists continue to work on making quantum computers more reliable as they strive to better understand quantum physics and quantum computing components.

An electromagnetic field, also called an EM field, is created through an electromagnetic force. The electromagnetic force is one of four fundamental forces in the universe, the others being gravity, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force. EM fields are waves that transport electromagnetic energy, which includes any source of energy on the electromagnetic spectrum such as visible light and gamma rays. EM fields can be natural or artificial and occur throughout the universe.

The Modern Language Association (MLA) of America is a professional organization that advocates the teaching of and learning about languages and literature. The association is also an important resource that publishes a widely used style reference that helps writers format and style their writing, and collects numerous other resources for writers and students. The MLA is best known for its handbook that helps writers—specifically academic writers—organize their work in the proper style. The association also has other programs and groups that support language and humanities professionals.

Lake Wakatipu is a large lake in the south-central region of New Zealand’s South Island. The lake, which measures 84 kilometres long, is the longest in the country. It is also the third-largest lake in New Zealand. The lake was formed by glacial movements that carved out a depression in the ground, which was eventually filled in by water. The lightning-bolt shaped lake is one of the most popular tourists destinations in the country. According to Māori legends, the lake is said to be a mythical giant or demon that lies below the surface. The legend is partly inspired by the lake having a ‘heartbeat’ because the water level rises and falls approximately twice per hour. Lake Wakatipu is surrounded on all sides by mountains, with the mountain scenery also attracting many tourists each year.

Lake Te Anau is New Zealand’s largest freshwater lake and the second largest in the nation. It is located on the south-west side of the South Island, and covers an area of 344 square kilometres. The lake is located 212 metres above sea level and is about 276 metres at its deepest point. The lake, which was formed from glacial activity, has three deep arms that extend from its main part into the wilderness area of Fiordland. Lake Te Anau is a popular tourist destination, with opportunities for swimming, fishing, hiking and other recreational activities. The lake was first surveyed in 1863, after Māori guides led Europeans to the lake. In the Māori language, Te-Ana-au, the term from which the lake’s name is derived, means ‘place of swirling water’. The term refers to stone formations in nearby caves, which are also famous for their glow-worms.

The White Cliffs of Dover are cliffs in Dover, England, that are famous for their striking white color. The white cliffs are made up of chalk that formed from the remains of the algae that died and built up enormous layers over millions of years. The white cliffs are also famous because Dover is only twenty-one miles from France, and the cliffs have been an important defensive location in England, giving the country a location to build up military forces to repel possible attacks. In modern times, the cliffs are the site of a great deal of commercial trade, with a great deal of shipping taking place in the area. The cliffs are also an important tourist attraction.

Jude, also known as the letter of Jude, is a book in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a letter, or an epistle, like many other New Testament books. Like many other biblical epistles, the book gets its name from the author Jude, sometimes known as Judah. Little is known about Jude, but many scholars and theologians agree that he was a member of the early Christian Church. Most also agree that he was most likely the same person as a man named Jude who is mentioned multiple times in the New Testament. However, theologians disagree about Jude’s relationship with Jesus.

A nephron is a structure inside the kidney that helps filter waste from blood. Each kidney in the human body contains approximately one million nephrons. Each nephron is made up of three main parts—a renal corpuscle, a renal tubule, and a capillary network. These parts filter waste from the blood, reabsorb water into the blood, and help move the final waste product out of the kidneys. Nephrons are the main function units of the kidneys and are vital to renal function.

Hematopoiesis (also spelled haematopoiesis) is the process during which blood cells are made in the body. This process ensures that a person has a steady level of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The process occurs in the bone marrow of children and adults. It takes place in different parts of a fetus's body. Stems cells inside the bone marrow change to become different types of blood cells. Diseases and disorders that affect hematopoiesis can be very dangerous, and sometimes bone marrow transplantation is used to treat people with such diseases.

Sodium bicarbonate, which is also called bicarbonate of soda or sodium hydrogen carbonate, is a white crystalline powder. In everyday use, it is best known as baking soda. Sodium bicarbonate has numerous applications such as an ingredient in baking, a household cleaner, a medical treatment, a fire-extinguishing agent, and more. People use sodium bicarbonate, whose chemical formula is NaHCO3, both from natural sources and from human production. Sodium bicarbonate has numerous applications in part because it is a reactive substance that produces carbon dioxide when it is involved in a chemical reaction.

Krampus is a malevolent creature from European folklore that is closely associated with Christmas and Saint Nicholas. The legend of Krampus is popular in a number of European countries including Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, and parts of Germany and Italy. Although Krampus is associated with Saint Nicholas, he is an evil monster-like figure said to beat, or even kill, children who misbehave throughout the year. Krampus is contrasted with Saint Nicholas who rewards good children with presents on Christmas. The creature was most likely based on pagan traditions and gods that were altered to act as a compliment to Christian holidays. Although based in centuries-old folklore, Krampus is still celebrated in some modern Christmas traditions. Krampus is not often part of holiday observances in the United States, although some European immigrants did bring stories of the figure with them when they arrived in America.

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is a publicly traded semiconductor and technology producer based in Sunnyvale, California. The company was founded in 1969, and in the twenty-first century, the company sells various products, including microprocessors, graphics processing units (GPUs), and solid state drives, as well as devices for personal computing, cloud storage, gaming, and more.

Activist. Fred Hampton was born on August 30, 1948, in Illinois. Hampton was a gifted student. He was also a talented athlete, and he wanted to play professional baseball for a time. However, he chose to study prelaw at Triton Junior College after graduating from high school. Hampton was interested in civil rights and improved living conditions for African Americans from a young age. He fought for his community to have a public swimming pool when he was a young adult. He then joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to become involved in supporting the black community and to make a difference. His interest in helping his community led to his joining the Black Panther Party, which had begun in Oakland, California, in 1966.

Chloroform, which is also called trichloromethane, has the chemical formula CHCl3. It is a colorless, volatile liquid that has a sweet smell similar to ether. It was once commonly used as an anesthetic in the United States and other countries; however, chloroform's potential health risks made it less popular in medicine by the 1870s. Today, chloroform is commonly used as a solvent in laboratories and in industry, specifically in refrigeration. This chemical can cause a number of adverse health reactions and might also be a carcinogen.

Shinkansen is a system of bullet trains used throughout Japan. These bullet trains, which first began operation in the 1960s, were the first commercial bullets train in the world. These trains, which travel at high rates of speed, have greatly reduced the time it takes to travel domestically in Japan. Because of these high-speed bullet trains, Japan does not have much domestic air travel. The bullet trains also have affected the sizes and locations of cities in the country.

Academic, professor, political scientist. Benedict Richard O'Gorman Anderson was born in Kunming, China, on August 26, 1936. He was the son of Veronica and Shaemas Anderson. His father was Irish and his mother was English, but they lived in China because Shaemas was in the Chinese Maritime Customs service. The Andersons moved to California in 1941 to escape the escalation of World War II (1939–1945). The family then moved to Ireland in 1945. Anderson later attended Cambridge University and received a degree in the classics in 1957. He then attended Cornell University in the United States. He earned a doctoral degree in 1967 after studying government. Anderson stayed at Cornell as a professor until he retired in 2002, when he became a professor emeritus of international studies. He continued to study international relations, languages, and other subjects throughout his life.

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) is an Eastern rite Catholic church. The universal Catholic church is made up of twenty-two different churches. The largest and most well known of these is the Latin Church, sometimes referred to as Roman Catholic or the Western Church. The other twenty-one churches are all Eastern rite Catholic churches, of which the UGCC is one. Each of these churches has different traditions, liturgies, and hierarchies, even though all the churches are in communion with Rome, meaning the pope in Rome is their spiritual leader. The UGCC uses the Byzantine rite , which is a rite whose origins can be traced back to the ancient city of Byzantium, which later became Constantinople and then Istanbul.

The Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC), or the Polish National Catholic Church of America, is a religious group located mostly in North America that has existed since the late 1800s. The church branched off from the Roman Catholic Church and is not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church at present. The PNCC has roughly 280,000 members and 150 parishes. Most parishes are in the United States, but a few are in Canada. The motto of the PNCC is "With truth, work, and struggle, we will succeed."

The Georgian Orthodox Church is one of a number of Eastern Orthodox churches. The Eastern Orthodox Church is made up of Christian churches that split with the Catholic Church in 1054 CE. Eastern Orthodox churches govern themselves and have hierarchies made up of bishops, priests, and deacons.

Constitutionalism is the belief that government should have limited powers. The opposite of constitutionalism is absolutism. A constitution is a document or, rarely, a set of unwritten ideas, that creates a framework for a government to exist and function. In a constitutional government, sovereignty lies in the people who are governed, but in an absolutist government sovereignty lies with the government, or monarch. Constitutionalism has also become associated with limited government and conservative political ideologies.

The Noble Eightfold Path, also known as the Path or the Middle Way, is one of the core beliefs of the Buddhist religion. It identifies eight practices that Buddhists follow to help end suffering.

The problem of evil is a philosophical and logical problem. The problem is that if God is all-knowing, all-powerful, and all-loving, then evil should not exist in the world. The problem of evil is often discussed as part of moral philosophy. The problem is most often discussed by theologians, people who study and practice religion. Theologians and philosophers have developed a number of ideas concerning the problem of evil. Some of the ideas claim to prove God's existence, despite the existence of evil. Other ideas claim that the problem of evil disproves God's existence. Philosophers and theologians still study the problem of evil and its implications. God Judging Adam William Blake [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons St. Augustine's view of the impact of free will on the problem of evil greatly influenced Christian theology. Peter Paul Rubens [CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language that has been in existence since early in the second millennium. The word Punjabi is derived from the word Punjab (also Panjab), which means "the land of five rivers" for the Beas, Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab, and Jhelum rivers of the Punjab region, where Punjabi is spoken. Scholars estimate that twelve to twenty-eight dialects of Punjabi exist.

The Santali language is an Austroasiatic language of the Munda subfamily spoken by about six million people, primarily in India, with smaller groups found in Bangladesh and Nepal. Santali is one of twenty-two official languages of India. The Austroasiatic languages are a group of about 150 languages spoken by more than sixty-five million people across Southeast Asia and India.