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We investigate superconducting gallium in its $\alpha$ phase using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy at temperatures down to about 100 mK. High-resolution tunneling spectroscopies using both superconducting and normal tips show that superconducting $\alpha$-Ga is accurately described by Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory, with a gap $\Delta_{\rm Ga}$ = 163 $\mu$eV on the $\alpha-$Ga(112) facet, with highly homogeneous spectra over the surface, including atomic defects and step edges. Using a superconducting Pb tip, we furthermore study the low-bias conductance features of the Josephson junction formed between tip and sample. The features are accurately described by dynamical Coulomb blockade theory, highlighting $\alpha-$Ga as a possible platform for surface science studies of mesoscopic superconductivity.

In a Josephson junction, which is the central element in superconducting quantum technology, irreversibility arises from abrupt slips of the gauge-invariant quantum phase difference across the contact. A quantum phase slip (QPS) is often visualized as the tunneling of a flux quantum in the transverse direction to the superconducting weak link, which produces dissipation. In this work, we detect the instantaneous heat release caused by a QPS in a Josephson junction using time-resolved electron thermometry on a nanocalorimeter, signaled by an abrupt increase of the local electronic temperature in the weak link and subsequent relaxation back to equilibrium. Beyond providing a cornerstone in experimental quantum thermodynamics in form of observation of heat in an elementary quantum process, this result sets the ground for experimentally addressing the ubiquity of dissipation, including that in superconducting quantum sensors and qubits.

Measuring the abundance and isotopic composition of noble gases in planetary atmospheres can answer fundamental questions in cosmochemistry and comparative planetology. However, noble gases are rare elements, a feature making their measurement challenging even on Earth. Furthermore, in space applications, power consumption, volume and mass constraints on spacecraft instrument accommodations require the development of compact innovative instruments able to meet the engineering requirements of the mission while still meeting the science requirements. Here we demonstrate the ability of the quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (QITMS) developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Caltech, Pasadena) to measure low quantities of heavy noble gases (Kr, Xe) in static operating mode and in the absence of a buffer gas such as helium. The sensitivity reaches 1E13 cps Torr-1 (about 1011 cps/Pa) of gas (Kr or Xe). The instrument is able to measure gas in static mode for extended periods of time (up to 48 h) enabling the acquisition of thousands of isotope ratios per measurement. Errors on isotope ratios follow predictions of the counting statistics and the instrument provides reproducible results over several days of measurements. For example, 1.7E-10 Torr (2.3E-8 Pa) of Kr measured continuously for 7 hours yielded a 0.6 permil precision on the 86Kr/84Kr ratio. Measurements of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples reproduce values from the literature. A compact instrument based upon the QITMS design would have a sensitivity high enough to reach the precision on isotope ratios (e.g. better than 1 percent for 129,131-136Xe/130Xe ratios) necessary for a scientific payload measuring noble gases collected in the Venus atmosphere., Comment: 42 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables

We present improved fits to our treatment of suppression of dielectronic recombination at intermediate densities. At low densities, most recombined excited states eventually decay to the ground state, and therefore the total dielectronic recombination rate to all levels is preserved. At intermediate densities, on the other hand, collisions can lead to ionization of higher-lying excited states, thereby suppressing the dielectronic recombination rate. The improved suppression factors presented here, although highly approximate, allow summed recombination rate coefficients to be used to intermediate densities. There have been several technical improvements to our previously presented fits. For H- through B-like ions the activation log densities have been adjusted to better reproduce existing data. For B-, C-, Al-, and Si-like ions secondary autoionization is now included. The treatment of density discontinuity in electron excitations out of ground state H-, He-, and Ne-like ions has been improved. These refined dielectronic recombination suppression factors are used in the most recent version of the plasma simulation code Cloudy. We show how the ionization and emission spectrum change when this physics is included. Although these suppression factors improve the treatment of intermediate densities, they are highly approximate and are not a substitution for a complete collisional-radiative model of the ionization balance.

Dielectronic recombination (DR) is the dominant recombination process for most heavy elements in photoionized clouds. Accurate DR rates for a species can be predicted when the positions of autoionizing states are known. Unfortunately such data are not available for most third and higher-row elements. This introduces an uncertainty that is especially acute for photoionized clouds, where the low temperatures mean that DR occurs energetically through very low-lying autoionizing states. This paper discusses S$^{2+} \rightarrow$ S$^+$ DR, the process that is largely responsible for establishing the [S~III]/[S~II] ratio in nebulae. We derive an empirical rate coefficient using a novel method for second-row ions, which do have accurate data. Photoionization models are used to reproduce the [O~III] / [O~II] / [O~I] / [Ne~III] intensity ratios in central regions of the Orion Nebula. O and Ne have accurate atomic data and can be used to derive an empirical S$^{2+} \rightarrow$ S$^+$ DR rate coefficient at $\sim 10^{4}$~K. We present new calculations of the DR rate coefficient for S$^{2+} \rightarrow$ S$^+$ and quantify how uncertainties in the autoionizing level positions affect it. The empirical and theoretical results are combined and we derive a simple fit to the resulting rate coefficient at all temperatures for incorporation into spectral synthesis codes. This method can be used to derive empirical DR rates for other ions, provided that good observations of several stages of ionization of O and Ne are available., Comment: Ap.J. At Press

We have developed a general model for determining density-dependent effective dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients in order to explore finite-density effects on the ionization balance of plasmas. Our model consists of multiplying by a suppression factor those highly-accurate total zero-density DR rate coefficients which have been produced from state-of-the-art theoretical calculations and which have been benchmarked by experiment. The suppression factor is based-upon earlier detailed collision-radiative calculations which were made for a wide range of ions at various densities and temperatures, but used a simplified treatment of DR. A general suppression formula is then developed as a function of isoelectronic sequence, charge, density, and temperature. These density-dependent effective DR rate coefficients are then used in the plasma simulation code Cloudy to compute ionization balance curves for both collisionally ionized and photoionized plasmas at very low (ne = 1 cm^-3) and finite (ne=10^10 cm^-3) densities. We find that the denser case is significantly more ionized due to suppression of DR, warranting further studies of density effects on DR by detailed collisional-radiative calculations which utilize state-of-the-art partial DR rate coefficients. This is expected to impact the predictions of the ionization balance in denser cosmic gases such as those found in nova and supernova shells, accretion disks, and the broad emission line regions in active galactic nuclei., Comment: main article (27 pages, 7 figures); supporting information (37 pages, 46 figures)

We present a theoretical investigation of dielectronic recombination (DR) of Ar-like ions that sheds new light on the behavior of the rate coefficient at low-temperatures where these ions form in photoionized plasmas. We provide results for the total and partial Maxwellian-averaged DR rate coefficients from the initial ground level of K II -- Zn XIII ions. It is expected that these new results will advance the accuracy of the ionization balance for Ar-like M-shell ions and pave the way towards a detailed modeling of astrophysically relevant X-ray absorption features. We utilize the AUTOSTRUCTURE computer code to obtain the accurate core-excitation thresholds in target ions and carry out multiconfiguration Breit-Pauli (MCBP) calculations of the DR cross section in the independent-processes, isolated-resonance, distorted-wave (IPIRDW) approximation. Our results mediate the complete absence of direct DR calculations for certain Ar-like ions and question the reliability of the existing empirical rate formulas, often inferred from renormalized data within this isoelectronic sequence.

We report on the study of the intensities of several gamma lines emitted after the inelastic scattering of neutrons in $^{56}$Fe. Neutrons were produced by cosmic muons passing the 20t massive iron cube placed at the Earth's surface and used as a passive shield for the HPGe detector. Relative intensities of detected gamma lines are compared with the results collected in the same iron shield by the use of $^{252}$Cf neutrons. Assessment against the published data from neutron scattering experiments at energies up to 14 MeV is also provided.

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