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To date, the International Zeolite Association Structure Commission (IZA-SC) has cataloged merely 255 distinct zeolite structures, with millions of theoretically possible structures yet to be discovered. The synthesis of a specific zeolite typically necessitates the use of an organic structure-directing agent (OSDA), since the selectivity for a particular zeolite is largely determined by the affinity between the OSDA and the zeolite. Therefore, finding the best affinity OSDA-zeolite pair is the key to the synthesis of targeted zeolite. However, OSDA-zeolite pairs frequently exhibit complex geometric structures, i.e., a complex crystal structure formed by a large number of atoms. Although some existing machine learning methods can represent the periodicity of crystals, they cannot accurately represent crystal structures with local variability. To address this issue, we propose a novel approach called Zeoformer, which can effectively represent coarse-grained crystal periodicity and fine-grained local variability. Zeoformer reconstructs the unit cell centered around each atom and encodes the pairwise distances between this central atom and other atoms within the reconstructed unit cell. The introduction of pairwise distances within the reconstructed unit cell more effectively represents the overall structure of the unit cell and the differences between different unit cells, enabling the model to more accurately and efficiently predict the properties of OSDA-zeolite pairs and general crystal structures. Through comprehensive evaluation, our Zeoformer model demonstrates the best performance on OSDA-zeolite pair datasets and two types of crystal material datasets., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures

Group Equivariant Convolution (GConv) can effectively handle rotational symmetry data. They assume uniform and strict rotational symmetry across all features, as the transformations under the specific group. However, real-world data rarely conforms to strict rotational symmetry commonly referred to as Rotational Symmetry-Breaking in the system or dataset, making GConv unable to adapt effectively to this phenomenon. Motivated by this, we propose a simple but highly effective method to address this problem, which utilizes a set of learnable biases called the $G$-Biases under the group order to break strict group constraints and achieve \textbf{R}elaxed \textbf{R}otational \textbf{E}quivarant \textbf{Conv}olution (RREConv). We conduct extensive experiments to validate Relaxed Rotational Equivariance on rotational symmetry groups $\mathcal{C}_n$ (e.g. $\mathcal{C}_2$, $\mathcal{C}_4$, and $\mathcal{C}_6$ groups). Further experiments demonstrate that our proposed RREConv-based methods achieve excellent performance, compared to existing GConv-based methods in classification and detection tasks on natural image datasets.

Introducing Group Equivariant Convolution (GConv) empowers models to explore symmetries hidden in visual data, improving their performance. However, in real-world scenarios, objects or scenes often exhibit perturbations of a symmetric system, specifically a deviation from a symmetric architecture, which can be characterized by a non-trivial action of a symmetry group, known as Symmetry-Breaking. Traditional GConv methods are limited by the strict operation rules in the group space, only ensuring features remain strictly equivariant under limited group transformations, making it difficult to adapt to Symmetry-Breaking or non-rigid transformations. Motivated by this, we introduce a novel Relaxed Rotation GConv (R2GConv) with our defined Relaxed Rotation-Equivariant group $\mathbf{R}_4$. Furthermore, we propose a Relaxed Rotation-Equivariant Network (R2Net) as the backbone and further develop the Symmetry-Breaking Object Detector (SBDet) for 2D object detection built upon it. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed R2GConv in natural image classification tasks, and SBDet achieves excellent performance in object detection tasks with improved generalization capabilities and robustness.

In continual learning, the learner learns multiple tasks in sequence, with data being acquired only once for each task. Catastrophic forgetting is a major challenge to continual learning. To reduce forgetting, some existing rehearsal-based methods use episodic memory to replay samples of previous tasks. However, in the process of knowledge integration when learning a new task, this strategy also suffers from catastrophic forgetting due to an imbalance between old and new knowledge. To address this problem, we propose a novel replay strategy called Manifold Expansion Replay (MaER). We argue that expanding the implicit manifold of the knowledge representation in the episodic memory helps to improve the robustness and expressiveness of the model. To this end, we propose a greedy strategy to keep increasing the diameter of the implicit manifold represented by the knowledge in the buffer during memory management. In addition, we introduce Wasserstein distance instead of cross entropy as distillation loss to preserve previous knowledge. With extensive experimental validation on MNIST, CIFAR10, CIFAR100, and TinyImageNet, we show that the proposed method significantly improves the accuracy in continual learning setup, outperforming the state of the arts.

Recent large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential toward intelligent agents and next-gen automation, but there currently lacks a systematic benchmark for evaluating LLMs' abilities as agents. We introduce SmartPlay: both a challenging benchmark and a methodology for evaluating LLMs as agents. SmartPlay consists of 6 different games, including Rock-Paper-Scissors, Tower of Hanoi, Minecraft. Each game features a unique setting, providing up to 20 evaluation settings and infinite environment variations. Each game in SmartPlay uniquely challenges a subset of 9 important capabilities of an intelligent LLM agent, including reasoning with object dependencies, planning ahead, spatial reasoning, learning from history, and understanding randomness. The distinction between the set of capabilities each game test allows us to analyze each capability separately. SmartPlay serves not only as a rigorous testing ground for evaluating the overall performance of LLM agents but also as a road-map for identifying gaps in current methodologies. We release our benchmark at github.com/Microsoft/SmartPlay

Hanbury-Brown and Twiss (HBT) effect is the foundation for stellar intensity interferometry. However, it is a phase insensitive two-photon interference effect. In this paper, we extend the HBT interferometer by mixing two phase-coherent input fields with coherent auxiliary fields before intensity correlation measurement and achieve phase sensitive two-photon interference so as to measure the complete complex second-order coherence function of the input fields. This practical scheme paves the way for synthetic aperture imaging for astronomical applications in optical regime. Pulsed input fields is also tested for potential remote sensing and ranging applications. We discuss the condition to implement recently proposed entanglement-based telescopy scheme with the more realistic cw broadband anti-bunched light fields., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures

Diffusion generative models (DMs) have achieved promising results in image and graph generation. However, real-world graphs, such as social networks, molecular graphs, and traffic graphs, generally share non-Euclidean topologies and hidden hierarchies. For example, the degree distributions of graphs are mostly power-law distributions. The current latent diffusion model embeds the hierarchical data in a Euclidean space, which leads to distortions and interferes with modeling the distribution. Instead, hyperbolic space has been found to be more suitable for capturing complex hierarchical structures due to its exponential growth property. In order to simultaneously utilize the data generation capabilities of diffusion models and the ability of hyperbolic embeddings to extract latent hierarchical distributions, we propose a novel graph generation method called, Hyperbolic Graph Diffusion Model (HGDM), which consists of an auto-encoder to encode nodes into successive hyperbolic embeddings, and a DM that operates in the hyperbolic latent space. HGDM captures the crucial graph structure distributions by constructing a hyperbolic potential node space that incorporates edge information. Extensive experiments show that HGDM achieves better performance in generic graph and molecule generation benchmarks, with a $48\%$ improvement in the quality of graph generation with highly hierarchical structures., Comment: accepted by AAAI 2024

Recently, 3D object detection has attracted significant attention and achieved continuous improvement in real road scenarios. The environmental information is collected from a single sensor or multi-sensor fusion to detect interested objects. However, most of the current 3D object detection approaches focus on developing advanced network architectures to improve the detection precision of the object rather than considering the dynamic driving scenes, where data collected from sensors equipped in the vehicle contain various perturbation features. As a result, existing work cannot still tackle the perturbation issue. In order to solve this problem, we propose a group equivariant bird's eye view network (GeqBevNet) based on the group equivariant theory, which introduces the concept of group equivariant into the BEV fusion object detection network. The group equivariant network is embedded into the fused BEV feature map to facilitate the BEV-level rotational equivariant feature extraction, thus leading to lower average orientation error. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the GeqBevNet, the network is verified on the nuScenes validation dataset in which mAOE can be decreased to 0.325. Experimental results demonstrate that GeqBevNet can extract more rotational equivariant features in the 3D object detection of the actual road scene and improve the performance of object orientation prediction., Comment: 8 pages,3 figures

Autoencoders have achieved great success in various computer vision applications. The autoencoder learns appropriate low dimensional image representations through the self-supervised paradigm, i.e., reconstruction. Existing studies mainly focus on the minimizing the reconstruction error on pixel level of image, while ignoring the preservation of Intrinsic Dimension (ID), which is a fundamental geometric property of data representations in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Motivated by the important role of ID, in this paper, we propose a novel deep representation learning approach with autoencoder, which incorporates regularization of the global and local ID constraints into the reconstruction of data representations. This approach not only preserves the global manifold structure of the whole dataset, but also maintains the local manifold structure of the feature maps of each point, which makes the learned low-dimensional features more discriminant and improves the performance of the downstream algorithms. To our best knowledge, existing works are rare and limited on exploiting both global and local ID invariant properties on the regularization of autoencoders. Numerical experimental results on benchmark datasets (Extended Yale B, Caltech101 and ImageNet) show that the resulting regularized learning models achieve better discriminative representations for downstream tasks including image classification and clustering.

Self-attention modules have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in capturing long-range relationships and improving the performance of point cloud tasks. However, point cloud objects are typically characterized by complex, disordered, and non-Euclidean spatial structures with multiple scales, and their behavior is often dynamic and unpredictable. The current self-attention modules mostly rely on dot product multiplication and dimension alignment among query-key-value features, which cannot adequately capture the multi-scale non-Euclidean structures of point cloud objects. To address these problems, this paper proposes a self-attention plug-in module with its variants, Multi-scale Geometry-aware Transformer (MGT). MGT processes point cloud data with multi-scale local and global geometric information in the following three aspects. At first, the MGT divides point cloud data into patches with multiple scales. Secondly, a local feature extractor based on sphere mapping is proposed to explore the geometry inner each patch and generate a fixed-length representation for each patch. Thirdly, the fixed-length representations are fed into a novel geodesic-based self-attention to capture the global non-Euclidean geometry between patches. Finally, all the modules are integrated into the framework of MGT with an end-to-end training scheme. Experimental results demonstrate that the MGT vastly increases the capability of capturing multi-scale geometry using the self-attention mechanism and achieves strong competitive performance on mainstream point cloud benchmarks.

A collaboration framework is a distributed system that serves as the data layer for a collaborative app. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are a promising theoretical technique for implementing collaboration frameworks. However, existing frameworks are inflexible: they are often one-off implementations of research papers or only permit a restricted set of CRDT semantics, and they do not allow app-specific optimizations. Until now, there was no general framework that lets programmers mix, match, and modify CRDTs. We solve this with Collabs, a CRDT-based collaboration framework that lets programmers implement their own CRDTs, either from-scratch or by composing existing building blocks. Collabs prioritizes both semantic flexibility and performance flexibility: it allows arbitrary app-specific CRDT behaviors and optimizations, while still providing strong eventual consistency. We demonstrate Collabs's capabilities and programming model with example apps and CRDT implementations. We then show that a collaborative rich-text editor using Collabs's built-in CRDTs can scale to over 100 simultaneous users, unlike existing CRDT frameworks and Google Docs. Collabs also has lower end-to-end latency and server CPU usage than a popular Operational Transformation framework, with acceptable CRDT metadata overhead., Comment: 18 pages, 19 figures

SU(1,1) interferometer (SUI) is a novel type of interferometer that uses directly entangled quantum fields for sensing phase change. For rotational sensing, Sagnac geometry is usually adopted. However, because SUI depends on the phase sum of the two arms, traditional Sagnac geometry, when applied to SUI, will result in null signal. In this paper, we modify the traditional Sagnac interferometer by nesting SU(1,1) interferometers inside. We show that the rotational signal comes from two parts labeled as "classical" and "quantum", respectively, and the quantum part, where quantum entangled fields are used for sensing, has rotational signal enhanced by a factor related to the gain of the SUI., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures

Adversarial attacks are often considered as threats to the robustness of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Various defending techniques have been developed to mitigate the potential negative impact of adversarial attacks against task predictions. This work analyzes adversarial attacks from a different perspective. Namely, adversarial examples contain implicit information that is useful to the predictions i.e., image classification, and treat the adversarial attacks against DNNs for data self-expression as extracted abstract representations that are capable of facilitating specific learning tasks. We propose an algorithmic framework that leverages the advantages of the DNNs for data self-expression and task-specific predictions, to improve image classification. The framework jointly learns a DNN for attacking Variational Autoencoder (VAE) networks and a DNN for classification, coined as Attacking VAE for Improve Classification (AVIC). The experiment results show that AVIC can achieve higher accuracy on standard datasets compared to the training with clean examples and the traditional adversarial training.

With the proliferation of mobile devices and the Internet of Things, deep learning models are increasingly deployed on devices with limited computing resources and memory, and are exposed to the threat of adversarial noise. Learning deep models with both lightweight and robustness is necessary for these equipments. However, current deep learning solutions are difficult to learn a model that possesses these two properties without degrading one or the other. As is well known, the fully-connected layers contribute most of the parameters of convolutional neural networks. We perform a separable structural transformation of the fully-connected layer to reduce the parameters, where the large-scale weight matrix of the fully-connected layer is decoupled by the tensor product of several separable small-sized matrices. Note that data, such as images, no longer need to be flattened before being fed to the fully-connected layer, retaining the valuable spatial geometric information of the data. Moreover, in order to further enhance both lightweight and robustness, we propose a joint constraint of sparsity and differentiable condition number, which is imposed on these separable matrices. We evaluate the proposed approach on MLP, VGG-16 and Vision Transformer. The experimental results on datasets such as ImageNet, SVHN, CIFAR-100 and CIFAR10 show that we successfully reduce the amount of network parameters by 90%, while the robust accuracy loss is less than 1.5%, which is better than the SOTA methods based on the original fully-connected layer. Interestingly, it can achieve an overwhelming advantage even at a high compression rate, e.g., 200 times., Comment: 18 pages, 5figures

The most recent year has witnessed the success of applying the Vision Transformer (ViT) for image classification. However, there are still evidences indicating that ViT often suffers following two aspects, i) the high computation and the memory burden from applying the multiple Transformer layers for pre-training on a large-scale dataset, ii) the over-fitting when training on small datasets from scratch. To address these problems, a novel method, namely, Vision Reservoir computing (ViR), is proposed here for image classification, as a parallel to ViT. By splitting each image into a sequence of tokens with fixed length, the ViR constructs a pure reservoir with a nearly fully connected topology to replace the Transformer module in ViT. Two kinds of deep ViR models are subsequently proposed to enhance the network performance. Comparative experiments between the ViR and the ViT are carried out on several image classification benchmarks. Without any pre-training process, the ViR outperforms the ViT in terms of both model and computational complexity. Specifically, the number of parameters of the ViR is about 15% even 5% of the ViT, and the memory footprint is about 20% to 40% of the ViT. The superiority of the ViR performance is explained by Small-World characteristics, Lyapunov exponents, and memory capacity., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

We introduce a code generator that converts unoptimized C++ code operating on sparse data into vectorized and parallel CPU or GPU kernels. Our approach unrolls the computation into a massive expression graph, performs redundant expression elimination, grouping, and then generates an architecture-specific kernel to solve the same problem, assuming that the sparsity pattern is fixed, which is a common scenario in many applications in computer graphics and scientific computing. We show that our approach scales to large problems and can achieve speedups of two orders of magnitude on CPUs and three orders of magnitude on GPUs, compared to a set of manually optimized CPU baselines. To demonstrate the practical applicability of our approach, we employ it to optimize popular algorithms with applications to physical simulation and interactive mesh deformation.

Interval computation is widely used to certify computations that use floating point operations to avoid pitfalls related to rounding error introduced by inaccurate operations. Despite its popularity and practical benefits, support for interval arithmetic is not standardized nor available in mainstream programming languages. We propose the first benchmark for interval computations, coupled with reference solutions computed with exact arithmetic, and compare popular C and C++ libraries over different architectures, operating systems, and compilers. The benchmark allows identifying limitations in existing implementations, and provides a reliable guide on which library to use on each system. We believe that our benchmark will be useful for developers of future interval libraries, as a way to test the correctness and performance of their algorithms., Comment: 11 pages, 33 figures, 2 tables

There are some inadequacies in the language description of this paper that require further improvement. This paper is based on a revision of a conference paper. It is now necessary to further explain the difference between the contributions of the two papers., Comment: Some inappropriate descriptions have been found in this paper

Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved excellent performances in many computer vision tasks. Specifically, for hyperspectral images (HSIs) classification, CNNs often require very complex structure due to the high dimension of HSIs. The complex structure of CNNs results in prohibitive training efforts. Moreover, the common situation in HSIs classification task is the lack of labeled samples, which results in accuracy deterioration of CNNs. In this work, we develop an easy-to-implement capsule network to alleviate the aforementioned problems, i.e., 1D-convolution capsule network (1D-ConvCapsNet). Firstly, 1D-ConvCapsNet separately extracts spatial and spectral information on spatial and spectral domains, which is more lightweight than 3D-convolution due to fewer parameters. Secondly, 1D-ConvCapsNet utilizes the capsule-wise constraint window method to reduce parameter amount and computational complexity of conventional capsule network. Finally, 1D-ConvCapsNet obtains accurate predictions with respect to input samples via dynamic routing. The effectiveness of the 1D-ConvCapsNet is verified by three representative HSI datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that 1D-ConvCapsNet is superior to state-of-the-art methods in both the accuracy and training effort.