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Deep convolutional neural networks often perform poorly when faced with datasets that suffer from quantity imbalances and classification difficulties. Despite advances in the field, existing two-stage approaches still exhibit dataset bias or domain shift. To counter this, a phased progressive learning schedule has been proposed that gradually shifts the emphasis from representation learning to training the upper classifier. This approach is particularly beneficial for datasets with larger imbalances or fewer samples. Another new method a coupling-regulation-imbalance loss function is proposed, which combines three parts: a correction term, focal loss, and LDAM loss. This loss is effective in addressing quantity imbalances and outliers, while regulating the focus of attention on samples with varying classification difficulties. These approaches have yielded satisfactory results on several benchmark datasets, including Imbalanced CIFAR10, Imbalanced CIFAR100, ImageNet-LT, and iNaturalist 2018, and can be easily generalized to other imbalanced classification models. Deep convolutional neural networks often perform poorly when faced with datasets that suffer from quantity imbalances and classification difficulties. Despite advances in the field, existing two-stage approaches still exhibit dataset bias or domain shift. To counter this, a phased progressive learning schedule has been proposed that gradually shifts the emphasis from representation learning to training the upper classifier. This approach is particularly beneficial for datasets with larger imbalances or fewer samples. Another new method a coupling-regulation-imbalance loss function is proposed, which combines three parts: a correction term, focal loss, and LDAM loss. This loss is effective in addressing quantity imbalances and outliers, while regulating the focus of attention on samples with varying classification difficulties. These approaches have yielded satisfactory results on several benchmark datasets, including Imbalanced CIFAR10, Imbalanced CIFAR100, ImageNet-LT, and iNaturalist 2018, and can be easily generalized to other imbalanced classification models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue vascularization plays a critical role in the regeneration and repair of damaged tissues. However, in certain instances of tissue injury, the pace and effectiveness of vascularization can be limited. Innovative strategies leveraging magnetic fields and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are devised to enhance the efficacy of tissue vascularization. This review explores the potential of magnetic field‐assisted strategies in augmenting tissue vascularization and repair. Direct application of static or dynamic magnetic fields, alone or in combination with MNPs, offers a means to modulate cellular behaviors and gene expression, thereby promoting angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. Techniques such as cell labeling, gene delivery using MNPs, and magnetic targeting have shown promise in efficiently repairing various ischemic tissue injuries by enhancing tissue vascularization. These strategies have broad applications in bone and skin tissue regeneration, limb ischemia treatment, myocardial injury treatment, and diabetic wound therapy. By summarizing recent advancements in magnetically controlled strategies, this review aims to shed light on their future prospects in tissue regeneration and clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preterm labor, a condition associated with various risk factors such as a history of prior preterm birth (PTB) and multiple pregnancies, has recently seen an increasing focus on its potential link with dyslipidemia. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dyslipidemia in expectant mothers and the risks of PTB. We studied 6963 mothers who gave birth at the International Peace Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine in 2020, among which, 437 women had PTB. We extracted clinical and lipid data from electronic records, using multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models to explore the link between lipid concentrations (by quartiles) in pregnancy stages and PTB risk. The PTB rate was 6.3%. Early pregnancy in the PTB group showed elevated ApoA, ApoB, CHOL, LDL, and TG levels compared to controls (all P < 0.05). Late pregnancy showed no notable lipid differences. Multivariable analysis revealed elevated ApoA, TG, higher age, BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2, hypertension, assisted reproductive technology and gestational diabetes as PTB risk factors (all P < 0.05). After adjustments, higher ApoA, ApoB, CHOL and TG levels correlated with increased PTB risk. Using the lowest quartile, the adjusted ORs for early pregnancy's highest quartile of ApoA, ApoB, CHOL and TG were 1.348, 1.442, 1.442 and 2.156, respectively. Our findings indicate that dyslipemia in early pregnancy, including elevated levels of ApoA, ApoB, CHOL and TG, are associated with PTB. Managing lipid abnormalities during pregnancy may help reduce the risk of PTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, fully transformer-based trackers have achieved impressive tracking results, but this also brings a great deal of computational complexity. Some researchers have applied token pruning techniques to fully transformer-based trackers to diminish the computational complexity, but this leads to missing contextual information that is important for the regression task in the tracker. In response to the above issue, this paper proposes a token fusion method that speeds up inference while avoiding information loss and thus improving the robustness of the tracker. Specifically, the input of the transformer's encoder contains search tokens and exemplar tokens, and the search tokens are divided into tracking object tokens and background tokens according to the similarity between search tokens and exemplar tokens. The tokens with greater similarity to the exemplar tokens are identified as tracking object tokens, and those with smaller similarity to the exemplar tokens are identified as background tokens. The tracking object tokens contain the discriminative features of the tracking object, for the sake of making the tracker pay more attention to the tracking object tokens while reducing the computational effort. All the tracking object tokens are kept, and then, the background tokens are weighted and fused to form new background tokens according to the attention weight of the background tokens to prevent the loss of contextual information. The token fusion method presented in this paper not only provides efficient inference of the tracker but also makes the tracker more robust. Extensive experiments are carried out on popular tracking benchmark datasets to verify the validity of the token fusion method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanjing Yunjin, a traditional Chinese silk weaving craft, is celebrated globally for its unique local characteristics and exquisite workmanship, forming an integral part of the world's intangible cultural heritage. However, with the advancement of information technology, the experiential knowledge of the Nanjing Yunjin production process is predominantly stored in text format. As a highly specialized and vertical domain, this information is not readily convert into usable data. Previous studies on a knowledge graph-based Nanjing Yunjin Question-Answering System have partially addressed this issue. However, knowledge graphs need to be constantly updated and rely on predefined entities and relationship types. Faced with ambiguous or complex natural language problems, knowledge graph information retrieval faces some challenges. Therefore, this study proposes a Nanjing Yunjin Question-Answering System that integrates Knowledge Graphs and Retrieval Augmented Generation techniques. In this system, the ROBERTA model is first utilized to vectorize Nanjing Yunjin textual information, delving deep into textual semantics to unveil its profound cultural connotations. Additionally, the FAISS vector database is employed for efficient storage and retrieval of Nanjing Yunjin information, achieving a deep semantic match between questions and answers. Ultimately, related retrieval results are fed into the Large Language Model for enhanced generation, aiming for more accurate text generation outcomes and improving the interpretability and logic of the Question-Answering System. This research merges technologies like text embedding, vectorized retrieval, and natural language generation, aiming to overcome the limitations of knowledge graphs-based Question-Answering System in terms of graph updating, dependency on predefined types, and semantic understanding. System implementation and testing have shown that the Nanjing Yunjin Intelligent Question-Answering System, constructed on the basis of Knowledge Graphs and Retrieval Augmented Generation, possesses a broader knowledge base that considers context, resolving issues of polysemy, vague language, and sentence ambiguity, and efficiently and accurately generates answers to natural language queries. This significantly facilitates the retrieval and utilization of Yunjin knowledge, providing a paradigm for constructing Question-Answering System for other intangible cultural heritages, and holds substantial theoretical and practical significance for the deep exploration and discovery of the knowledge structure of human intangible heritage, promoting cultural inheritance and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Drought stress profoundly hampers both plant growth and crop yield. To combat this, plants have evolved intricate transcriptional regulation mechanisms as a pivotal strategy.Through a genetic screening with rice genome‐scale mutagenesis pool under drought stress, we identified an APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor, namely OsERF103, positively responds to drought tolerance in rice. Combining chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA sequencing analyses, we pinpointed c. 1000 genes directly influenced by OsERF103.Further results revealed that OsERF103 interacts with Stress‐responsive NAC1 (SNAC1), a positive regulator of drought tolerance in rice, to synergistically regulate the expression of key drought‐related genes, such as OsbZIP23. Moreover, we found that OsERF103 recruits a Su(var)3‐9,enhancer of zeste and trithorax‐domain group protein 705, which encodes a histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4)‐specific methyltransferase to specifically affect the deposition of H3K4me3 at loci like OsbZIP23 and other genes linked to dehydration responses. Additionally, the natural alleles of OsERF103 are selected during the domestication of both indica and japonica rice varieties and exhibit significant geographic distribution.Collectively, our findings have unfurled a comprehensive mechanistic framework underlying the OsERF103‐mediated cascade regulation of drought response. This discovery not only enhances our understanding of drought signaling but also presents a promising avenue for the genetic improvement of drought‐tolerant rice cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase 2 (B4GALNT2) is a vital candidate gene that affects the growth traits in sheep. However, whether it has the same function in goats remains to be investigated further. This study selected 348 Nanjiang Yellow goats, screened all exons, and conserved non-coding regions of the B4GALNT2 gene for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our results revealed the presence of a synonymous mutation, rs672215506, within the exon of the B4GALNT2 gene in the Nanjiang Yellow goat population. The mutation resulted in a decrease in the mRNA stability of the B4GALNT2 gene. The results of SNP detection of the conserved non-coding region of the B4GALNT2 gene showed five potential regulatory SNPs in the Nanjiang Yellow goat population. Except for rs66095343, the ~500 bp fragments of the other four SNPs (rs649127714, rs649573228, rs652899012, and rs639183528) significantly increased the luciferase activity both in goat skeletal muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) and 293T cells. The genetic diversity indexes indicated low or intermediate levels for all six SNPs analyzed, and the genotype frequencies were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Association analysis showed that rs660965343, rs649127714, and rs649573228 significantly correlate with growth traits in the later stage of growth and development of Nanjiang Yellow goats. The haplotype combinations of H2H3 and H2H2 had higher body weight and greater body size. Moreover, H2H2 haplotype combinations significantly correlated with the litter size of the Nanjiang Yellow goats. The results of our study demonstrate the potential role of the B4GALNT2 gene as a functional genetic marker in the breeding programs of Nanjiang Yellow goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apetala2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) gene family plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development and responding to different abiotic stresses (e.g., drought, heat, cold, and salinity). However, the knowledge of the ERF family in pearl millet remains limited. Here, a total of 167 high-confidence PgERF genes are identified and divided into five subgroups based on gene-conserved structure and phylogenetic analysis. Forty-one pairs of segmental duplication are found using collinear analysis. Nucleotide substitution analysis reveals these duplicated pairs are under positive purification, indicating they are actively responding to natural selection. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis reveals that PgERF genesare preferentially expressed in the imbibed seeds and stem (tilling stage) and respond to heat, drought, and salt stress. Prediction of the cis-regulatory element by the PlantCARE program indicates that PgERF genes are involved in responses to environmental stimuli. Using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), expression profiles of eleven selected PgERF genes are monitored in various tissues and during different abiotic stresses. Transcript levels of each PgERF gene exhibit significant changes during stress treatments. Notably, the PgERF7 gene is the only candidate that can be induced by all adverse conditions. Furthermore, four PgERF genes (i.e., PgERF22, PgERF37, PgERF88, and PgERF155) are shown to be involved in the ABA-dependent signaling pathway. These results provide useful bioinformatic and transcriptional information for understanding the roles of the pearl millet ERF gene family in adaptation to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSmartwatch comfort is a fundamental factor that significantly influences the user experience and provides crucial guidance for the evolution of wearable technology. However, there is currently a lack of a comprehensive theoretical model to describe the dimensions of smartwatch comfort and their corresponding influencing factors. Therefore, the present study employed a bottom-up grounded theory approach to construct a user-centered model for smartwatch comfort. Through the coding of in-depth interviews with 64 smartwatch users, we discovered that smartwatch comfort encompasses both physiological dimensions (e.g., pressure and foreign body sensation) and psychological dimensions (e.g., perceived intelligence and satisfaction of needs). Furthermore, the features of smartwatches, including physical attributes (e.g., size and material) and functionalities (e.g., interoperability and automation capabilities), directly impact the comfort experience. Additionally, individual and contextual factors can explain variations in the comfort experience of smartwatches. Users with different physiological characteristics (e.g., wrist size and body sensitivity) and psychological needs (e.g., utilitarian or hedonic needs) are influenced differently by the factors of smartwatches that affect their comfort experience. The adaptability of smartwatches across different contexts (including task context, social context, and temporal context) is also a significant influencing factor on comfort. This substantive grounded theory provides crucial guidance for the selection of core variables in future quantitative research and contributes to the development of smarter, more comfortable, and user-centric smartwatches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the preparation of robust and transparent poly(butenyl sorbate) (PBS) membranes (PBS-R) was studied in terms of their CO2/CH4 separation performance. The organocatalytic group transfer polymerization of butenyl sorbate was used for the synthesis of PBS with a designed molecular weight and a moderate molecular weight distribution. For the first time, facile fabrication of PBS-R was achieved through thiol-ene addition between the butenyl groups of PBS and dithiols under 365-nm ultraviolet irradiation. The mechanical properties and CO2/CH4 separation performance of the PBS-R membranes were controlled by introducing an amino-triazole functional group and regulating the length and bulkiness of the dithiol spacers during thiol-ene addition. The amino and triazole groups of the PBS-R membrane showed high affinity to CO2, thereby increasing the CO2/CH4 permselectivity from 9.18 to 10.8 and the CO2 permeability from 127 to 142 barrer. The effect of tensile strength on CO2 permeability was evaluated by preparing PBS-R membranes using dithiols with two rigid benzene rings as spacers and flexible spacers. In addition, the effect of the spacer structure on the permselectivity of PBS-R was investigated using 1,4-butanedithiol, 2,2′-oxydiethanethiol, 1,8-octanedithiol, 1,4-benzenedithiol, and 4,4′-thiobisbenzenethiol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloroform or trichloromethane is one of the trihalomethanes formed during disinfection of water with chlorine, and residues of chloroform can be detected in foods and food products due to the use of chlorinated drinking water and disinfecting food processing equipment with chlorine-based disinfectants. In this study, chloroform was detected in 37 (or 23%) of the 159 composite food samples from the 2014 Canadian Total Diet Study, but was not detected in cereals, fruits, fast foods, and most of the meat samples. Chloroform was detected in almost all 14 composite samples of dairy products, with the highest level (58 ng/g) observed in butter, followed by cream (26 ng/g), and cheese (12–21 ng/g). Chloroform was detected in tap water (23 and 29 ng/g) and most of the beverage samples, but concentrations were lower than those reported in other studies possibly due to evaporation during the preparation of the composite samples. Dietary exposures to chloroform are higher for younger age groups (0.51–1.41 µg/kg body weight/day) than for adults (0.25–0.42 µg/kg body weight/day). Drinking water contributed most to daily intakes for all age groups, accounting for between 62% and 86% of the total chloroform dietary intakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the abilities two kinds of algae, Scenedesmus and Microcystis aeruginosa, and two kinds of bacteria, Rhodococcus and Raoultella planticola, to remove oestradiol when in a symbiotic system were investigated. The effects of the combined systems as well as the effects of each bacterium and algae alone were examined. We then compared the improvements from the bacteria-algae symbiosis systems with Microcystis aeruginosa and Raoultella planticola. The results showed that the oestradiol removal rate of the best system was 97.6%, while that from the Microcystis aeruginosa and Raoultella planticola system was 89%. Oestradiol has an effect on algal growth. The effects of algae on the growth of degrading bacteria were investigated. Degrading bacteria can affect the growth of algae. The symbiosis of bacteria and algae effectively removed oestradiol, with a removal rate that reached 97.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the two-scale design optimization of graded plates with variable-height parallelogram microstructures based on asymptotic homogenization. First, updated unit cell problems, with an emphasis on rotational degrees of freedom, are proposed to evaluate shell-structured microstructures, so that a pointwise effective stiffness calculation can be efficiently conducted with shell elements, which is otherwise computationally prohibitive with solid elements. Then, a two-scale optimization framework seeking minimum compliance is established, where the design variables controlling both in-plane parallelogram shape and out-of-plane stiffener height are introduced to enlarge the design space. In addition, mapping functions are integrated into the optimization formulation and concurrently optimized, enabling the production of well-defined dehomogenized plates. Finally, numerical examples are presented to validate the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method by comparing the deflections of the graded plates with those of the homogenized plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prohibitin 2 (PHB2) exhibits opposite functions of promoting or inhibiting tumour across various cancer types. In this study, we aim to investigate its functions and underlying mechanisms in the context of gastric cancer (GC). Methods: PHB2 protein expression levels in GC and normal tissues were examined using western blot and immunohistochemistry. PHB2 expression level associations with patient outcomes were examined through Kaplan–Meier plotter analysis utilizing GEO datasets (GSE14210 and GSE29272). The biological role of PHB2 and its subsequent regulatory mechanisms were elucidated in vitro and in vivo. GC cell viability and proliferation were assessed using MTT cell viability analysis, clonogenic assays, and BrdU incorporation assays, while the growth of GC xenografted tumours was measured via IHC staining of Ki67. The interaction among PHB2 and SHIP2, as well as between SHIP2 and NEDD4, was identified through co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down assays, and deletion-mapping experiments. SHIP2 ubiquitination and degradation were assessed using cycloheximide treatment, plasmid transfection and co-immunoprecipitation, followed by western blot analysis. Results: Our analysis revealed a substantial increase in PHB2 expression in GC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Notably, higher PHB2 levels correlated with poorer patient outcomes, suggesting its clinical relevance. Functionally, silencing PHB2 in GC cells significantly reduced cell proliferation and retarded GC tumour growth, whereas overexpression of PHB2 further enhanced GC cell proliferation. Mechanistically, PHB2 physically interacted with Src homology 2-containing inositol 5-phosphatase 2 (SHIP2) in the cytoplasm of GC cells, thus leading to SHIP2 degradation via its novel E3 ligase NEDD4. It subsequently activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and thus promoted GC cell proliferation. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of PHB2 upregulation in driving GC progression and its association with adverse patient outcomes. Understanding the functional impact of PHB2 on GC growth contributes valuable insights into the molecular underpinnings of GC and may pave the way for the development of targeted therapies to improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of simple and efficient visible light photocatalytic catalysts for hydrogen production from water is an important development direction in the field of photocatalysis, and composite two-dimensional materials are found to be promising candidates. This paper constructs a novel two-dimensional MoSe 2 /PtSe 2 type-II heterojunction and systematically studies its geometric structure, electronic structure, and optical properties by first-principles calculation. It is evident that the heterojunction has good thermodynamic, kinetic, and mechanical stability, as well as excellent hole carrier mobility, which is conducive to the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. The optical properties show that MoSe 2 /PtSe 2 heterojunction has the best optical absorption efficiency for visible light and has the ability to cross the water-cracking oxidation-reduction potential at pH = 4. More importantly, the MoSe 2 /PtSe 2 heterojunction shows great hydrogen absorption reaction performance, indicating that it is a potential photocatalyst for overall water splitting of visible light, and has broad application prospects in the field of photocatalysis and optoelectronics. [Display omitted] • The design of a novel type-II MoSe 2 /PtSe 2 heterojunction. • MoSe 2 /PtSe 2 heterostructure can drive overall water splitting at pH = 4. • Thermodynamic feasibilities of HER and OER are confirmed by the Gibbs free energies. • This work broadens the field of vision for the preparation of highly efficient photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPrevious research on hit-and-run crashes employed regression methods or machine learning techniques. However, regression methods necessitate preestablished model formulations, making it challenging to accommodate intricate nonlinear effects. In contrast, machine learning methods are characterized as black box systems, lacking interpretability. Thus, we propose an innovative analytical framework that combines data-driven machine learning algorithms with emerging interpretation techniques. The complex nonlinear effects of various factors on hit-and-run crashes are investigated by employing post hoc interpretation techniques, specifically, Shapley Additive exPlanations and accumulated local effect. The results demonstrate that machine learning algorithms are superior in accounting for complex relationships among influencing factors and identifying hit-and-run crashes. The quantitative importance of various factors is estimated and compared to reveal key determinants such as visibility, road location, and accident liability. The complex effects of different factors on hit-and-run crashes are unveiled, delineating quantitative piecewise nonlinear patterns. These patterns, which are difficult to capture using conventional regression models with predefined formulations, shed light on the nuanced dynamics of hit-and-run crashes. This research offers quantitative analysis and data-supported insights for transportation agencies and police departments to proactively mitigate hit-and-run crashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune rejection is a significant concern in organ transplantation, as it can lead to damage to and failure of the transplanted organ. To prevent or treat immune rejection, transplant recipients are commonly administered immunosuppressive drugs. Tacrolimus (FK506) is a widely used immunosuppressive drug in organ transplantation. The excessive formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can contribute to inflammation and tissue damage. Although NETs play an antimicrobial role, their overproduction can be harmful. To investigate the mechanism by which FK506 suppresses immune rejection, we utilized HL-60 cells, which were differentiated into neutrophils using DMSO and induced to form NETs with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a very efficient and frequently used drug for inducing NET formation. By comparing pre- and post-treatment with FK506, we examined whether FK506 affects the formation of NETs. Various experimental techniques were employed, including confocal imaging for visualizing cell NETs, qPCR and Western blotting for gene and protein expression analyses, ELISAs for protein content detection, and LC-MS/MS for methylation detection. In our study, we discovered that FK506 can enhance DNA methylation, which likely contributes to the reduction in NETs. Genes and proteins related to methylation, namely, DNMT3B and TET3, exhibited significant correlations with methylation. Consistent changes in both genes and proteins suggest that DNMT3B and TET3 are key factors that are influenced by FK506, resulting in enhanced DNA methylation and the potential inhibition of PMA-induced NET production. In summary, we have identified a novel mechanism by which FK506 inhibits NET production through the enhancement of DNA methylation. This finding highlights a new aspect of FK506′s immunosuppressive effect. Our results provide valuable insights for clinical research, immunosuppression, and organ preservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving three-dimensional (3D) localization precision is of paramount importance for super-resolution imaging. By properly engineering the point spread function (PSF), such as utilizing Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) modes and their superposition, the ultimate limits of 3D localization precision can be enhanced. However, achieving these limits is challenging, as it often involves complicated detection strategies and practical limitations. In this work, we rigorously derive the ultimate 3D localization limits of LG modes and their superposition, specifically rotation modes, in the multi-parameter estimation framework. Our findings reveal that a significant portion of the information required for achieving 3D super-localization of LG modes can be obtained through feasible intensity detection. Moreover, the 3D ultimate precision can be achieved when the azimuthal index l is zero. To provide a proof-of-principle demonstration, we develop an iterative maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm that converges to the 3D position of a point source, considering the pixelation and detector noise. The experimental implementation exhibits an improvement of up to two-fold in lateral localization precision and up to twenty-fold in axial localization precision when using LG modes compared to Gaussian mode. We also showcase the superior axial localization capability of the rotation mode within the near-focus region, effectively overcoming the limitations encountered by single LG modes. Notably, in the presence of realistic aberration, the algorithm robustly achieves the Cramér-Rao lower bound. Our findings provide valuable insights for evaluating and optimizing the achievable 3D localization precision, which will facilitate the advancements in super-resolution microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parabolic equations (PEs) are useful for modeling sound propagation in a range-dependent environment. However, this approach entails approximating a leading-order cross-derivative term in the PE square-root operators. Deep operator networks (DeepONets) are designed to approximate operators. In this paper, we train DeepONets to take complex sound pressure and speed of sound at any depth location of interest as inputs and approximate the PE square operator in modeling two-dimensional sound propagation. Once trained, a network can predict the far field for a wide variety of environmental conditions, without needing to approximate the operator or calculate the whole mode trajectory and at a lower computational cost. The original DeepONet learns the operator of a single function. By contrast, the modified version presented here learns multiple-input operators with Fourier features. Using computational and theoretical examples, we demonstrate that DeepONet is efficient for learning complex ocean acoustic physics with good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The stability of gardenia blue is challenged under light and heat. Gardenia blue was designed to be stablised using gelatin, magnesium stearate and sorbitol, and the stabilisation effects and food application were investigated. Effect of sorbitol was studied by CIELab colorimeter, particle size meter, SEM, absorbance, FTIR, XRD, Raman spectrum, and rheometer. Appropriate‐content sorbitol could effectively enhance colour, and promote the UV irradiation stability of gardenia blue encapsulated complex systems, which is mainly owing to the hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic interactions among components. These interactions induced by sorbitol also facilitated the shear‐thinning properties and excellent thermal stability of the complex systems. When writing & drawing on food, and 2D/3D printing food, the complex sample demonstrated the clear colour and outstanding effects. The gardenia blue based complex systems provide some reference for stabilising natural functional materials and illustrates potential application value in food decoration and food functionalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanjing Yunjin, one of China's traditional silk weaving techniques, is renowned for its unique local characteristics and exquisite craftsmanship, and was included in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2009. However, with rapid development in weaving technology, ever-changing market demands, and shifting public aesthetics, Nanjing Yunjin, as an intangible cultural heritage, faces the challenge of survival and inheritance. Addressing this issue requires efficient storage, management, and utilization of Yunjin knowledge to enhance public understanding and recognition of Yunjin culture. In this study, we have constructed an intelligent question-answering system for Nanjing Yunjin digital resources based on knowledge graph, utilizing the Neo4j graph database for efficient organization, storage, and protection of Nanjing Yunjin knowledge, thereby revealing its profound cultural connotations. Furthermore, we adopted deep learning algorithms for natural language parsing. Specifically, we adopted BERT-based intent recognition technology to categorize user queries by intent, and we employed the BERT + BiGRU + CRF model for entity recognition. By comparing with BERT + BILSTM + CRF, BERT + CRF and BILSTM + CRF models, our model demonstrated superior performance in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score, substantiating the superiority and effectiveness of this model. Finally, based on the parsed results of the question, we constructed knowledge graph query statements, executed by the Cypher language, and the processed query results were fed back to the users in natural language. Through system implementation and testing, multiple indices including system response time, stability, load condition, accuracy, and scalability were evaluated. The experimental results indicated that the Nanjing Yunjin intelligent question-answering system, built on the knowledge graph, is able to efficiently and accurately generate answers to user's natural language queries, greatly facilitating the retrieval and utilization of Yunjin knowledge. This not only reinforces the transmission, promotion, and application of Yunjin culture but also provides a paradigm for constructing other intangible cultural heritage question-answering systems based on knowledge graphs. This has substantial theoretical and practical significance for deeply exploring and uncovering the knowledge structure of human intangible heritage, promoting cultural inheritance and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanjing Yunjin, one of China's traditional silk weaving techniques, is renowned for its unique local characteristics and exquisite craftsmanship, and was included in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2009. However, with rapid development in weaving technology, ever-changing market demands, and shifting public aesthetics, Nanjing Yunjin, as an intangible cultural heritage, faces the challenge of survival and inheritance. Addressing this issue requires efficient storage, management, and utilization of Yunjin knowledge to enhance public understanding and recognition of Yunjin culture. In this study, we have constructed an intelligent question-answering system for Nanjing Yunjin digital resources based on knowledge graph, utilizing the Neo4j graph database for efficient organization, storage, and protection of Nanjing Yunjin knowledge, thereby revealing its profound cultural connotations. Furthermore, we adopted deep learning algorithms for natural language parsing. Specifically, we adopted BERT-based intent recognition technology to categorize user queries by intent, and we employed the BERT + BiGRU + CRF model for entity recognition. By comparing with BERT + BILSTM + CRF, BERT + CRF and BILSTM + CRF models, our model demonstrated superior performance in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score, substantiating the superiority and effectiveness of this model. Finally, based on the parsed results of the question, we constructed knowledge graph query statements, executed by the Cypher language, and the processed query results were fed back to the users in natural language. Through system implementation and testing, multiple indices including system response time, stability, load condition, accuracy, and scalability were evaluated. The experimental results indicated that the Nanjing Yunjin intelligent question-answering system, built on the knowledge graph, is able to efficiently and accurately generate answers to user's natural language queries, greatly facilitating the retrieval and utilization of Yunjin knowledge. This not only reinforces the transmission, promotion, and application of Yunjin culture but also provides a paradigm for constructing other intangible cultural heritage question-answering systems based on knowledge graphs. This has substantial theoretical and practical significance for deeply exploring and uncovering the knowledge structure of human intangible heritage, promoting cultural inheritance and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Human–robot interactions (HRIs) are significantly influenced by the personality of robots. However, research on robot personality from the perspective of big data text mining remains scarce. To address this gap, our study delves into the portrayal of Big Five personality traits in robots across millions of Google Books, spanning from 1920 to 2019. In this study, we identify intriguing trends in how robot personalities have been described over the years. Notably, we observe that the trait of openness has consistently been the most frequently cited Big Five personality factor throughout the twentieth century. Following closely are conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, and neuroticism. However, a noteworthy shift occurs in the late twentieth century, where extraversion garners increasing attention, ultimately becoming the most prominent Big Five personality factor after 2010. Furthermore, our analysis uncovers a fascinating positivity bias in the portrayal of robot personality. Robots are more commonly depicted as extroverted rather than introverted and open rather than reserved. These trends also correlate with the evolution of core personality words. For instance, the term intellectual robot gradually yields to intelligent robot over the course of the twentieth century. Additionally, in the twenty-first century, social robot emerges as the most prevailing topic. Understanding the interplay between human records and their perception of robot personalities provides valuable insights into both real descriptions and ideal expectations of robots. This research serves as a critical reference for further advancements in robot personality studies, shedding light on the dynamic nature of HRIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic technology provides a promising approach for energy storage, conversion, and utilization. The design and modification of electrocatalysts have been widely applied to improve the performance of electrocatalytic reactions, but bottlenecks can be entered that make it hard to make dramatic progress. The achievement of high‐performance electrocatalysis requires a continuous effort in advancing the new techniques. The introduction of external fields is an attractive approach to improve the mass transfer and change the reaction kinetics, which can remarkably enhance the electrocatalytic performance. This review describes the recent developments in the application of various external fields, including light, magnetic fields, elastic strain, external pressure, and gravity, to boost electrocatalytic reactions (e.g., water splitting, alcohols oxidation, CO2 reduction, and N2 reduction). The relevant mechanisms of external fields to boost charge transport, mass transfer, and the adsorption of reactants are highlighted. Finally, the remaining challenges and future opportunities for coupling external fields with electrocatalysis are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated control of radiated and reflected electromagnetic (EM) waves is of great importance in information science and engineering, which are mostly achieved by elaborately integrating metasurfaces and antennas. However, most of the radiation‐reflection‐integrated designs remain difficulties to modulate the radiated waves directly without cascading additional radio‐frequency (RF) modules. More importantly, the completely independent control of radiated waves and in‐band co‐polarized reflected waves has rarely been achieved. Herein, direct, dynamic and integrated control of radiated waves and in‐band co‐polarized reflected waves is realized merely by a single programmable metasurface. The radiation‐reflection‐integrated programmable metasurface (RRIPM) can dynamically choose to radiate EM waves only or reflect incident EM waves only, and even dynamically modulate the radiation phases and reflection phases, thus realizing arbitrary radiation functions and in‐band co‐polarized reflection functions without crosstalk. To illustrate the capabilities of RRIPM, an ultra‐compact and broadband RRIPM prototype is designed and fabricated, and this is used for the radiation and reflection of multiple beams with arbitrary energy distributions, low‐gain‐fluctuation reflection‐beam scanning, and low‐side‐lobe‐level broadside radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multidepot capacitated vehicle routing problem aims to serve customers' demands using a fleet of capacitated vehicles located in multiple depots, such that the total travel cost of the vehicles is minimized. We study a variant of this problem, the k-depot split delivery vehicle routing problem (or k-DSDVRP in short), for the situation where each customer's demand can be served by more than one vehicle, and the total number of depots, denoted by k ≥ 2 , is a fixed constant. This is a challenging problem with broad applications in the logistics industry, for which no constant ratio approximation algorithm is known. We develop a new approximation algorithm for the k-DSDVRP, ensuring an approximation ratio of (6 − 4 / k) and a polynomial running time for any fixed constant k ≥ 2. To achieve this, we propose a novel solution framework based on a new relaxation of the problem, a cycle splitting procedure, and a vehicle assignment procedure. To further enhance its efficiency for practical usage, we adapt the newly developed approximation algorithm to a heuristic, which runs in polynomial time even when k is arbitrarily large. Experimental results show that this heuristic outperforms a commercial optimization solver and a standard vehicle routing heuristic. Moreover, our newly proposed solution framework can be applied to developing new constant ratio approximation algorithms for several other variants of the k-DSDVRP with k ≥ 2 being a fixed constant. History: Accepted by Erwin Pesch, Area Editor for Heuristic Search & Approximation Algorithms. Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 71971177, 71725001, U1811462], Research Grants Council of Hong Kong SAR, China [Grant 15221619], and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation [Grant 2023A1515030260]. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2021.0193. The software that supports the findings of this study is available within the paper and its Supplemental Information (https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/suppl/10.1287/ijoc.2021.0193) as well as from the IJOC GitHub software repository (https://github.com/INFORMSJoC/2021.0193). The complete IJOC Software and Data Repository is available at https://informsjoc.github.io/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the aerodynamic forces on a 600-m-high supertall building based on field measurements during Super Typhoon Mangkhut and wind tunnel test on a 1∶500 scaled model of the monitored building. The local wind force coefficients and their power spectral densities obtained by the full-scale measurements and the model experiment are compared and discussed. The comparative study shows that the wind tunnel test provides conservative mean local drag coefficients and root-mean-square (RMS) local lift coefficients, whereas for the RMS local drag coefficients, the model experiment reproduces smaller predictions at higher levels than those from the onsite measurements. Moreover, to explore the deviations between the full-scale and model-scale results, the Reynolds number effects in the range of 5.5×104 to 1.8×108 on the local wind forces and the Strouhal number are investigated. It is found that the Reynolds number has evident effects on the local wind force coefficients, although its influence on the Strouhal number is negligible. This combined study of field measurements and wind tunnel test aims to enhance the understanding of the aerodynamic forces on high-rise buildings during strong windstorms and provide useful information for the wind-resistant design of supertall buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the linear quadratic optimal control problem for the time-delay stochastic system with partial information. The main contribution is to derive the equivalent solvability condition and give the explicitly optimal controller under partial information in terms of the Riccati equations. The key is to explicitly solve the forward and backward stochastic difference equations with partial information, which is derived from the stochastic maximum principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuing material with excellent irradiation resistance, high chemical durability, and stable mechanical properties under extreme conditions is of great significance for developing irradiation-resistant materials. Herein, a novel irradiation-resistant high-entropy fluorite oxide (Nd 0.2 Sm 0.2 Gd 0.2 Dy 0.2 Er 0.2) 2 Ce 2 O 7 is reported. After 9-MeV Au ion irradiation with ion fluence of 2.7 × 1015 and 4.5 × 1015 ions/cm2, the high-entropy (Nd 0.2 Sm 0.2 Gd 0.2 Dy 0.2 Er 0.2) 2 Ce 2 O 7 shows excellent phase stability without phase decomposition and transformation. In comparison with Nd 2 Ce 2 O 7 , the high-entropy (Nd 0.2 Sm 0.2 Gd 0.2 Dy 0.2 Er 0.2) 2 Ce 2 O 7 possesses much less amorphization and lattice expansion, suggesting its improved irradiation resistance. No pronounced variation in Raman spectra can be detected in the post-irradiated structure, implying rarely structural shift arises in high-entropy (Nd 0.2 Sm 0.2 Gd 0.2 Dy 0.2 Er 0.2) 2 Ce 2 O 7. After irradiation, there is no irradiation-induced segregation at grain boundaries or inside the grains of high-entropy (Nd 0.2 Sm 0.2 Gd 0.2 Dy 0.2 Er 0.2) 2 Ce 2 O 7. The nanoindentation tests reveal that the mechanical properties of the high-entropy fluorite oxide rarely degrade. The results, along with the insight into the mechanism of heavy-ion irradiation resistance, provide insight for the subsequent research on the heavy-ion irradiation of high-entropy ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we assessed the diagnostic efficiency of artificial intelligence (AI) models in detecting temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) using radiographic imaging data. Based upon the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of studies published between January 2010 and January 2023 was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. Articles on the accuracy of AI to detect TMJOA or degenerative changes by radiographic imaging were selected. The characteristics and diagnostic information of each article were extracted. The quality of studies was assessed by the QUADAS-2 tool. Pooled data for sensitivity, specificity, and summary receiver operating characteristic curve (SROC) were calculated. Of 513 records identified through a database search, six met the inclusion criteria and were collected. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were 80%, 90%, and 92%, respectively. Substantial heterogeneity between AI models mainly arose from imaging modality, ethnicity, sex, techniques of AI, and sample size. This article confirmed AI models have enormous potential for diagnosing TMJOA automatically through radiographic imaging. Therefore, AI models appear to have enormous potential to diagnose TMJOA automatically using radiographic images. However, further studies are needed to evaluate AI more thoroughly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell invasion/migration through three‐dimensional (3D) tissues is not only essential for physiological/pathological processes, but a hallmark of cancer malignancy. However, how to quantify spatiotemporal dynamics of 3D cell migration/invasion is challenging. Here, this work reports a 3D cell invasion/migration assay (3D‐CIMA) based on electromechanical coupling chip systems, which can monitor spatiotemporal dynamics of 3D cell invasion/migration in a real‐time, label‐free, nondestructive, and high‐throughput way. In combination with 3D topological networks and complex impedance detection technology, this work shows that 3D‐CIMA can quantitively characterize collective invasion/migration dynamics of cancer cells in 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) with controllable biophysical/biomechanical properties. More importantly, this work further reveals that it has the capability to not only carry out quantitative evaluation of anti‐tumor drugs in 3D microenvironments that minimize the impact of cell culture dimensions, but also grade clinical cancer specimens. The proposed 3D‐CIMA offers a new quantitative methodology for investigating cell interactions with 3D extracellular microenvironments, which has potential applications in various fields like mechanobiology, drug screening, and even precision medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent Chinese involvement in small-scale gold mining in Ghana has received wide publicity and scholarly attention. While the literature has focused on environmental sustainability, political accountability, and institutional reforms, it is yet to examine local adoption of Chinese technology and its impact on Ghana's rural economy. We argue that it is in the interstices between the formal economy and entrepreneurship within the informal economy that opportunities for Chinese interventions emerge. Using evidence from Manso Akropong in the Ashanti region and Bole in the Savannah region, this article shows that, while Chinese technology's impact is transformative, the outcomes are divergent in different regions. In Manso Akropong, the intensification of mining backed by Ghanaian–Chinese collaborations has led to the environmental destruction, creating competition between gold mining and cocoa farming that had underpinned Ghana's rural prosperity. In Bole, where less aggressive Chinese technology such as Changfa and rubber mats are incorporated without direct Chinese participation, a more sustainable pattern of growth has emerged. This comparative study suggests that besides the large-scale projects and state-led training programmes, grassroots actors like informal artisanal miners are at the forefront of technology transfer in the China–Africa encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotating spokes commonly occur in partially magnetized plasma devices. This work explores the evolution from the gradient drift instability into an m = 1 rotating spoke mode in a magnetically enhanced hollow cathode discharge (with emissive cathode) by means of 2D radial-azimuthal particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision simulations. It is shown that the formation of the spoke potential hump region can be explained as a result of the local collapse of the anode sheath due to the gradient drift instability, which is triggered within the anode sheath. The sheath non-neutrality effect on the instability is considered and incorporated in the two-fluid linear theory of gradient drift instability. The unstable modes predicted by the theory are in good agreement with the fluctuation modes developed in the particle simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most important journal for ESP research, The ESP Journal/English for Specific Purposes (ESPJ) is now more than 40 years old, having been launched in 1980. With source data from 705 articles published between 1980 and 2019 in ESPJ , we set out to trace the development of the journal in terms of the most frequently explored topics, the most highly cited ESPJ articles and the references of ESPJ articles, plus the changes in contributors with regard to countries/regions. The topic analyses highlight two broad trends in ESPJ over four decades. The first trend is the significantly increased focus on the analyses of target language varieties, which has grown in both research scope and depth. The second trend appears to be a shift from the coverage of a wide range of teaching issues in the 1980s to the primacy of writing and literacy since the 2000s. Given that the ability to use the target language variety to communicate effectively in writing is a main objective for the majority of ESP learners, ESPJ has been playing a leading role in the field by focusing more on issues central to this aspect of ESP teaching. • This is a bibliometric analysis tracing the development of ESPJ over forty years. • The analysis shows that ESPJ has grown in both thematic and geographical coverage. • The most important topics center on target language varieties, writing, and literacy. • By focusing on the central issues, ESPJ has been playing a leading role in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stacked two-dimensional materials with suitable band gap are crucial for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Here, using first-principles calculations, the GeC/MoSi 2 N 4 heterojunction with a band gap of 1.80 eV is calculated thoroughly. The indirect band alignment of Z-scheme and high carrier mobility boost the separation of electron-hole pairs, allowing more electrons and holes participating in the reactions. Additionally, the band-edge potential perfectly satisfies the requirements for redox potential of water splitting. Furthermore, the Gibbs free energy (−0.552 eV) close to zero indicates the heterojunction can conduct HER exceedingly well, providing a guarantee for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Remarkably, the light absorption coefficient peak is about 1.39 × 105 cm−1 within the visible light range enables the heterojunction to absorb more visible light from the spectrum. In short, results demonstrate the GeC/MoSi 2 N 4 heterojunction is a promising photocatalyst for visible light water splitting, which will pave the way for the development of water splitting hydrogen production. [Display omitted] • The design of a novel indirect Z-scheme GeC/MoSi 2 N 4 hetero-junction. • The GeC/MoSi 2 N 4 heterojunction satisfies the redox potential for photocatalytic water splitting from pH = 0 to pH = 7. • The high carrier mobility enhances the photocatalytic performance of GeC/MoSi 2 N 4 heterojunction. • The GeC/MoSi 2 N 4 heterojunction is a potential high-efficiency photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that the industry already abandoned the use of bisphenol A (BPA)-based epoxy resins as internal coatings for some canned food products (e.g. infant formula, soups). The presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foods has also been extensively investigated, especially since late 2000. However, information on temporal trends of BPA occurrence in foods is very limited. It is not clear if BPA-based epoxy resins are still being used in internal coating for many other canned foods and if the overall exposure to BPA through consumption of canned foods has significantly decreased. As part of the Canadian total diet study (TDS) program, we have been analysing food samples for BPA since 2008. In this study, results of BPA in samples of different composite canned foods from 2008–2020 TDS were reported. Clear temporal trends were observed for canned fish and soups, with BPA levels being significantly reduced since 2014 for canned fish products and 2017 for canned soups. Temporal trends were not observed for canned evaporated milk, luncheon meats, and vegetables, with even the highest levels of BPA being detected in recent samples for evaporated milk (57 ng/g), luncheon meats (56 ng/g), and baked beans (103 ng/g). This seems to indicate that BPA-based epoxy resins are still being used in the internal coatings for these canned foods products. Thus, analysis of canned food samples for BPA should be continued for exposure assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different aging conditions have an important influence on the performance of carbon fiber composites. In this study, the properties of three-dimensional woven carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composites were investigated and analyzed in three different aging environments (distilled water immersion, 30% H2SO4 solution immersion, and 10% NaOH solution immersion) at 60°C. Mass change, moisture absorption change, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), surface morphology before and after aging, glass transition temperature (Tg), compression properties, bending properties, and interlayer shear properties were analyzed. The results showed that the immersion in 10% NaOH solution made the specimens destroyed and the aging process was chemically changed. Distilled water immersion and 30% H2SO4 solution immersion moisture absorption rate to meet the FICK law, the aging process only physical changes. The surface of the composite specimens under the three aging conditions produced different degrees of cracks and different degrees of debonding at the interface between the fibers and the resin matrix. The Tg, flexural properties, interlaminar shear properties, and compressive properties of the aged specimens all showed different degrees of degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the carbide boronizing reaction, B 4 C-(Hf,Zr,Ta,Nb,Ti)B 2 composites were prepared by reactive and non-reactive spark plasma sintering using self-synthesized (Hf,Zr,Ta,Nb,Ti)C and compared with previously reported B 4 C-(Hf,Zr,Ta,Nb,Ti)B 2 composites prepared by reactive spark plasma sintering using corresponding 5 commercial individual transition metal carbides. Irrespective of sintering methods, B 4 C-(Hf,Zr,Ta,Nb,Ti)B 2 prepared by using the self-synthesized (Hf,Zr,Ta,Nb,Ti)C powder presented higher relative densities, smaller grain sizes, a more homogeneous elemental distribution and higher Vickers' hardness than the materials available in the literature. However, compared with reactive spark plasma sintering, B 4 C-(Hf,Zr,Ta,Nb,Ti)B 2 prepared by non-reactive spark plasma sintering had a more uniform phase distribution, leading to the higher Vickers hardness up to about 30 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of aqueous Zn ion batteries (AZIBs) is highly dependent on inner Helmholtz plane (IHP) chemistry. Notorious parasitic reactions containing hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) and Zn dendrites both originate from abundant free H2O and random Zn deposition inside active IHP. Here, we report a universal high donor number (DN) additive pyridine (Py) with only 1 vol. % addition (Py‐to‐H2O volume ratio), for regulating molecule distribution inside IHP. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation verify that incorporated Py additive could tailor Zn2+ solvation sheath and exclude H2O molecules from IHP effectively, which is in favor of preventing H2O decomposition. Consequently, even at extreme conditions such as high depth of discharge (DOD) of 80 %, the symmetric cell based on Py additive can sustain approximately 500 h long‐term stability. This efficient strategy with high DN additives furnishes a promising direction for designing novel electrolytes and promoting the practical application of AZIBs, despite inevitably introducing trace organic additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of aqueous Zn ion batteries (AZIBs) is highly dependent on inner Helmholtz plane (IHP) chemistry. Notorious parasitic reactions containing hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) and Zn dendrites both originate from abundant free H2O and random Zn deposition inside active IHP. Here, we report a universal high donor number (DN) additive pyridine (Py) with only 1 vol. % addition (Py‐to‐H2O volume ratio), for regulating molecule distribution inside IHP. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation verify that incorporated Py additive could tailor Zn2+ solvation sheath and exclude H2O molecules from IHP effectively, which is in favor of preventing H2O decomposition. Consequently, even at extreme conditions such as high depth of discharge (DOD) of 80 %, the symmetric cell based on Py additive can sustain approximately 500 h long‐term stability. This efficient strategy with high DN additives furnishes a promising direction for designing novel electrolytes and promoting the practical application of AZIBs, despite inevitably introducing trace organic additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the demand of rapid monitoring of pollution gas disorganized emissions in industrial parks, this paper studies the solar fast tracker system of vehicle-mounted SOF-FTIR (Solar Occultation Flux Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) system, where the spectrometer directly measures the broadband absorption spectrum of solar radiation light. A fast portable solar tracking system based on PSD (position sensitive detector) is designed, the mathematical model of solar spot position on the PSD surface source is established, and the optimal optical design parameters are simulated using the model. The dead-zone integral separation PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) control algorithm is used to track the trajectory of the solar, and the light spot position model is used to nonlinearly compensate the output of PID control so that the PID controller has the same control precision and response speed in different error areas. Experimental analysis of the solar tracking performance of the vehicle-mounted SOF-FTIR under static and dynamic conditions, as well as the spectral effects on the measurements under static vehicle, constant speed, and turning driving conditions. The remote sensing application experiment of vehicle-mounted SOF-FTIR pollution gas emission flux was carried out in a tire factory in Hefei City, Anhui Province. A vehicle-mounted SOF-FTIR system realized the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pollution gas at the boundary of the tire plant and calculated the flux of each component pollution gas. The emission flux of pollution gas was highly consistent with the actual pollution distribution of the tire plant. The results show that the positioning accuracy of PSD in the vehicle tracking experiment can also meet SOF-FTIR requirements for solar tracking. The remote sensing system will be useful in the field of atmospheric environment monitoring, and the mobile monitoring of regional pollutant gases based on solar infrared spectroscopy has application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating evidence has suggested that curcumin may protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). However, biological mechanisms vary across studies, limiting the clinical applicability of these findings. We performed a meta-analysis on publications evaluating curcumin administration in rat models of CIRI. Furthermore, we sought to test the hypothesis that curcumin alleviates CIRI through diminishing oxidation and inflammation. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane from the starting date of each database to May 2022 for experimental rat studies exploring the use of curcumin after ischemia reperfusion. Included articles were assessed for bias using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Data were aggregated by a random effects model. Curcumin administration significantly reduced neurological deficit score (20 studies; pooled mean difference [MD] = –1.57; 95% CI, –1.78 to –1.36, P <.00001), infarct volume (18 studies; pooled MD = –17.56%; 95% CI, –20.92% to –14.20%; P < 0.00001), and brain water content (8 studies, pooled MD = -11.29%, 95% CI: -16.48%, -6.11%, P <.00001). Compared with control, the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase were significantly higher, whereas the levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and nuclear factor kappa B were significantly lower (P <.05). Subgroup analysis raised the possibility that intervention affections differed by curcumin's dose. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of curcumin's neuroprotection and mechanisms in rat CIRI models. Our analysis suggests the neuroprotective potential of curcumin in CIRI via antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect. More research is required to further confirm the effectiveness and safety of curcumin on ischemic stroke therapy. A meta-analysis including 29 experimental rat studies reveals curcumin's neuroprotection for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) via diminishing oxidation and inflammation in rat models. Indeed, curcumin may be a promising supplementary agent against CIRI. BCCAO, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion; BWC, brain water content; IV, infarct volume; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; NDE, neurological deficit evaluation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: High‐quality radish (Raphanus sativus) genome represents a valuable resource for agronomical trait improvements and understanding genome evolution among Brassicaceae species. However, existing radish genome assembly remains fragmentary, which greatly hampered functional genomics research and genome‐assisted breeding. Here, using a NAU‐LB radish inbred line, we generated a reference genome of 476.32 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 56.88 Mb by incorporating Illumina, PacBio and BioNano optical mapping techniques. Utilizing Hi‐C data, 448.12 Mb (94.08%) of the assembled sequences were anchored to nine radish chromosomes with 40 306 protein‐coding genes annotated. In total, 249.14 Mb (52.31%) comprised the repetitive sequences, among which long terminal repeats (LTRs, 30.31%) were the most abundant class. Beyond confirming the whole‐genome triplication (WGT) event in R. sativus lineage, we found several tandem arrayed genes were involved in stress response process, which may account for the distinctive phenotype of high disease resistance in R. sativus. By comparing against the existing Xin‐li‐mei radish genome, a total of 2 108 573 SNPs, 7740 large insertions, 7757 deletions and 84 inversions were identified. Interestingly, a 647‐bp insertion in the promoter of RsVRN1 gene can be directly bound by the DOF transcription repressor RsCDF3, resulting into its low promoter activity and late‐bolting phenotype of NAU‐LB cultivar. Importantly, introgression of this 647‐bp insertion allele, RsVRN1In‐536, into early‐bolting genotype could contribute to delayed bolting time, indicating that it is a potential genetic resource for radish late‐bolting breeding. Together, this genome resource provides valuable information to facilitate comparative genomic analysis and accelerate genome‐guided breeding and improvement in radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting innovation is a critical route to high-quality economic development. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of internet development (INT) on regional innovation efficiency (RIE). Using the super-Epsilon-based measure model under metafrontier (M-Super-EBM), the RIE is evaluated based on panel data of 284 Chinese cities from 2010 to 2018. On this basis, we adopt a two-way fixed effect model to examine the role of INT on RIE. Additionally, we further construct a moderating model to probe the effect of intellectual property protection (IPP) in the influencing mechanism of INT on RIE. The empirical results show that China’s RIE displayed an upward trend during 2010–2018. Cities in coastal provinces had the largest RIE. The development of the internet significantly improves China’s RIE, and the promotion effect is mainly achieved by increasing innovative input and output. The synergetic effect of INT and IPP on RIE is significantly positive. Moreover, a U-shaped relationship is also validated between IPP and RIE. The estimated results remain valid after a series of robust checks. Hence, it is of immense significance to accelerate the internet application and strengthen the IPP intensity for the improvement of innovation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), which is caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), is a fatal and immunologically mediated infectious disease among cats. At present, due to the atypical clinical symptoms and clinicopathological changes, the clinical diagnosis of FIP is still difficult. The gold standard method for the differential diagnosis of FIP is immunohistochemistry (IHC) which is time-consuming and requires specialized personnel and equipment. Therefore, a rapid and accurate clinical diagnostic method for FIPV infection is still urgently needed. In this study, based on the etiological investigation of FIPV in parts of southern China, we attempted to explore a new rapid and highly sensitive method for clinical diagnosis. The results of the etiological investigation showed that the N gene of the FIPV BS8 strain had the highest homology with other strains. Based on this, a specific FIPV BS8 N protein monoclonal antibody was successfully prepared by expression of the recombinant proteins, immunization of mice, fusion and selection of hybridoma cell lines, and screening and purification of monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, we carried out a time-saving combination method including indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) to examine FIP-suspected clinical samples. These results were 100% consistent with IHC. The results revealed that the combined method could be a rapid and accurate application in the diagnosis of suspected FIPV infection within 24 hours. In conclusion, the combination of IFA and RT-nPCR was shown to be a fast and reliable method for clinical FIPV diagnosis. This study will provide insight into the exploitation of FIPV N antibodies for the clinical diagnosis of FIP-suspected ascites samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work investigates asymptotic homogenization method (AHM) for axially graded beams that are mapped from periodic ones. The unit cell problems, the homogenized constitutive and governing equations are first established theoretically. Then a novel FE formulation of unit cell problems and effective stiffness, distinct from that of the periodic beams, is derived and resolved for solid elements. Besides, to improve analysis efficiency, an updated concise formulation is acquired for shell elements with proper handle of in-plane rotational DOFs, and a MATLAB code is presented to show implementation details. At last, four numerical examples show the correctness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to C2+ products is of great importance. It is known that the co-operation of Cu1+ and Cu0 in the catalysts can yield a high faradaic efficiency (FE). However, it is very difficult to figure out the optimal ratio of Cu1+ and Cu0 because Cu1+ can be reduced to Cu0 during CO2RR. To solve this problem and identify the optimal oxidation state of Cu, herein we propose a strategy to prepare Cu catalysts with different oxidation states, which could be stabilized by the pulsed electrolysis method during CO2RR. On the basis of this method, we have studied the effect of the oxidation state of Cu on CO2RR to form C2+ products. It has been found that the Cu catalyst with an oxidation state of +0.41 is the most efficient in our reaction system, and the FE of C2+ products is 70.3% in an H-type cell. This work provides a precise method to identify the optimal oxidation state of the catalysts that are not stable in the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy blocking programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway has achieved great therapeutic effect in the clinic, but the overall response rate is not satisfactory. Early studies showed that response to treatment and overall survival could be positively related to PD-L1 expression in tumors. Therefore, accurate measurement of PD-L1 expression will help to screen cancer patients and improve the overall response rate. A small molecular positron emission tomography (PET) probe [18F]LP-F containing a biphenyl moiety was designed and synthesized for measurement of PD-L1 expression in tumors. The PET probe [18F]LP-F was obtained with a radiochemical yield of 12.72 ± 1.98%, a radiochemical purity of above 98% and molar activity of 18.8 GBq/μmol. [18F]LP-F had good stability in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and mouse serum. In vitro assay indicated that [18F]LP-F showed moderate affinity to PD-L1. Micro-PET results showed that the tumor accumulation of [18F]LP-F in A375 tumor was inferior to that in A375-hPD-L1 tumor. All the results demonstrated that [18F]LP-F could specifically bind to PD-L1 and had a potential application in non-invasive evaluation of PD-L1 expression in tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine influenza virus (CIV) significantly threatens the canine population and public health. Tetherin, an innate immune factor, plays an important role in the defense against pathogen invasion and has been discovered to restrict the release of various enveloped viruses. Two isoforms of canine tetherin (tetherin-X1 and tetherin-X2) were identified in peripheral blood leukocytes of mixed-breed dogs using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Amino acid alignment revealed that relative to full-length tetherin (tetherin-X1) and truncated canine tetherin (tetherin-X2) exhibited deletion of 34 amino acids. The deletion occurred at the C-terminus of the coiled-coiled ectodomain and the N-terminus of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor domain. Tetherin-X2 was localized subcellularly at the cell membrane, which was consistent with the localization of tetherin-X1. In addition, canine tetherin-X1 and tetherin-X2 restricted the release of H3N2 CIV. However, canine tetherin-X1 had higher antiviral activity than canine tetherin-X2, indicating that the C-terminus of the coiled-coiled ectodomain and the N-terminus of the GPI-anchor domain of canine tetherin (containing the amino acids deleted in tetherin-X2) are critical for its ability to restrict H3N2 CIV release. This study provides insights for understanding the key functional domains of tetherin that restrict CIV release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]