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Transgender individuals (TIs) show brain structural alterations that differ from their biological sex as well as their perceived gender. To substantiate evidence that the brain structure of TIs differs from male and female, we use a combined multivariate and univariate approach. Gray matter segments resulting from voxel-based morphometry preprocessing of $N = 1753$ cisgender (CG) healthy participants were used to train ($N=1402$) and validate (20 % hold-out; $N = 351$) a support-vector machine classifying the biological sex. As a second validation, we classified $N = 1104$ patients with depression. A third validation was performed using the matched CG sample of the transgender women (TWs) application-sample. Subsequently, the classifier was applied to $N = 26$ TWs. Finally, we compared brain volumes of CG-men, women and TW-pre/post treatment (cross-sex hormone treatment) in a univariate analysis controlling for sexual orientation, age and total brain volume. The application of our biological sex classifier to the transgender sample resulted in a significantly lower true positive rate (TPR) (TPR-male = 56.0 %). The TPR did not differ between CG-individuals with (TPR-male = 86.9 %) and without depression (TPR-male = 88.5 %). The univariate analysis of the transgender application-sample revealed that TW-pre/post treatment show brain structural differences from CG-women and CG-men in the putamen and insula, as well as the whole-brain analysis. Our results support the hypothesis that brain structure in TW differs from brain structure of their biological sex (male) as well as their perceived gender (female). This finding substantiates evidence that TIs show specific brain structural alterations leading to a different pattern of brain structure than CG-individuals., Comment: Content adapted to the publication at Neuropsychopharmacology

Describes two variants of the form-priming paradigm (direct and mediated form priming) and summarizes the results obtained with each. With both variants, participants are presented with a target, to which a response is required, preceded by a prime. (28 references) (Author/CK)

Current models of spoken-word recognition describe access to lexical representations in terms of activation and decay. This research investigated an important aspect of activation: the impact of processing time. The results showed a separable impact of time and signal on the activational state of lexical elements. (34 references) (Author/CK)

Two experiments investigated the processing and representation of Dutch compound words as a function of their semantic transparency. The results provided clear evidence for the sensitivity of the lexical processing system to morphological complexity, independent of semantic transparency. (50 references) (MDM)