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Taking into account several assumptions, a formula is transformed into two expressions for kaon and baryon plus antibaryon production in proton interaction and for pion production in pion interactions. Combining both formulae, expression are obtained for the spectrum of kaons and baryons plus antibaryons produced in the meson interactions. For analysis of the cosmic ray propagation in the atmosphere in actual fact, instead of the formulae for interactions of protons and mesons with protons, formulae appropriate for interactions with air nuclei was used. Using the method outlined among others by Elias et al. (1980) simple corrections were introduced to the derived expressions to account for the fact that the target is an air nucleus.

Calculations have been made of the expected frequencies of multiple muons in the Soudan underground proton decay detector. It is concluded that the flux of heavy nuclei (z 10) in the range 10 to the 15th power to 10 to the 16th power eV/nucleus is at most 25% of the total particle flux in the same range.

It is shown in this paper that the experimental data on extensive air showers at the energy interval 10 to the 15th power - 10 to the 17th power eV seems to be described best if it is assumed that the Galactic cosmic rays are described by some sort of a two component picture. The first component is of a mixed composition similar to that at lower energies and the second is dominated by protons. Overall spectrum starts to be enriched in protons at energies about 10 to the 15th power eV bu the effective mass of the primaries remains constant up to energies around 10 to the 16th power eV. That results from the fact that composition gradually changes from multi-component to mixture of protons and heavies. That picture receives also some sort of support from recent observations of relatively high number of nergetic protons in JACEE and Concorde experiments.

A general formula for the sec/prim ratio, independently of any details of the propagation and acceleration model is presented. In the limit of equal fragmentation paths for primaries and secondaries, this ratio at a given momentum nucleon is proportional only to the mean path of the observed primaries at that moment. It is shown that it is unlikely to get a decreasing sec/prim ratio with energy if an acceleration process takes place during particle propagation in the interstellar medium (ISM).

A survey is made of the anisotropy of cosmic rays at energies above 10 to the 14th power eV. It is concluded that cosmic gamma-rays may have an effect in the range 10 to the 14 power - 10 to the 16th power eV, above which protons dominate. Evidence is presented for an excess in the general direction of the Galactic plane which grows with increasing energy until about 10 to the 19th power eV, indicating a Galactic origin for these particles. At higher energies an Extragalactic origin is indicated.

The hypothesis that there exists an excess of showers from the Galactic plane on the level 1 to 2% at energies just above 10 to the 16th power eV is explored. The excess shower from the Galactic plane seems to be very similar in properties to excess showers from the point sources/flat spectrum, deficit of low energy muons. Those facts suggest that the excess from the Galactic plane are probably due to summing up of the contribution from individual point sources. That in turn suggest that those sources are rather numerous.

Due to the strong decrease of the energetic cosmic ray flux its direct detection at the top of atmosphere with aircraft is limited at the present time to about 100,000 GeV. The intensity of all primary particles can be approximated in the range 100 to 100,000 GeV by power function with power index 2.65. There are predominantly protons and the rest is represented by several groups of nuclei. In the range of 100,000 to 10 to the 8th power GeV considerable disagreement is most probably connected with the uncertainity of the indirect derivation of the parameters of extensive air showers. Results for the primary spectrum in the range to the 8th power GeV, obtained by implication of extensive air showers (EAS) data from mountain altitudes are discussed.

A number of consequences of the presence of sources of ultra high energy (UHE) gamma rays, exemplified by Cygnus X-3, are examined. It is shown that there should be a flux of hard X-rays at all Galactic latitudes; a significant flux of extragalactic hard X-rays may also result. Relevance to theories of cosmic ray particle origin and propagation is discussed.

Detailed studies have been performed of the electron lateral distribution in extensive air showers using the Lodz extensive air shower array. The showers were grouped according to their particle densities around 20 m from the core. The grouping was made in very narrow intervals of the densities. For every group of showers and for every distance interval /changing by 5 m/ histograms of the numbers of electron counters discharged have been obtained. The trays of G.M counters were located at following distances from the center of the triggering detectors array: 16 m, 76 m, 117 m, 137 m, 141 m and 147 m.

An analysis of the spatial distribution of the 2-7 keV X-ray background measured by Uhuru and reported by Schwartz (1979) is presented. The latitude distribution above 10 deg is consistent with a uniform isotropic component comprising the bulk of the radiation plus a galactic part varying from 3% at /b/ = 20 deg to 1% at /b/ = 90 deg. An analysis was made of the residual background based on the work of Warwick, Pye, and Fabian, in terms of a directional anisotropy as indicated by the Compton-Getting effect; the symmetrical galactic contribution was subtracted in the computations. It was shown that the results are consistent with the solar system moving through the 2-7 keV X-ray sea in the same manner as it appears to move with respect to the 2.7 K radiation.

Neutral pions produced by interaction of high-energy cosmic photon and luminous photon in extragalactic space - verification of Hayakawa hypothesis

An analysis is made of the interactions of very high energy cosmic ray protons with the relict radiation in extragalactic space. Two situations are examined: gamma rays derived from neutral pions -mesons produced in collisions in a nonevolutionary situation and gamma rays from electron pairs produced at early epochs. It is shown that the ultrahigh energy gamma rays could conceivably be of high enough intensity to be detected. The flux of gamma rays from the second process is not far from the diffuse background that was reported.

Mathematical models were developed to determine variable cosmic ray flux around the galactic plane. Data indicate point sources, molecular hydrogen concentration, increased cosmic ray density toward the galactic center, and neutral pion production combine to cause radiation density variables in the galactic plane.

The production of ultrahigh energy gamma rays by proton interactions with relicit radiation, propagation of gamma rays through the universe, and proton cascading in the presence and absence of galactic magnetic fields is discussed. Detailed data are given on proton spectrum link, gamma ray intensity, and energy spectra of gamma rays on production.