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Ultraviolet absorption line spectroscopy is a sensitive diagnostic for the properties of interstellar and circumgalactic gas. Down-the-barrel observations, where the absorption is measured against the galaxy itself, are commonly used to study feedback from galactic outflows and to make predictions about the leakage of HI ionizing photons into the intergalactic medium. Nonetheless, the interpretation of these observations is challenging and observational compromises are often made in terms of signal-to-noise, spectral resolution, or the use of stacking analyses. In this paper, we present a novel quantitative assessment of UV absorption line measurement techniques by using mock observations of a hydrodynamical simulation. We use a simulated galaxy to create 22,500 spectra in the commonly used SiII lines while also modeling the signal-to-noise and spectral resolution of recent rest-frame UV galaxy surveys at both high and low redshifts. We show that the residual flux of absorption features is easily overestimated for single line measurements and for stacked spectra. Additionally, we explore the robustness of the partial covering model for estimating column densities from spectra and find under-predictions on average of 1.25 dex. We show that the under-prediction is likely caused by high-column-density sight-lines that are optically-thick to dust making them invisible in UV spectra., Comment: 27 pages, 18 figures, Accepted to ApJ

The Hydrogen Lyman-alpha (Lya) line shows a large variety of shapes which is caused by factors at different scales, from the interstellar medium to the intergalactic medium. This work aims to provide a systematic inventory and classification of the spectral shapes of Lya emission lines to understand the general population of high-redshift Lya emitting galaxies (LAEs). Using the data from the MUSE eXtremely Deep Field, we select 477 galaxies at z=2.8-6.6. We develop a method to classify Lya emission lines in four spectral and three spatial categories, by combining a spectral analysis with a narrow-band image analysis. We measure spectral properties, such as the peak separation and the blue-to-total flux ratio. To ensure a robust sample for statistical analysis, we define a final unbiased sample of 206 galaxies by applying thresholds for signal-to-noise ratio, peak separation, and Lya luminosity. Our analysis reveals that between 32% and 51% of the galaxies exhibit double-peaked profiles. This fraction seems to evolve dependently with the Lya luminosity, while we don't notice a severe decrease of this fraction with redshift. A large amount of these double-peaked profiles shows blue-dominated spectra, suggesting unique gas dynamics and inflow characteristics in some high-redshift galaxies. Among the double-peaked galaxies, 4% are spurious detections. Around 20% out of the 477 sources of the parent sample lie in a complex environment, meaning there are other clumps or galaxies at the same redshift within a distance of 30kpc. Our results suggest that the Lya double-peak fraction may trace the evolution of IGM attenuation, but faintest galaxies are needed to be observed at high redshift. In addition, it is crucial to obtain secure systemic redshifts for LAEs to better constrain the nature of the double-peaks., Comment: 36 pages, 29 figures, 9 tables, accepted for publication in A&A

We present a comprehensive analysis of HI absorption around 96 lya emitters (LAEs) at $z\approx3.3$ (median lya luminosity $\approx10^{42}$ erg.s$^{-1}$). These LAEs were identified within 8 MUSE fields, each $1'\times1'$ on the sky and centered on a bright background quasar, as part of the MUSEQuBES survey. Using Voigt profile fitting for all HI absorbers detected within $\pm500$ km.$s^{-1}$ of these LAEs, we compiled a catalog of 800 HI absorption components. Our analysis shows that HI absorption is enhanced near the LAEs compared to the IGM. However, no trend is found between the column densities of HI absorbers and their impact parameters from the LAEs (spanning $\approx54$ to 260 pkpc). Additionally, all galaxies associated with Lyman-limit systems have impact parameters $>50$ pkpc from the quasar sightlines, suggesting that true absorber-hosts may be too faint to detect. The LAEs show an overall HI covering fraction (fc(HI)) of $\approx88\%$ for a threshold logN(HI)$=15$. Notably, at the same threshold, the pairs/group LAEs exhibit a $100\%$ HI covering fraction out to $\approx 250$ pkpc. In contrast, isolated LAEs consistently show a lower fc(HI) of $\approx80\%$. This environmental influence on fc(HI) is also evident up to $\approx 300$ km.$s^{-1}$ in differential bins of line-of-sight velocity. We find an anti-correlation between fc(HI) and the rest-frame lya-emission equivalent width (ew). Based on the lya-shell model, this could imply that gas-rich galaxies tend to reside in gas-rich environments or that the higher EW LAEs are more efficient at ionizing their surrounding medium., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, Submitted to ApJ after accounting for reviewer's comments

Mass loss through a stellar wind is an important physical process that steers the evolution of massive stars and controls the properties of their end-of-life products, such as the supernova type and the mass of compact remnants. For an accurate mass loss determination, the inhomogeneities in the wind, known as clumping, needs to be taking into account. We aim to improve empirical estimates of mass loss and wind clumping for hot main-sequence massive stars, study the dependence of both properties on the metallicity, and compare the theoretical predictions to our findings. We analyzed the optical and UV spectra of 13 O-type stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud galaxy, which has a metallicity of $\sim 0.2\,Z_\odot$. We quantified the stellar atmosphere, outflow, and wind-clumping properties. To probe the role of metallicity, we compared our findings to studies of Galactic and Large Magellanic Cloud samples that were analyzed with similar methods. We find significant variations in the wind-clumping properties of the target stars, with clumping starting at flow velocities $0.01 - 0.23$ of the terminal wind velocity and reaching clumping factors $f_{\rm cl} = 2 - 30$. In the luminosity ($\log L / L_{\odot} = 5.0 - 6.0$) and metallicity ($Z/Z_{\odot} = 0.2 - 1$) range we considered, we find that the scaling of the mass loss $\dot{M}$ with metallicity $Z$ varies with luminosity. At $\log L/L_{\odot} = 5.75$, we find $\dot{M} \propto Z^m$ with $m = 1.02 \pm 0.30$, in agreement with pioneering work in the field. For lower luminosities, however, we obtain a significantly steeper scaling of $m > 2$. The monotonically decreasing $m(L)$ behavior adds a complexity to the functional description of the mass-loss rate of hot massive stars. Although the trend is present in the predictions, it is much weaker than we found here., Comment: 37 pages, 29 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Context. Current implementations of mass loss for hot, massive stars in stellar evolution models include a sharp increase in mass loss when blue supergiants become cooler than Teff 20-22kK. This drastic mass-loss jump has been motivated by the potential presence of a so-called bistability ionisation effect, which may occur for line-driven winds in this temperature region due to recombination of important line-driving ions. Aims. We perform quantitative spectroscopy using UV (ULLYSES program) and optical (XShootU collaboration) data for 17 OB-supergiant stars in the LMC (covering the range Teff 14-32kK), deriving absolute constraints on global stellar, wind, and clumping parameters. We examine whether there are any empirical signs of a mass-loss jump in the investigated region, and we study the clumped nature of the wind. Methods. We use a combination of the model atmosphere code fastwind and the genetic algorithm code Kiwi-GA to fit synthetic spectra of a multitude of diagnostic spectral lines in the optical and UV. Results. We find no signs of any upward mass loss jump anywhere in the examined region. Standard theoretical comparison models, which include a strong bistability jump thus severely over predict the empirical mass-loss rates on the cool side of the predicted jump. Additionally, we find that on average about 40% of the total wind mass seems to reside in the diluted medium in between dense clumps. Conclusions. Our derived mass-loss rates suggest that for applications like stellar evolution one should not include a drastic bistability jump in mass loss for stars in the temperature and luminosity region investigated here. The derived high values of interclump density further suggest that the common assumption of an effectively void interclump medium (applied in the vast majority of spectroscopic studies of hot star winds) is not generally valid in this parameter regime.

One of the fundamental questions of cosmology is the origin and mechanism(s) responsible for the reionization of the Universe beyond $z\sim6$. To address this question, many studies over the past decade have focused on local ($z\sim0.3$) galaxies which leak ionizing radiation (Lyman continuum or LyC). However, line-of-sight effects and data quality have prohibited deeper insight into the nature of LyC escape. To circumvent these limitations, we analyze stacks of a consolidated sample of {\it HST}/COS observations of the LyC in 89 galaxies at $z\sim0.3$. From fitting of the continuum, we obtain information about the underlying stellar populations and neutral ISM geometry. We find that most LyC non-detections are not leaking appreciable LyC ($f_{esc}^{\rm LyC}<1$\%) but also that exceptional cases point to spatial variations in the LyC escape fraction $f_{esc}^{\rm LyC}$. Stellar populations younger than 3 Myr lead to an increase in ionizing feedback, which in turn increases the isotropy of LyC escape. Moreover, mechanical feedback from supernovae in 8-10 Myr stellar populations is important for anisotropic gas distributions needed for LyC escape. While mechanical feedback is necessary for any LyC escape, high $f_{esc}^{\rm LyC}$ ($>5$\%) also requires a confluence of young stars and ionizing feedback. A two-stage burst of star formation could facilitate this optimal LyC escape scenario., Comment: Submitted to AAS publications, 42 pages, 25 figures

Feedback is widely recognized as an essential condition for Lyman continuum (LyC) escape in star-forming galaxies. However, the mechanisms by which galactic outflows clear neutral gas and dust remain unclear. In this paper, we model the Mg II 2796\r{A}, 2804\r{A} absorption + emission lines in 29 galaxies taken from the Low-z LyC Survey (LzLCS) to investigate the impact of (radiation + mechanical) feedback on LyC escape. Using constraints on Mg$^+$ and photoionization models, we map the outflows' neutral hydrogen content and predict $f_{esc}^{LyC}$ with a multiphase wind model. We measure mass, momentum, and energy loading factors for the neutral winds, which carry up to 10% of the momentum and 1% of the energy in SFR-based deposition rates. We use SED template fitting to determine the relative ages of stellar populations, allowing us to identify radiation feedback dominant systems. We then examine feedback related properties (stellar age, loading factors, etc.) under conditions that optimize feedback efficiency, specifically high star formation rate surface density and compact UV half-light radii. Our findings indicate that the strongest leakers are radiation feedback dominant, lack Mg II outflows, but have extended broad components in higher ionization lines like [O III] 5007\r{A}, as observed by Amor\'in et al. (2024). In contrast, galaxies experiencing supernovae feedback typically exhibit weaker $f_{esc}^{LyC}$ and show evidence of outflows in both Mg II and higher ionization lines. We attribute these findings to rapid or "catastrophic" cooling in the radiation-dominant systems, which, given the low metallicities in our sample, are likely experiencing delayed supernovae., Comment: 34 pages, 16 figures, 7 tables

We report the discovery of a rare Mg II $\lambda$$\lambda$ 2796, 2803 doublet emission halo around a star forming galaxy with $\log (M_\star$/M$_\odot) = 10.3 \pm 0.3$ at $z=0.737$ in deep (9.94 h) VLT/MUSE data from the MUSE-HUDF mosaic. While the central region prominently displays an absorption-dominated Mg II doublet, characterized by discernible P-Cyg features, our examination reveals a remarkably extended Mg II emission, spanning approximately $\sim30$ kpc from the central galaxy. We introduce a simple outflow radiative transfer modeling scheme based on the Sobolev approximation, and we employ a Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) fitting to find the best-fitting parameters that match our data. The model reproduces several key features of the observed Mg II halo and allows us to constrain the kinematics and geometry of the outflowing gas. Our data are consistent with a biconical wind whose velocity increases with radius, pointing nearly towards the observer, with an opening angle of $59\pm4^{\circ}$ In general, we find that our outflow model performs better in the inner regions of the galactic wind ($\lesssim 10$ kpc $\approx 6$ half-light radii), reaching a velocity of $\sim120$ km s$^{-1}$ at 10 kpc from the central galaxy. However, discrepancies between the data and the model in the outer regions suggest the possible influence of additional mechanisms, such as inflows, satellite interactions, or turbulence, which might significantly shape the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of galaxies at larger impact parameters. This analysis underscores the complexity of galactic outflows and encourages further exploration of the processes governing the dynamics of galactic winds through spatially resolved studies of the CGM., Comment: 22 pages + appendix, 18 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

The vast majority of star-forming galaxies are surrounded by large reservoirs of gas ejected from the interstellar medium. Ultraviolet absorption and emission lines represent powerful diagnostics to constrain the cool phase of these outflows, through resonant transitions of hydrogen and metal ions. The interpretation of these observations is often remarkably difficult as it requires detailed modelling of the propagation of the continuum and emission lines in the gas. To this aim, we present a large public grid of about 20000 simulated spectra which includes HI Lyman-alpha (Lya) and five metal transitions associated with MgII, CII, SiII, and FeII that is accessible online at https://rascas.univ-lyon1.fr/app/idealised_models_grid/. The spectra have been computed with the RASCAS radiative transfer code for 5760 idealised spherical configurations surrounding a central point source emission, and characterised by their column density, Doppler parameter, dust opacity, wind velocity, as well as various density/velocity gradients. Designed to interpret Lya and metal line profiles, our grid exhibits a wide diversity of resonant absorption and emission features, as well as fluorescent lines. We illustrate how it can help better constrain wind properties by performing a joint modelling of observed Lya, CII, and SiII spectra. Using CLOUDY simulations and virial scaling relations, we show that Lya is expected to be a faithful tracer of the gas at T=10^4-10^5 K, even if the medium is highly-ionised. While CII is found to probe the same range of temperatures as Lya, other metal lines merely trace cooler phases (T=10^4 K). As their gas opacity strongly depends on gas temperature, incident radiation field, metallicity and dust depletion, we caution that optically thin metal lines do not necessarily originate from low HI column densities and may not accurately probe Lyman continuum leakage., Comment: 18 pages, 13 figures

J1316+2614 at z=3.613 is the UV-brightest ($M_{UV}$ = -24.7) and strongest Lyman continuum (LyC, $f_{esc}^{LyC} \approx$ 90%) emitting star-forming galaxy known, showing also signatures of inflowing gas from its blue-dominated Ly$\alpha$ profile. Here, we present high-resolution imaging with the HST and VLT of the LyC, Ly$\alpha$, rest-UV, and optical emission of J1316+2614. Detailed analysis of the LyC and UV light distributions reveals compact yet resolved profiles, with LyC and UV morphologies showing identical half-light radii of $\simeq$ 220 pc. The continuum-subtracted Ly$\alpha$ emission reveals an extended filamentary structure of $\simeq$ 6.0 kpc oriented south-north with only weak/residual flux within the stellar core, suggesting a Ly$\alpha$ "hole". J1316+2614 presents remarkably high SFR and stellar mass surface densities of log($\Sigma_{SFR}$ [$M_{\odot}$/yr/kpc^2]) = 3.47$\pm$0.11 and log($\Sigma_{M}$ [$M_{\odot}$/pc^2]) = 4.20$\pm$0.06, respectively, which are among the highest observed in star-forming galaxies. Our findings indicate that J1316+2614 is a powerful, young, and compact starburst, leaking significant LyC photons due to the lack of gas and dust within the starburst. We explore the conditions for gas expulsion using a simple energetic balance and find that, given the strong binding force in J1316+2614, a high star formation efficiency ($\epsilon_{SF} \geq 0.7$) is necessary to remove the gas and explain its exposed nature. Our results thus suggest a close link between high $\epsilon_{SF}$ and high $f_{esc}^{LyC}$. This high efficiency can also naturally explain the remarkably high SFR, UV-luminosity, and efficient mass growth of J1316+2614, where at least 62% of its mass formed in the last 6 Myr. J1316+2614 may exemplify an intense, feedback-free starburst with a high $\epsilon_{SF}$, similar to those proposed for UV-bright galaxies at high redshifts. (ABRIDGED), Comment: 15 pages and 9 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

Context. B supergiants (BSGs) represent an important connection between the main sequence and more extreme evolutionary stages of massive stars. Additionally, lying toward the cool end of the hot star regime, determining their wind properties is crucial to constrain the evolution and feedback of massive stars as, for instance, they might manifest the bi-stability jump phenomenon. Aims. We undertake a detailed analysis of a representative sample of 18 Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) BSGs within the ULLYSES and XShootU datasets. Our UV and optical analysis spans BSGs from B0 to B8 - covering the bi-stability jump region. We aim to evaluate their evolutionary status and verify what their wind properties say about the bi-stability jump in a low-metallicity environment. Methods. We used the CMFGEN to model the spectra and photometry (from UV to infrared) of our sample. We compare our results with different evolutionary models, with previous determinations in the literature of OB stars, and with diverging mass-loss recipes at the bi-stability jump. Additionally, we provide the first BSG models in the SMC including X-rays. Results. (i) Within a single-stellar evolution framework, the evolutionary status of early BSGs seem less clear than that of late BSGs, which agree with H-shell burning models. (ii) UV analysis shows evidence that BSGs contain X-rays in their atmospheres, for which we provide constraints. In general, we find higher X-ray luminosity (close to the standard log(L_X/L) ~ -7) for early BSGs. For cooler BSGs, lower values are preferred, log(L_X/L) ~ -8.5. (iii) The obtained mass-loss rates suggest neither a jump nor a monotonic decrease with temperature. Instead, a rather constant trend is observed, which is at odds with the increase found for Galactic BSGs. (iv) The wind velocity behavior with temperature shows a sharp drop at ~19 kK, similar to what is observed for Galactic BSGs., Comment: 33 pages (23+10)+(22 at Zenodo), 34 figures (21+13)+(21 at Zenodo), 7 tables (3+4)+(1 at Zenodo), accepted for publication

BlueMUSE is a blue-optimised, medium spectral resolution, panoramic integral field spectrograph under development for the Very Large Telescope (VLT). With an optimised transmission down to 350 nm, spectral resolution of R$\sim$3500 on average across the wavelength range, and a large FoV (1 arcmin$^2$), BlueMUSE will open up a new range of galactic and extragalactic science cases facilitated by its specific capabilities. The BlueMUSE consortium includes 9 institutes located in 7 countries and is led by the Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL). The BlueMUSE project development is currently in Phase A, with an expected first light at the VLT in 2031. We introduce here the Top Level Requirements (TLRs) derived from the main science cases, and then present an overview of the BlueMUSE system and its subsystems fulfilling these TLRs. We specifically emphasize the tradeoffs that are made and the key distinctions compared to the MUSE instrument, upon which the system architecture is built., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, proceedings of the SPIE astronomical telescopes and instrumentation conference, Yokohama, 16-21 June

JWST is uncovering the properties of ever increasing numbers of galaxies at z>6, during the epoch of reionization. Connecting these observed populations to the process of reionization requires understanding how efficiently they produce Lyman continuum (LyC) photons and what fraction (fesc) of these photons escape into the intergalactic medium. By applying the Cox proportional hazards model, a survival analysis technique, to the Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), we develop new, empirical, multivariate predictions for fesc. The models developed from the LzLCS reproduce the observed fesc for z~3 samples, which suggests that LyC emitters may share similar properties at low and high redshift. Our best-performing models for the z~3 galaxies include information about dust attenuation, ionization, and/or morphology. We then apply these models to z$\gtrsim$6 galaxies. For large photometric samples, we find a median predicted fesc=0.047-0.14. For smaller spectroscopic samples, which may include stronger emission line galaxies, we find that $\geq$33% of the galaxies have fesc >0.2, and we identify several candidate extreme leakers with fesc $\geq$0.5. The current samples show no strong trend between predicted fesc and UV magnitude, but limited spectroscopic information makes this result uncertain. Multivariate predictions can give significantly different results from single variable predictions, and the predicted fesc for high-redshift galaxies can differ significantly depending on whether star formation rate surface density or radius is used as a measure of galaxy morphology. We provide all parameters necessary to predict fesc for additional samples of high-redshift galaxies using these models., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 33 pages, 9 figures, 10 tables, plus appendix

To understand how galaxies reionized the universe, we must determine how the escape fraction of Lyman Continuum (LyC) photons (fesc) depends on galaxy properties. Using the z~0.3 Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), we develop and analyze new multivariate predictors of fesc. These predictions use the Cox proportional hazards model, a survival analysis technique that incorporates both detections and upper limits. Our best model predicts the LzLCS fesc detections with a root-mean-square (RMS) scatter of 0.31 dex, better than single-variable correlations. According to ranking techniques, the most important predictors of fesc are the equivalent width (EW) of Lyman-series absorption lines and the UV dust attenuation, which track line-of-sight absorption due to HI and dust. The HI absorption EW is uniquely crucial for predicting fesc for the strongest LyC emitters, which show properties similar to weaker LyC emitters and whose high fesc may therefore result from favorable orientation. In the absence of HI information, star formation rate surface density ($\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$) and [O III]/[O II] ratio are the most predictive variables and highlight the connection between feedback and fesc. We generate a model suitable for z>6, which uses only the UV slope, $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$, and [O III]/[O II]. We find that $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ is more important in predicting fesc at higher stellar masses, whereas [O III]/[O II] plays a greater role at lower masses. We also analyze predictions for other parameters, such as the ionizing-to-non ionizing flux ratio and Ly=alpha escape fraction. These multivariate models represent a promising tool for predicting fesc at high redshift., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 34 pages + appendix, 12 figures

Aims: We consider cold self-similar magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) disc wind solutions to describe jets that are launched from the circumcompanion accretion discs in post-AGB binaries. Resulting predictions are matched to observations for five different post-AGB binaries. This both tests the physical validity of the MHD disc wind paradigm and reveals the accretion disc properties. Results: Many of the time-series' properties are reproduced well by the models, though systematic mismatches, such as overestimated rotation, remain. Four targets imply accretion discs that reach close to the secondary's stellar surface, while one is fitted with an unrealistically large inner radius of about 20 stellar radii. Some fits imply inner disc temperatures over 10 000 K, seemingly discrepant with a previous observational estimate from H band interferometry. This estimate is, however, shown to be biased. Fitted mass-accretion rates range from about 10^-6 to 10^-3 solar masses per year. Relative to the jets launched from young stellar objects (YSOs), all targets prefer winds with higher ejection efficiencies, lower magnetizations and thicker discs. Conclusions: Our models show that current cold MHD disc wind solutions can explain many of the jet-related Balmer alpha features seen in post-AGB binaries, though systematic discrepancies remain. This includes, but is not limited to, overestimated rotation and underestimated post-AGB circumbinary disc lifetimes. The consideration of thicker discs and the inclusion of irradiation from the post-AGB primary, leading to warm magnetothermal wind launching, might alleviate these., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 21 pages, 9 figures. Final language edits applied

The circumgalactic medium (CGM) serves as a baryon reservoir that connects galaxies to the intergalactic medium and fuels star formation. The spatial distribution of the metal-enriched cool CGM has not yet been directly revealed at cosmic noon (z~2-4), as bright emission lines at these redshifts are not covered by optical integral field units. To remedy this situation, we aim for the first-ever detections and exploration of extended SiII* emission (low-ionization state, LIS), referred to as ``SiII* halos'', at redshifts ranging from z=2 to 4 as a means to trace the metal-enriched cool CGM. We use a sample of 39 galaxies with systemic redshifts of z=2.1-3.9 measured with the [CIII] doublet in the MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field catalog, which contains integration times spanning from ~30 to 140 hours. We search for extended SiII*1265, 1309, 1533 emission (fluorescent lines) around individual galaxies. We also stack a subsample of 14 UV-bright galaxies. We report five individual detections of SiII*1533 halos. We also confirm the presence of SiII*1533 halos in stacks for the subsample containing UV-bright sources. The other lines do not show secure detections of extended emission in either individual or stacking analyses. These detections may imply that the presence of metal-enriched CGM is a common characteristic for UV-bright galaxies. To investigate whether the origin of SiII* is continuum pumping as suggested in previous studies, we check the consistency of the equivalent width (EW) of SiII* emission and the EW of SiII absorption for the individual halo object with the most reliable detection. We confirm the equivalence, suggesting that photon conservation works for this object and pointing toward continuum pumping as the source of SiII*. We also investigate SiII* lines in a RAMSES-RT zoom-in simulation including continuum pumping and find ubiquitous presence of extended halos., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in A&A

The well studied carbon star V Hydrae is known to exhibit a complex asymmetric environment made of a dense equatorial wind and high-velocity outflows, hinting at its transition from the AGB phase to the asymmetric planetary nebula phase. In addition, V Hydrae also exhibits a long secondary period of 17 years in its light curve, suggesting the presence of a binary companion that could shape the circumstellar environment. In this paper, we aim to confirm the binary nature of V Hydrae by deriving its orbital parameters and investigating the effect of the orbital motion on the circumbinary environment. In a first step, we used a radial-velocity monitoring performed with the HERMES spectrograph to disentangle the pulsation signal of the AGB from its orbital motion and to obtain the spectroscopic orbit. We combined the spectroscopic results with astrometric information to get the complete set of orbital parameters, including the system inclination. Next, we reported the time variations of the sodium and potassium resonance doublets. Finally, following the methods used for post-AGB stars, we carried out spatio-kinematic modelling of a conical jet to reproduce the observed spectral-line modulation. We found the orbital solution of V Hydrae for a period of 17 years. We correlated the companion passage across the line of sight with the obscuration event and the blue-shifted absorption of alkaline resonant lines. Those variations were modelled by a conical jet emitted from the companion, whose opening angle is wide and whose sky-projected orientation is found to be consistent with the axis of the large-scale bipolar outflow previously detected in the radio-emission lines of CO. We show that the periodic variation seen for V Hydrae is likely to be due to orbital motion. The presence of a conical jet offers a coherent model to explain the various features of V Hydrae environment.

We compare mock ultraviolet C II and Si II absorption and emission line features generated using a ~10$^9$ $M_\odot$ virtual galaxy with observations of 131 $z~3$ galaxies from the VANDELS survey. We find that the mock spectra reproduce reasonably well a large majority (83%) of the \vandels\ spectra ($\chi^2<2$), but do not resemble the most massive objects ($>10^{10}M_\odot$) which exhibit broad absorption features. Interestingly, the best-matching mock spectra originate from periods of intense star formation in the virtual galaxy, where its luminosity is four times higher than in periods of relative quiescence. Furthermore, for each galaxy, we predict the Lyman Continuum (LyC) escape fractions using the environment of the virtual galaxy. We derive an average escape fraction of 0.01$\pm$0.02, consistent with other estimates from the literature. The predicted escape fractions are tightly correlated with the Lyman-$\alpha$ escape fractions and highly consistent with observed empirical trends. Additionally, galaxies with larger predicted escape fractions exhibit bluer $\beta$ slopes, more Lyman-$\alpha$ flux, and weaker low-ionization absorption lines. Building upon the good agreement between our predictions and observationally established LyC diagnostics, we examine the LyC leakage mechanisms in the simulation. We find that LyC photon leakage is enhanced in directions where the observed flux dominantly emerges from compact regions depleted of neutral gas and dust, mirroring the scenario inferred from observational data. In general, this study further highlights the potential of high-resolution radiation hydrodynamics simulations in analyzing UV absorption and emission line features and providing valuable insights into the LyC leakage of star-forming galaxies., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, 0 birds. Accepted for publication in ApJ

The Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST) is proposed as a new facility dedicated to the efficient delivery of spectroscopic surveys. This white paper summarises the initial concept as well as the corresponding science cases. WST will feature simultaneous operation of a large field-of-view (3 sq. degree), a high multiplex (20,000) multi-object spectrograph (MOS) and a giant 3x3 sq. arcmin integral field spectrograph (IFS). In scientific capability these requirements place WST far ahead of existing and planned facilities. Given the current investment in deep imaging surveys and noting the diagnostic power of spectroscopy, WST will fill a crucial gap in astronomical capability and work synergistically with future ground and space-based facilities. This white paper shows that WST can address outstanding scientific questions in the areas of cosmology; galaxy assembly, evolution, and enrichment, including our own Milky Way; origin of stars and planets; time domain and multi-messenger astrophysics. WST's uniquely rich dataset will deliver unforeseen discoveries in many of these areas. The WST Science Team (already including more than 500 scientists worldwide) is open to the all astronomical community. To register in the WST Science Team please visit https://www.wstelescope.com/for-scientists/participate, Comment: 194 pages, 66 figures. Comments are welcome (wstelescope@gmail.com)

Low-mass galaxies can significantly contribute to reionization due to their potentially high Lyman continuum (LyC) escape fraction and relatively high space density. We present a constraint on the LyC escape fraction from low-mass galaxies at z = 1.3 - 3.0. We obtained rest-frame UV continuum imaging with the ACS/SBC and the WFC3/UVIS from the Hubble Space Telescope for eight strongly-lensed galaxies that were identified in the Sloan Giant Arc Survey (SGAS) and the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH). The targeted galaxies were selected to be spectroscopically confirmed, highly magnified, and blue in their UV spectral shapes ($\beta<-1.7$). Our targets include intrinsically low luminosity galaxies down to a magnification-corrected absolute UV magnitude of $M_{\rm UV}\sim-14$. We perform custom-defined aperture photometry to place the most reliable upper limits of LyC escape from our sample. From our observations, we report no significant ($>$$2\sigma$) detections of LyC fluxes, placing 1$\sigma$ upper limits on the absolute LyC escape fractions of 3 - 15%. Our observations do not support the expected increased escape fractions of LyC photons from intrinsically UV faint sources. Considering the highly anisotropic geometry of LyC escape, increasing the sample size of faint galaxies in future LyC observations is crucial., Comment: Submitted to ApJ (16 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables)

Using the medium resolution spectrograph X-shooter, spectra of 235 OB and Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars in sub-solar metallicity environments have been secured. [...]This second paper focuses on the optical observations of 232 Magellanic Clouds targets. It describes the uniform reduction of the UVB (300 - 560 nm) and VIS (550 - 1020 nm) XShootU data as well as the preparation of advanced data products [...] . The data reduction of the raw data is based on the ESO CPL X-shooter pipeline. We paid particular attention to the determination of the response curves [...] We implemented slit-loss correction, absolute flux calibration, (semi-)automatic rectification to the continuum, and a correction for telluric lines. The spectra of individual epochs were corrected for the barycentric motion, re-sampled and co-added, and the spectra from the two arms were merged into a single flux calibrated spectrum covering the entire optical range with maximum signal-to-noise ratio. [...] We provide three types of data products: (i) two-dimensional spectra for each UVB and VIS exposure; (ii) one-dimensional UVB and VIS spectra before and after response-correction, as well as after applying various processing, including absolute flux calibration, telluric removal, normalisation and barycentric correction; and (iii) co-added flux-calibrated and rectified spectra over the full optical range, for which all available XShootU exposures were combined. For many of the targets, the final signal-to-noise ratio per resolution element is above 200 in both the UVB and the VIS co-added spectra. The reduced data and advanced scientific data products will be made available to the community upon publication of this paper. [...], Comment: 22 pages, 19 figures; accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. Links to online tables and databases will be included upon publication

The radio-quiet quasar SDSS J1240+1455 lies at a redshift of z=3.11, is surrounded by a Ly-alpha blob (LAB), and is absorbed by a proximate damped Ly-alpha system. In order to better define the morphology of the blob and determine its emission mechanism, we gathered deep narrow-band images isolating the Ly-alpha line of this object in linearly polarized light. We provide a deep intensity image of the blob, showing a filamentary structure extending up to 16'' (or ~122 physical kpc) in diameter. No significant polarization signal could be extracted from the data, but 95% probability upper limits were defined through simulations. They vary between ~3% in the central 0.75'' disk (after subtraction of the unpolarized quasar continuum) and ~10% in the 3.8-5.5'' annulus. The low polarization suggests that the Ly-alpha photons are emitted mostly in situ, by recombination and de-excitation in a gas largely ionized by the quasar ultraviolet light, rather than by a central source and scattered subsequently by neutral hydrogen gas. This blob shows no detectable polarization signal, contrary to LAB1, a brighter and more extended blob that is not related to the nearby active galactic nucleus (AGN) in any obvious way, and where a significant polarization signal of about 18% was detected., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures; accepted for publication in A&A

Several Lyman Continuum (LyC) emitters have been detected so far, but their observed ionising spectra sometimes differ from attenuated stellar spectra predicted by stellar population synthesis modelling. This discrepancy may be due to a significant contribution of LyC nebular emission. We aim to quantify the importance this emission in LyC leakers: its contribution to the ionising photons budget, and to measurements of LyC escape. To estimate the nebular contribution to the LyC spectra of galaxies, we run photoionisation models with Cloudy for a range of BPASS templates, varying the column density of the surrounding gas, from density-bounded (log(NH$_{\rm{stop}}$/cm$^{-2}$)=16) to ionisation-bounded (log(NH$_{\rm{stop}}$/cm$^{-2}$)=19) regimes. In the limits of very optically thin (f$_{\rm{esc}}$ = 1), or thick configurations (f$_{\rm{esc}}$ = 0), there is no nebular contribution to the emergent LyC spectra. This contribution matters only at intermediate LyC opacities ($0 <$ f$_{\rm{esc}}$ $< 1$), where it alters the shape of the LyC spectrum chromatically, so that escape fractions estimates are highly sensitive to the wavelength range over which they are calculated. We propose a formula to estimate integrated escape fractions using f$_{\lambda 700}$/f$_{\lambda 1100}$ flux ratios, since this wavelength range is not affected by nebular emission. Regarding simulations, the boost of hydrogen ionising photons escaping galaxies is inversely proportional to the stellar escape fractions, but since typical simulated escape fractions are low, LyC photons escape is important. Nebular LyC is a non-negligible additional source of ionising photons from galaxies, which contribution has been overlooked so far in observations and in cosmic reionisation simulations., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures (plus appendix). Submitted to MNRAS

Context. Jets are commonly detected in post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) binaries and originate from an accretion process onto the companion of the post-AGB primary. These jets are revealed by high-resolution spectral time series. Aims. This paper is part of a series. In this work, we move away from our previous parametric modelling and include a self-similar wind model that allows the physical properties of post-AGB binaries to be characterised. This model describes magnetically driven jets from a thin accretion disk threaded by a large-scale, near equipartition vertical field. Methods. We expanded our methodology in order to simulate the high-resolution dynamic spectra coming from the obscuration of the primary by the jets launched by the companion. We present the framework to exploit the self-similar jet models for post-AGB binaries. We performed a parameter study to investigate the impact of different parameters (inclination, accretion rate, inner and outer launching radius) on the synthetic spectra. Results. We successfully included the physical jet models into our framework. The synthetic spectra have a very similar orbital phase coverage and absorption strengths as the observational data. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) jet models provide a good representation of the actual jet creation process in these evolved binaries. Challenges remain, however, as the needed high-accretion rate would induce accretion disks that are too hot in comparison to the data. Moreover, the rotational signature of the models is not detected in the observations. In future research, we will explore models with a higher disk ejection efficiency and even lower magnetisation in order to solve some of the remaining discrepancies between the observed and synthetic dynamic spectra.

The geometry of the neutral gas in and around galaxies is a key regulator of the escape of ionizing photons. We present the first statistical study aiming at linking the neutral and ionized gas distributions to the Lyman continuum (LyC) escape fraction (fesc(LyC)) in a sample of 22 confirmed LyC leakers and non-leakers at z~0.35 using the Keck Cosmic Web Imager (Keck/KCWI) and the Low Resolution Spectrograph 2 (HET/LRS2). Our integral field unit data enable the detection of neutral and low-ionization gas, as traced by Mg II, and ionized gas, as traced by [O II], extending beyond the stellar continuum for 7 and 10 objects, respectively. All but one object with extended Mg II emission also shows extended [O II] emission; in this case, Mg II emission is always more extended than [O II] by a factor 1.3 on average. Most of the galaxies with extended emission are non or weak LyC leakers (fesc(LyC) < 5%), but we find a large diversity of neutral gas configurations around these weakly LyC-emitting galaxies. Conversely, the strongest leakers (fesc(LyC) > 10%) appear uniformly compact in both Mg II and [O II] with exponential scale lengths <1 kpc. We also find a trend between fesc(LyC) and the spatial offsets of the nebular gas and the stellar continuum emission. Moreover, we find significant anti-correlations between the spatial extent of the neutral gas and the [O III]/[O II] ratio, and H$\beta$ equivalent width, as well as positive correlations with metallicity and UV size, suggesting that galaxies with more compact neutral gas sizes are more highly ionized. The observations suggest that strong LyC emitters do not have extended neutral gas halos and ionizing photons may be emitted in many directions. Combined with high ionization diagnostics, we propose the Mg II, and potentially [O II], spatial compactness are indirect indicators of LyC emitting galaxies at high-redshift., Comment: 31 pages, 24 figures, 4 tables, submitted to A&A

Massive and luminous O-star atmospheres with winds have been studied primarily using one-dimensional (1D), spherically symmetric, and stationary models. However, observations and theory rather suggest that O-star atmospheres are highly structured, turbulent, and time-dependent. As such, when comparing to observations, present-day 1D modeling tools need to introduce ad-hoc quantities such as photospheric macro & microturbulence, wind clumping, etc. We present multi-dimensional, time-dependent, radiation-hydrodynamical (RHD) simulations for O-stars that encapsulate the deeper sub-surface envelope (down to T ~ 450 kK) as well as the supersonic line-driven wind outflow in one unified approach. Time-dependent, two-dimensional (2D) simulations of O-star atmospheres with winds are performed using a flux-limiting RHD finite volume modeling technique. Opacities are computed using a hybrid approach combining tabulated Rosseland means with calculations (based on the Sobolev approximation) of the enhanced line opacities expected for supersonic flows. When compared to 1D models, the average structures in the 2D simulations display less envelope expansion, no sharp density-inversions, density and temperature profiles that are significantly less steep around the photosphere, and a strong anti-correlation between velocity and density in the supersonic wind. To qualitatively match the different density and temperature profiles seen in our multi-D and 1D models, we need to add a modest amount of convective energy transport in the deep sub-surface layers and a large turbulent pressure around the photosphere to the 1D models.

In recent years, a number of Lyman continuum (LyC) leaker candidates at intermediate redshifts have been found, providing insight into how the Universe was reionised at early cosmic times. Here we identify new LyC leaker candidates at $z\approx 3-4.5$ and compare them to objects from the literature to get an overview of the different observed escape fractions and their relation to the properties of the Lyman $\alpha$ (Ly$\alpha$) emission line. The aim of this work is to test indicators for LyC leakage and to improve our understanding of the kind of galaxies from which LyC radiation can escape. We use data from the Hubble Deep Ultraviolet (HDUV) legacy survey to search for LyC emission based on a sample of $\approx 2000$ Ly$\alpha$ emitters (LAEs) detected previously in two surveys with the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), MUSE-Deep and MUSE-Wide. Based on their known redshifts and positions, we look for potential LyC leakage in the WFC3/UVIS F336W band of the HDUV. The escape fractions are measured and compared based on spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting performed using the CIGALE software. We add twelve objects to the sample of known LyC leaker candidates, one of which was previously known, and compare their Ly$\alpha$ properties to their escape fractions. We find escape fractions between $\sim 20\%$ and $\sim 90\%$, assuming a high transmission in the intergalactic medium (IGM). We show a method to use the number of LyC leaker candidates we find to infer the underlying average escape fraction of galaxies, which is $\approx 12\%$. Based on their Ly$\alpha$ properties, we conclude that LyC leakers are not very different from other high-z LAEs and suggest that most LAEs could be leaking LyC even if this can not always be detected due to the direction of emission and the transmission properties of the IGM.

Galactic outflows are believed to play a critical role in the evolution of galaxies by regulating their mass build-up and star formation. Theoretical models assumes bipolar shapes for the outflows that extends well into the circumgalctic medium (CGM), up to tens of kpc perpendicular to the galaxies. They have been directly observed in the local Universe in several individual galaxies, e.g., around the Milky Way and M82. At higher redshifts, cosmological simulations of galaxy formation predict an increase in the frequency and efficiency of galactic outflows due to the increasing star formation activity. Outflows are responsible for removing potential fuel for star formation from the galaxy, while at the same enriching the CGM and the intergalactic medium. These feedback processes, although incorporated as key elements of cosmological simulations, are still poorly constrained on CGM scales. Here we present an ultra-deep MUSE image of the mean MgII emission surrounding a sample of galaxies at z~1 that strongly suggests the presence of outflowing gas on physical scales of more than 10kpc. We find a strong dependence of the detected signal on the inclination of the central galaxy, with edge-on galaxies clearly showing enhanced MgII emission along the minor axis, while face-on galaxies display much weaker and more isotropic emission. We interpret these findings as supporting the idea that outflows typically have a bipolar cone geometry perpendicular to the galactic disk. We demonstrate that the signal is not dominated by a few outliers. After dividing the galaxy sample in subsamples by mass, the bipolar emission is only detected in galaxies with stellar mass $\mathrm{M_* \gtrsim 10^{9.5} M_\odot}$., Comment: published in Nature. 25 pages, 10 figures

We present observations with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph onboard the Hubble Space Telescope of nine most metal-deficient compact star-forming galaxies with oxygen abundances 12+log(O/H)=6.97-7.23, redshifts z=0.02811-0.13320, and stellar masses M*<10^7Msun. We aim to study the properties of Ly-alpha emission in these extremely metal-deficient objects. We find that all nine galaxies are Ly-alpha emitters (LAEs). We examine various relations between the Ly-alpha escape fraction fesc(Ly-alpha) and other characteristics - such as absolute UV magnitude, oxygen abundance, O32 ratio, stellar mass, Lyman-alpha luminosity and equivalent width EW(Ly-alpha), ionizing photon production efficiency and velocity separation Vsep between the two peaks of the Ly-alpha profile - of a large sample of LAEs, including our lowest-metallicity galaxies and other objects from the literature. We find a relatively tight correlation between fesc(Ly-alpha) and two characteristics, EW(Ly-alpha) and Vsep, whereas no correlation is found between fesc(Ly-alpha) and the oxygen abundance. We also find a relatively tight relation between the Ly-alpha and LyC escape fractions. We propose to use the latter relation to estimate indirectly the escaping ionizing radiation in LAEs, when direct measurements of LyC emission are not possible. We show that the global properties of low-z LAEs are very similar to those of z>6 galaxies. They are thus ideal local proxies for studying physical processes during the epoch of reionization of the Universe., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, acccepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1910.12773

The extended Ly$\alpha$ haloes (LAHs) have been found to be prevalent around high-redshift star-forming galaxies. However, the origin of the LAHs is still a subject of debate. Spatially resolved analysis of Ly$\alpha$ profiles provides an important diagnostic. We analyse the average spatial extent and spectral variation of the circumgalactic LAHs by stacking a sample of 155 Ly$\alpha$ emitters (LAEs) at redshift $3

Observations of low-ionization state (LIS) metal lines provide crucial insights into the interstellar medium of galaxies, yet, disentangling the physical processes responsible for the emerging line profiles is difficult. This work investigates how mock spectra generated using a single galaxy in a radiation-hydrodynamical simulation can help us interpret observations of a real galaxy. We create 22,500 C II and Si II spectra from the virtual galaxy at different times and through multiple lines of sight and compare them with the 45 observations of low-redshift star-forming galaxies from the COS Legacy Spectroscopic SurveY (CLASSY). We find that the mock profiles provide accurate replicates to the observations of 38 galaxies with a broad range of stellar masses ($10^6$ to $10^9$ $M_\odot$) and metallicities (0.02 to 0.55 $Z_\odot$). Additionally, we highlight that aperture losses explain the weakness of the fluorescent emission in several CLASSY spectra and must be accounted for when comparing simulations to observations. Overall, we show that the evolution of a single simulated galaxy can produce a large diversity of spectra whose properties are representative of galaxies of comparable or smaller masses. Building upon these results, we explore the origin of the continuum, residual flux, and fluorescent emission in the simulation. We find that these different spectral features all emerge from distinct regions in the galaxy's ISM, and their characteristics can vary as a function of the viewing angle. While these outcomes challenge simplified interpretations of down-the-barrel spectra, our results indicate that high-resolution simulations provide an optimal framework to interpret these observations., Comment: Accepted for publication in Apj

The Ly$\alpha$ line is a powerful probe of distant galaxies, which contains information about inflowing/outflowing gas through which Ly$\alpha$ photons scatter. To develop our understanding of this probe, we post-process a zoom-in radiation-hydrodynamics simulation of a low-mass ($M_* \sim 10^9 M_\odot$) galaxy to construct 22500 mock spectra in 300 directions from $z = 3$ to 4. Remarkably, we show that one galaxy can reproduce the variety of a large sample of spectroscopically observed Ly$\alpha$ line profiles. While most mock spectra exhibit double-peak profiles with a dominant red peak, their shapes cover a large parameter space in terms of peak velocities, peak separation and flux ratio. This diversity originates from radiative transfer effects at ISM and CGM scales, and depends on galaxy inclination and evolutionary phase. Red-dominated lines preferentially arise in face-on directions during post-starburst outflows and are bright. Conversely, accretion phases usually yield symmetric double peaks in the edge-on direction and are fainter. While resonant scattering effects at $< 0.2\times R_{\rm vir}$ are responsible for the broadening and velocity shift of the red peak, the extended CGM acts as a screen and impacts the observed peak separation. The ability of simulations to reproduce observed Ly$\alpha$ profiles and link their properties with galaxy physical parameters offers new perspectives to use Ly$\alpha$ to constrain the mechanisms that regulate galaxy formation and evolution. Notably, our study implies that deeper Ly$\alpha$ surveys may unveil a new population of blue-dominated lines tracing inflowing gas., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

The physical conditions giving rise to high escape fractions of ionizing radiation (LyC $f_{\rm{esc}}$) in star-forming galaxies - most likely protagonists of cosmic reionization - are not yet fully understood. Using the VLT/MUSE observations of ~1400 Ly$\alpha$ emitters at 2.9 < z < 6.7, we compare stacked rest-frame UV spectra of candidates for LyC leakers and non-leakers selected based on their Ly$\alpha$ profiles. We find that the stacks of potential LyC leakers, i.e. galaxies with narrow, symmetric Ly$\alpha$ profiles with small peak separation, generally show (i) strong nebular OIII]1666, [SiIII]1883, and [CIII]1907+CIII]1909 emission, indicating a high-ionization state of the interstellar medium (ISM); (ii) high equivalent widths of HeII1640 (~1-3 A), suggesting the presence of hard ionizing radiation fields; (iii) SiII*1533 emission, revealing substantial amounts of neutral hydrogen off the line of sight; (iv) high CIV1548,1550 to [CIII]1907+CIII]1909 ratios (CIV/CIII] > 0.75), signalling the presence of low column density channels in the ISM. In contrast, the stacks with broad, asymmetric Ly$\alpha$ profiles with large peak separation show weak nebular emission lines, low HeII1640 equivalent widths (<1 A), and low CIV/CIII] (<0.25), implying low-ionization states and high-neutral hydrogen column densities. Our results suggest that CIV/CIII] might be sensitive to the physical conditions that govern LyC photon escape, providing a promising tool for identification of ionizing sources among star-forming galaxies in the epoch of reionization., Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures, published in MNRAS

Lyman $\alpha$ (Ly$\alpha$) is now routinely used as a tool for studying high-redshift galaxies and its resonant nature means it can trace neutral hydrogen around star-forming galaxies. Integral field spectrograph measurements of high-redshift Ly$\alpha$ emitters indicate that significant extended Ly$\alpha$ halo emission is ubiquitous around such objects. We present a sample of redshift 0.23 to 0.31 galaxies observed with the Hubble Space Telescope selected to match the star formation properties of high-$z$ samples while optimizing the observations for detection of low surface brightness Ly$\alpha$ emission. The Ly$\alpha$ escape fractions range between 0.7\% and 37\%, and we detect extended Ly$\alpha$ emission around six out of seven targets. We find Ly$\alpha$ halo to UV scale length ratios around 6:1 which is marginally lower than high-redshift observations, and halo flux fractions between 60\% and 85\% -- consistent with high-redshift observations -- when using comparable methods. However, our targets show additional extended stellar UV emission: we parametrize this with a new double exponential model. We find that this parametrization does not strongly affect the observed Ly$\alpha$ halo fractions. We find that deeper H$\alpha$ data would be required to firmly determine the origin of Ly$\alpha$ halo emission, however, there are indications that H$\alpha$ is more extended than the central FUV profile, potentially indicating conditions favorable for the escape of ionizing radiation. We discuss our results in the context of high-redshift galaxies, cosmological simulations, evolutionary studies of the circumgalactic medium in emission, and the emission of ionizing radiation., Comment: 20 page, 14 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present Ly $\alpha$ imaging of 45 low redshift star-forming galaxies observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. The galaxies have been selected to have moderate to high star formation rates using far-ultraviolet (FUV) luminosity and \ha equivalent width criteria, but no constraints on Ly $\alpha$ luminosity. We employ a pixel stellar continuum fitting code to obtain accurate continuum subtracted Ly $\alpha$, H $\alpha$ and H $\beta$ maps. We find that Ly $\alpha$ is less concentrated than FUV and optical line emission in almost all galaxies with significant Ly $\alpha$ emission. We present global measurements of Ly $\alpha$ and other quantities measured in apertures designed to capture all of the Ly $\alpha$ emission. We then show how the escape fraction of Ly $\alpha$ relates to a number of other measured quantities (mass, metallicity, star formation, ionisation parameter, and extinction). We find that the escape fraction is strongly anti-correlated with nebular and stellar extinction, weakly anti-correlated with stellar mass, but no conclusive evidence for correlations with other quantities. We show that Ly $\alpha$ escape fractions are inconsistent with common dust extinction laws, and discuss how a combination of radiative transfer effects and clumpy dust models can help resolve the discrepancies. We present a star formation rate calibration based on Ly $\alpha$ luminosity, where the equivalent width of Ly $\alpha$ is used to correct for non-unity escape fraction, and show that this relation provides a reasonably accurate SFR estimate. We also show stacked growth curves of Ly $\alpha$ for the galaxies that can be used to find aperture loss fractions at a given physical radius., Comment: 48 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. Multipanel figures for all 45 galaxies will be available in the online version of the published paper (and here: https://stockholmuniversity.box.com/s/ghvnvjyhxts64hpbqh90uwcj5dlczlhm ). Data products will be available as a MAST HLSP soon (placeholder DOI: 10.17909/pbe1-m743)

We present the second data release of the MUSE Hubble UDF surveys, which includes the deepest spectroscopic survey ever performed. The MUSE data, with their 3D content, amazing depth, wide spectral range, and excellent spatial and medium spectral resolution, are rich in information. This update of the first release incorporates a new 141-hour adaptive-optics-assisted MXDF field (1' diameter FoV) in addition to the reprocessed 10-hour mosaic (3'x3') and the single 31-hour deep field (1'x1'). We have securely identified and measured the redshift of 2221 sources, an increase of 41% compared to the first release. With the exception of 8 stars, the collected sample consists of 25 nearby galaxies (z < 0.25), 677 OII emitters (z=0.25-1.5), 201 galaxies in the MUSE redshift desert range (z=1.5-2.8), and 1308 LAEs (z=2.8-6.7). This represents an order of magnitude more redshifts than the collection of all spectroscopic redshifts obtained before MUSE in the Hubble UDF area (2221 vs 292). At z > 3, the difference is even more striking, with a factor of 65 increase (1308 vs 20). We compared the measured redshifts against three published photometric redshift catalogs and find the photo-z accuracy to be lower than the constraints provided by photo-z fitting codes. 80% of the galaxies have an HST counterpart. They are on average faint, with a median magnitude of 25.7 and 28.7 for the OII and Ly-alpha emitters, respectively. SED fits show that these galaxies tend to be low-mass star-forming galaxies, with a median stellar mass of 6.2 10**8 M and a median SFR of 0.4 M/yr. 20% of our catalog, or 424 galaxies, have no HST counterpart. The vast majority of these new sources are high EQW z>2.8 LAEs that are detected by MUSE thanks to their bright and asymmetric broad Ly-alpha line. We release advanced data products, specific software, and a web interface to select and download data sets., Comment: 46 pages, 48 figures

We present the discovery and analysis of J1316+2614 at z=3.6130, a UV-bright star-forming galaxy ($M_{\rm UV} \simeq -24.7$) with large escape of Lyman continuum (LyC) radiation. J1316+2614 is a young ($\simeq 10$ Myr) star-forming galaxy with $SFR \simeq 500 M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ and a starburst mass of log($M_{\star}/M_{\odot}) \simeq 9.7$. It shows a very steep UV continuum, $\beta_{\rm UV} \simeq -2.59 \pm 0.05$, consistent with residual dust obscuration, $E(B-V)\simeq 0$. LyC emission is detected with high significance ($\simeq 17 \sigma$) down to $830$\r{A}, for which a very high relative (absolute) LyC escape fraction $f_{\rm esc} \rm (LyC) \simeq 0.92$ ($\simeq 0.87$) is inferred. The contribution of a foreground or AGN contamination to the LyC signal is discussed but is unlikely. J1316$+$2614 is the most powerful ionizing source known among the star-forming galaxy population, both in terms of production ($Q_{\rm H} \approx 10^{56}$ s$^{-1}$) and escape of ionizing photons ($f_{\rm esc} \rm (LyC) \approx 0.9$). Nebular emission in Ly$\alpha$, H$\beta$, and other rest-frame optical lines are detected, but these are weak ($EW_{0} \rm [H\beta] \simeq 35$\r{A}), with their strengths reduced roughly by $\simeq 90\%$. J1316+2614 is the first case known where the effect of large escape of ionizing photons on the strength of nebular lines and continuum emission is clearly observed. Gas inflows are detected in J1316+2614 from the blue-dominated peak Ly$\alpha$ emission (with a blue-to-red peak line ratio $I_{\rm blue}/I_{\rm red} \simeq 3.7$) and redshifted ISM absorption ($\simeq 100$ km s$^{-1}$). Our results suggest that J1316+2614 is undergoing a gas compaction event, possibly representing a short-lived phase in the evolution of massive and compact galaxies, where strong gas inflows have triggered an extreme star formation episode and nearly $100\%$ LyC photons are escaping., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 18 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables

Absorption line spectroscopy offers one of the best opportunities to constrain the properties of galactic outflows and the environment of the circumgalactic medium. Extracting physical information from line profiles is difficult, however, for the physics governing the underlying radiation transfer is complicated and depends on many different parameters. Idealized analytical models are necessary to constrain the large parameter spaces efficiently, but are typically plagued by model degeneracy and systematic errors. Comparison tests with idealized numerical radiation transfer codes offer an excellent opportunity to confront both of these issues. In this paper, we present a detailed comparison between SALT, an analytical radiation transfer model for predicting UV spectra of galactic outflows, with the numerical radiation transfer software, RASCAS. Our analysis has lead to upgrades to both models including an improved derivation of SALT and a customizable adaptive mesh refinement routine for RASCAS. We explore how well SALT, when paired with a Monte Carlo fitting procedure, can recover flow parameters from non-turbulent and turbulent flows. When the velocity and density gradients are excluded, we find that flow parameters are well recovered from high resolution (20 $\rm{km}$ $\rm{s}^{-1}$) data and moderately well from medium resolution (100 $\rm{km}$ $\rm{s}^{-1}$) data without turbulence at a S/N = 10, while derived quantities (e.g., mass outflow rates, column density, etc.) are well recovered at all resolutions. In the turbulent case, biased errors emerge in the recovery of individual parameters, but derived quantities are still well recovered.

We focus on post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) binaries and study the interaction between the different components of these complex systems. These components comprise the post-AGB primary, a main sequence secondary, a circumbinary disk, as well as a fast bipolar outflow (jet) launched by the companion. We obtained well-sampled time series of high resolution optical spectra over the last decade and these spectra provide the basis of our study. The jet is detected in absorption, at superior conjunction, when the line of sight towards the primary goes through the bipolar cone. Our spectral time series scan the jets during orbital motion. Our spatio-kinematic model is constrained by these dynamical spectra. We complement this with a radiative-transfer model in which the Balmer series are used to derive total mass-loss rates in the jets. The jets are found to be wide and display an angle-dependent density structure with a dense and slower outer region near the jet cone and a fast inner part along the jet symmetry axes. The deprojected outflow velocities confirm that the companions are main sequence companions. The total mass-loss rates are large (10^{-8} and 10^{-5}\,solar mass per year), from which we can infer that the mass-accretion rates onto the companion star must be high as well. The circumbinary disk is likely the main source for the accretion disk around the companion. All systems with full disks that start near the sublimation radius show jets, whereas for systems with evolved transition disks, this lowers to a detection rate of 50%. Objects without an infrared excess do not show jets. We conclude that jet creation in post-AGB binaries is a mainstream process. The interaction between the circumbinary disks and the central binary provide the needed accretion flow, but the presence of a circumbinary disk does not seem to be the only prerequisite to launch a jet., Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures, accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics

The phase transition between galaxies and quasars is often identified with the rare population of hyper-luminous, hot dust-obscured galaxies. Galaxy formation models predict these systems to grow via mergers, that can deliver large amounts of gas toward their centers, induce intense bursts of star formation and feed their supermassive black holes. Here we report the detection of 24 galaxies emitting Lyman-alpha emission on projected physical scales of about 400 kpc around the hyper-luminous hot dust-obscured galaxy W0410-0913, at redshift z = 3.631, using Very Large Telescope observations. While this indicates that W0410-0913 evolves in a very dense environment, we do not find clear signs of mergers that could sustain its growth. Data suggest that if mergers occurred, as models expect, these would involve less massive satellites, with only a moderate impact on the internal interstellar medium of W0410-0913, which is sustained by a rotationally-supported fast-rotating molecular disk, as Atacama Large Millimeter Array observations suggest., Comment: 26 pages, 12 figures, 1 table. Authors' version. Published in Nature Communications on 05 August 2022

Star-forming galaxies are considered the likeliest source of the H I ionizing Lyman Continuum (LyC) photons that reionized the intergalactic medium at high redshifts. However, above z >~ 6, the neutral intergalactic medium prevents direct observations of LyC. Therefore, recent years have seen the development of indirect indicators for LyC that can be calibrated at lower redshifts and applied in the Epoch of Reionization. Emission from Mg II \ly\ly 2796, 2803 doublet has been proposed as a promising LyC proxy. In this paper, we present new Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph observations for 8 LyC emitter candidates, selected to have strong Mg II emission lines. We securely detect LyC emission in 50% (4/8) galaxies with 2$\sigma$ significance. This high detection rate suggests that strong Mg II emitters might be more likely to leak LyC than similar galaxies without strong Mg II. Using photoionization models, we constrain the escape fraction of Mg II as ~ 15 -- 60%. We confirm that the escape fraction of Mg II correlates tightly with that of Lyman-alpha (LyA), which we interpret as an indication that the escape fraction of both species is controlled by resonant scattering in the same low column density gas. Furthermore, we show that the combination of the Mg II emission and dust attenuation can be used to estimate the escape fraction of LyC statistically. These findings confirm that Mg II emission can be adopted to estimate the escape fraction of LyA and LyC in local star-forming galaxies and may serve as a useful indirect indicator at the Epoch of Reionization., Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures, 7 tables, accepted to ApJ

The properties that govern the production and escape of hydrogen ionizing photons (Lyman continuum, LyC; with energies >13.6 eV) in star-forming galaxies are still poorly understood, but they are key to identifying and characterizing the sources that reionized the Universe. Here we empirically explore the relationship between the hardness of ionizing radiation and the LyC leakage in a large sample of low-$z$ star-forming galaxies from the recent Hubble Space Telescope Low-$z$ Lyman Continuum Survey. Using Sloan Digital Sky Survey stacks and deep XShooter observations, we investigate the hardness of the ionizing spectra ($Q_{\rm He^+}/Q_{\rm H}$) between 54.4 eV (He$^{+}$) and 13.6 eV (H) from the optical recombination lines HeII 4686A and H$\beta$ 4861A for galaxies with LyC escape fractions spanning a wide range, $f_{\rm esc} \rm (LyC) \simeq 0 - 90\%$. We find that the observed intensity of HeII/H$\beta$ is primarily driven by variations in the metallicity, but is not correlated with LyC leakage. Both very strong ($ \simeq 0.5$) and nonleakers ($ < f_{\rm esc} \rm (LyC) > \simeq 0$) present similar observed intensities of HeII/H$\beta$ at comparable metallicity, between $\simeq 0.01$ and $\simeq 0.02$ for $12 + \log({\rm O/H}) > 8.0$ and $<8.0$, respectively. Our results demonstrate that $Q_{\rm He^+}/Q_{\rm H}$ does not correlate with $f_{\rm esc} \rm (LyC)$, which implies that strong LyC emitters do not show harder ionizing spectra than nonleakers at similar metallicity., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, 1 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A Letters. v2: updated to match published version, including new title

The primary difficulty in understanding the sources and processes that powered cosmic reionization is that it is not possible to directly probe the ionizing Lyman Continuum (LyC) radiation at that epoch as those photons have been absorbed by the intervening neutral hydrogen in the IGM on their way to us. It is therefore imperative to build a model to accurately predict LyC emission using other properties of galaxies in the reionization era. In recent years, studies have shown that the LyC emission from galaxies may be correlated to their Lya emission. Here, we study this correlation by analyzing thousands of galaxies at high-z in the SPHINX cosmological simulation. We post-process these galaxies with the Lya radiative transfer code RASCAS and analyze the Lya - LyC connection. We find that the Lya and LyC luminosities are strongly correlated with each other, although with dispersion. There is a positive correlation between Lya and LyC escape fractions in the brightest Lya emitters (>$10^{41}$ erg/s), similar to the recent observational studies. However, when we also include fainter Lya emitters (LAEs), the correlation disappears, which suggests that the observed relationship may be driven by selection effects. We also find that bright LAEs are dominant contributors to reionization ($> 10^{40}$ erg/s galaxies contribute $> 90\%$ of LyC emission). Finally, we build predictive models using multivariate linear regression where we use the physical and the Lya properties of simulated galaxies to predict their intrinsic and escaping LyC luminosities with a high degree of accuracy. We find that the most important galaxy properties to predict the escaping LyC luminosity of a galaxy are its escaping Lya luminosity, gas mass, gas metallicity, and SFR. These models can be very useful to predict LyC emissions from galaxies and can help us identify the sources of reionization., Comment: Accepted to Astronomy and Astrophysics (A&A) Journal. 27 pages, 21 Figures

The Lyman continuum (LyC) cannot be observed at the epoch of reionization (z {\gtrsim} 6) due to intergalactic H I absorption. To identify Lyman continuum emitters (LCEs) and infer the fraction of escaping LyC, astronomers have developed various indirect diagnostics of LyC escape. Using measurements of the LyC from the Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), we present the first statistical test of these diagnostics. While optical depth indicators based on Ly{\alpha}, such as peak velocity separation and equivalent width, perform well, we also find that other diagnostics, such as the [O III]/[O II] flux ratio and star formation rate surface density, predict whether a galaxy is a LCE. The relationship between these galaxy properties and the fraction of escaping LyC flux suggests that LyC escape depends strongly on H I column density, ionization parameter, and stellar feedback. We find LCEs occupy a range of stellar masses, metallicities, star formation histories, and ionization parameters, which may indicate episodic and/or different physical causes of LyC escape., Comment: ApJ, accepted. 31 pages, 26 figures, 1 table

Using the exquisite MUSE eXtremely Deep Field data, we report the discovery of an MgII emission nebula with an area above a 2$\sigma$ significance level of 1000 proper kpc$^2$, providing the first panoramic view of the spatial distribution of magnesium in the intragroup medium of a low mass group of five star-forming galaxies at z=1.31. The galaxy group members are separated by less than 50 physical kpc in projection and $\approx$120 km/s in velocity space. The most massive galaxy has a stellar mass of 10$^{9.35}$ M$_\odot$ and shows an MgII P-Cygni line profile indicating the presence of an outflow, which is consistent with the spatially resolved spectral analysis showing $\approx+$120 km/s shift of the MgII emission lines with respect to the systemic redshift. The other galaxies are less massive and only show MgII in emission. The detected MgII nebula has a maximal projected extent of $\approx$70 kpc including a low surface brightness (2 $\times$ 10$^{-19}$ erg/s/cm$^{2}$/arcsec$^{2}$) gaseous bridge between two subgroups of galaxies. The presence of absorption features in the spectrum of a background galaxy located at an impact parameter of 19 kpc from the closest galaxy of the group indicates the presence of gas enriched in magnesium even beyond the detected nebula seen in emission, suggesting that we are observing the tip of a larger intragroup medium. The observed MgII velocity gradient suggests an overall rotation of the structure along the major axis of the most massive galaxy. Our MUSE data also reveal extended Fe II* emission in the vicinity of the most massive galaxy, aligned with its minor axis. Extended [OII] emission is found around the galaxy group members and at the location of the MgII bridge. Our results suggest that both tidal stripping effects from galaxy interactions and outflows are enriching the intragroup medium of this system., Comment: Submitted to A&A. Referee's first comments implemented

Using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, we have obtained ultraviolet (UV) spectra from $\sim 1200$ to 2000 \AA\ of known Lyman continuum (LyC) emitting galaxies at low redshift ($z \sim 0.3-0.4$) with varying absolute LyC escape fractions (fesc $\sim 0.01 - 0.72$). Our observations include in particular the galaxy J1243+4646, which has the highest known LyC escape fraction at low redshift. While all galaxies are known Lyman alpha emitters, we consistently detect an inventory of additional emission lines, including CIV 1550, HeII 1640, OIII] 1666, and CIII] 1909, whose origin is presumably essentially nebular. CIV 1550 emission is detected above 4 $\sigma$ in six out of eight galaxies, with equivalent widths of EW(CIV)$=12-15$ Ang for two galaxies, which exceeds the previously reported maximum emission in low-$z$ star-forming galaxies. We detect CIV 1550 emission in all LyC emitters with escape fractions fesc $> 0.1$ and find a tentative increase in the flux ratio CIV 1550/ CIII] 1909 with fesc. Based on the data, we propose a new criterion to select and classify strong leakers (galaxies with fesc $> 0.1$): CIV 1550/ CIII] 1909 $> 0.75$. Finally, we also find HeII 1640 emission in all the strong leakers with equivalent widths from 3 to 8 Ang rest frame. These are among the highest values observed in star-forming galaxies and are primarily due to a high rate of ionizing photon production. The nebular HeII 1640 emission of the strong LyC emitters does not require harder ionizing spectra at $>54$ eV compared to those of typical star-forming galaxies at similarly low metallicity., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures; Accepted for publication in A\&A Letters

The aim of this study is to better understand the connection between the Lyman $\alpha$ rest-frame equivalent width (EW$_0$) and spectral properties as well as ultraviolet (UV) continuum morphology by obtaining reliable EW$_0$ histograms for a statistical sample of galaxies and by assessing the fraction of objects with large equivalent widths. We used integral field spectroscopy from MUSE combined with broad-band data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to measure EW$_0$. We analysed the emission lines of $1920$ Lyman $\alpha$ emitters (LAEs) detected in the full MUSE-Wide (one hour exposure time) and MUSE-Deep (ten hour exposure time) surveys and found UV continuum counterparts in archival HST data. We fitted the UV continuum photometric images using the Galfit software to gain morphological information on the rest-UV emission and fitted the spectra obtained from MUSE to determine the double peak fraction, asymmetry, full-width at half maximum, and flux of the Lyman $\alpha$ line. The two surveys show different histograms of Lyman $\alpha$ EW$_0$. In MUSE-Wide, $20\%$ of objects have EW$_0 > 240$ \r{A}, while this fraction is only $11\%$ in MUSE-Deep and $\approx 16\%$ for the full sample. This includes objects without HST continuum counterparts (one-third of our sample), for which we give lower limits for EW$_0$. The object with the highest securely measured EW$_0$ has EW$_0=589 \pm 193$ \r{A} (the highest lower limit being EW$_0=4464$ \r{A}). We investigate the connection between EW$_0$ and Lyman $\alpha$ spectral or UV continuum morphological properties. The survey depth has to be taken into account when studying EW$_0$ distributions. We find that in general, high EW$_0$ objects can have a wide range of spectral and UV morphological properties, which might reflect that the underlying causes for high EW$_0$ values are equally varied. (abridged), Comment: 28 pages, 21 + 1 figures, 7 + 1 tables, accepted for publication in A&A

Combining 66 ultraviolet (UV) spectra and ancillary data from the Low-Redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS) and 23 LyC observations by earlier studies, we form a statistical sample of star-forming galaxies at $z \sim 0.3$ to study the role of the cold interstellar medium (ISM) gas in the leakage of ionizing radiation. We first constrain the massive star content (ages and metallicities) and UV attenuation, by fitting the stellar continuum with a combination of simple stellar population models. The models, together with accurate LyC flux measurements, allow to determine the absolute LyC photon escape fraction for each galaxy ($f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}$). We measure the equivalent widths and residual fluxes of multiple HI and low-ionization state (LIS) lines, and the geometrical covering fraction adopting the picket-fence model. The $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}$ spans a wide range, with a median (0.16, 0.84 quantiles) of 0.04 (0.02, 0.20), and 50 out of the 89 galaxies detected in the LyC. The HI and LIS line equivalent widths scale with the UV luminosity and attenuation, and inversely with the residual flux of the lines. The HI and LIS residual fluxes are correlated, indicating that the neutral gas is spatially traced by the LIS transitions. We find the observed trends of the absorption lines and the UV attenuation are primarily driven by the covering fraction. The non-uniform gas coverage demonstrates that LyC photons escape through low-column density channels in the ISM. The equivalent widths and residual fluxes of the UV lines strongly correlate with $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}$: strong LyC leakers show weak absorption lines, low UV attenuation, and large Ly$\alpha$ equivalent widths. We finally show that simultaneous UV absorption line and dust attenuation measurements can predict, on average, the escape fraction of galaxies and the method can be applied to galaxies across a wide redshift range., Comment: 30 pages, 16 figures, 3 tables; accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics on December 16, 2021. Tables A1 to A4 are part of the LzLCS science products and will be publicly available in a dedicated website

The origins of Lyman continuum (LyC) photons responsible for the reionization of the universe are as of yet unknown and highly contested. Detecting LyC photons from the epoch of reionization is not possible due to absorption by the intergalactic medium, which has prompted the development of several indirect diagnostics to infer the rate at which galaxies contribute LyC photons to reionize the universe by studying lower-redshift analogs. We present the Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS) comprising measurements made with HST/COS for a z=0.2-0.4 sample of 66 galaxies. After careful processing of the FUV spectra, we obtain a total of 35 Lyman continuum emitters (LCEs) detected with 97.725% confidence, nearly tripling the number of known local LCEs. We estimate escape fractions from the detected LyC flux and upper limits on the undetected LyC flux, finding a range of LyC escape fractions up to 50%. Of the 35 LzLCS LCEs, 12 have LyC escape fractions greater than 5%, more than doubling the number of known local LCEs with cosmologically relevant LyC escape., Comment: ApJS, accepted. 28 pages, 19 figures, 8 tables. Full machine readable tables will be made available by the publisher at the time of publication

Hydrogen Ly${\alpha}$ haloes (LAHs) are commonly used as a tracer of the circumgalactic medium (CGM) at high redshifts. In this work, we aim to explore the existence of Ly${\alpha}$ haloes around individual UV-selected galaxies, rather than around Ly${\alpha}$ emitters (LAEs), at high redshifts. Our sample was continuum-selected with F775W<=27.5, and spectroscopic redshifts were assigned or constrained for all the sources thanks to the deepest (100- to 140-hour) existing Very Large Telescope (VLT)/Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) data with adaptive optics. The final sample includes 21 galaxies that are purely F775W-magnitude selected within the redshift range z=2.9-4.4 and within a UV magnitude range -20<=M1500<= -18, thus avoiding any bias toward LAEs. We tested whether galaxy's Ly${\alpha}$ emission is significantly more extended than the MUSE PSF-convolved continuum component. We find 17 LAHs and four non-LAHs. We report the first individual detections of extended Ly${\alpha}$ emission around non-LAEs. The Ly${\alpha}$ halo fraction is thus as high as $81.0^{+10.3}_{-11.2}$%, which is close to that for LAEs at z=3-6 in the literature. This implies that UV-selected galaxies generally have a large amount of hydrogen in their CGM. We derived the mean surface brightness (SB) profile for our LAHs with cosmic dimming corrections and find that Ly${\alpha}$ emission extends to 5.4 arcsec (~40 physical kpc at the midpoint redshift z=3.6) above the typical 1${\sigma}$ SB limit. The incidence rate of surrounding gas detected in Ly${\alpha}$ per one-dimensional line of sight per unit redshift, dn/dz, is estimated to be $0.76^{+0.09}_{-0.09}$ for galaxies with M1500<= -18 mag at z~3.7. Assuming that Ly${\alpha}$ emission and absorption arise in the same gas, this suggests, based on abundance matching, that LAHs trace the same gas as damped Ly${\alpha}$ systems (DLAs) and sub-DLAs., Comment: 33 pages, 13 + 10 figures, 3 tables, published in A&A, Table 1 updated after the acceptance based on a new version of the MUSE catalog