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2D topological insulators promise novel approaches towards electronic, spintronic, and quantum device applications. This is owing to unique features of their electronic band structure, in which bulk-boundary correspondences enforces the existence of 1D spin-momentum locked metallic edge states - both helical and chiral - surrounding an electrically insulating bulk. Forty years since the first discoveries of topological phases in condensed matter, the abstract concept of band topology has sprung into realization with several materials now available in which sizable bulk energy gaps - up to a few hundred meV - promise to enable topology for applications even at room-temperature. Further, the possibility of combining 2D TIs in heterostructures with functional materials such as multiferroics, ferromagnets, and superconductors, vastly extends the range of applicability beyond their intrinsic properties. While 2D TIs remain a unique testbed for questions of fundamental condensed matter physics, proposals seek to control the topologically protected bulk or boundary states electrically, or even induce topological phase transitions to engender switching functionality. Induction of superconducting pairing in 2D TIs strives to realize non-Abelian quasiparticles, promising avenues towards fault-tolerant topological quantum computing. This roadmap aims to present a status update of the field, reviewing recent advances and remaining challenges in theoretical understanding, materials synthesis, physical characterization and, ultimately, device perspectives.

In the 1960s, it was proposed that in small indirect band-gap materials, excitons can spontaneously form because the density of carriers is too low to screen the attractive Coulomb interaction between electrons and holes. The result is a novel strongly interacting insulating phase known as an excitonic insulator. Here we employ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) to show that the enhanced Coulomb interaction in quantum-confined elemental Sb nanoflakes drives the system to the excitonic insulator state. The unique feature of the excitonic insulator, a charge density wave (CDW) without periodic lattice distortion, is directly observed. Furthermore, STS shows a gap induced by the CDW near the Fermi surface. Our observations suggest that the Sb(110) nanoflake is an excitonic insulator.

We study the contribution of Scalar Leptoquark (SLQ) loops to the two photon scattering cross section at high energies. The leading order helicity amplitudes are discussed at coupling O(e4) for Standard Model (SM) fermions, weak bosons and SLQs. Helicity amplitudes for the different types of loops are calculated for photon center of mass energies being much higher than weak boson mass scale but still much lower than the predicted Leptoquark mass scales. Finally, the cross section due to the SLQ loops is presented in conjunction with the known SM contribution., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures

This paper deals with the joint reduction of dynamic states (internal states of generator, solar, and loads, etc) and algebraic variables (states of the network e.g., voltage and phase angles) of a nonlinear differential-algebraic equation (NDAE) model of power networks. Traditionally, in the current literature of power systemmodel order reduction (MOR), the algebraic constraints are usually neglected and the power network is commonly modeled via a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) instead of NDAEs. Thus, reduction is usually carried out for the dynamic states only and the algebraic variables are kept intact. This leaves a significant part of the system's size and complexity unreduced. This paper addresses this aforementioned limitation, by jointly reducing both dynamic and algebraic variables. As compared to the literature the proposedMOR techniques herein are endowed with the following features: (i) no system linearization is required, (ii) requires no transformation to an equivalent or approximate ODE representation, (iii) guarantee that the reduced order model to be NDAE and thus preserves the differential-algebraic structure of original power system model, and (iv) can seamlessly reduce both dynamic and algebraic variables while maintaining high accuracy. Case studies performed on a 2000-bus power system reveal that the proposedMOR techniques are able to reduce system order while maintaining accuracy

System identification through learning approaches is emerging as a promising strategy for understanding and simulating dynamical systems, which nevertheless faces considerable difficulty when confronted with power systems modeled by differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). This paper introduces a neural network (NN) framework for effectively learning and simulating solution trajectories of DAEs. The proposed framework leverages the synergy between Implicit Runge-Kutta (IRK) time-stepping schemes tailored for DAEs and NNs (including a differential NN (DNN)). The framework enforces an NN to cooperate with the algebraic equation of DAEs as hard constraints and is suitable for the identification of the ordinary differential equation (ODE)-modeled dynamic equation of DAEs using an existing penalty-based algorithm. Finally, the paper demonstrates the efficacy and precision of the proposed NN through the identification and simulation of solution trajectories for the considered DAE-modeled power system.

Due to the rapid developments in synchronized measurement technologies, there exist enormous opportunities to attenuate disturbances in future power grids with high penetration of renewables and complex load demands. To that end, this paper investigates the effectiveness of new robust feedback controllers for interconnected power systems with advanced power electronics-based models of photovoltaic (PV) power plants, composite load dynamics, and detailed higher-order synchronous generator models. Specifically, we design new, advanced control-theoretic wide-area controllers to improve the transient stability of nonlinear differential-algebraic models. Thorough simulation studies are carried out to assess the performance of the proposed controllers. Several fundamental questions on the proposed controllers' computational complexity and disturbance attenuation performance are raised and addressed. Simulation results demonstrate that with the proposed controllers as a secondary control layer, the overall transient stability and system robustness against load and renewables disturbances/uncertainties can be significantly improved compared to the state-of-the-art.

Component Based Software Engineering (CBSE) is used to develop software from Commercial Off the Shelf Components (COTs) with minimum cost and time. Component Based Software Cost Estimation (CBSCE) is an important pre-development activity for the successful planning and cost estimation of Components-Based Software Development (CBSD) that saves cost and time. Many researchers are putting their efforts to propose and then develop a CBSCE model. This motivates to review research work and history of CBSCE from 1965 to 2023. The scope of this research also, to some extent, includes auxiliary the review of all the research work done in the areas such as CBSE, CBSCE, Component Based Software Metrics, COTs, component based process models to cover all the areas of CBSD under CBSE either to answer or to provide pointers for the answers to the questions of this area easily. Internet based search methodology has been used to review the available and published literature. This paper may also classify available literature of this area into its sub areas such as component selection, quality with chronological contribution of the researchers and pictorial presentation of its history. Thus this research paper may serve as a common source of information for the concerned researchers., Comment: 4. International Antalya Scientific Research and Innovative Studies Congress May 9-10, 2023, Antalya, T\"urkiye

This paper presents a new approach to approximate the AC optimal power flow (ACOPF). By eliminating the need to solve the ACOPF every few minutes, the paper showcases how a realtime feedback controller can be utilized in lieu of ACOPF and its variants. By (i) forming the grid dynamics as a system of differential-algebraic equations (DAE) that naturally encode the non-convex OPF power flow constraints, (ii) utilizing DAELyapunov theory, and (iii) designing a feedback controller that captures realtime uncertainty while being uncertainty-unaware, the presented approach demonstrates promises of obtaining solutions that are close to the OPF ones without needing to solve the OPF. The proposed controller responds in realtime to deviations in renewables generation and loads, guaranteeing improvements in system transient stability, while always yielding approximate solutions of the ACOPF with no constraint violations. As the studied approach herein yields slightly more expensive realtime generator controls, the corresponding price of realtime control and regulation is examined. Cost comparisons with the traditional ACOPF are also showcased -- all via case studies on standard power networks.

Superconducting diode effect, in analogy to the nonreciprocal resistive charge transport in semiconducting diode, is a nonreciprocity of dissipationless supercurrent. Such an exotic phenomenon originates from intertwining between symmetry-constrained supercurrent transport and intrinsic quantum functionalities of helical/chiral superconductors. In this article, research progress of superconducting diode effect including fundamental concepts, material aspects, device prospects, and theoretical/experimental development is reviewed. First, fundamental mechanisms to cause superconducting diode effect including simultaneous space-inversion and time-reversal symmetry breaking, magnetochiral anisotropy, interplay between spin-orbit interaction energy and the characteristic energy scale of supercurrent carriers, and finite-momentum Cooper pairing are discussed. Second, the progress of superconducting diode effect from theoretical predictions to experimental observations are reviewed. Third, interplay between various system parameters leading to superconducting diode effect with optimal performance is presented. Then, it is explicitly highlighted that nonreciprocity of supercurrent can be characterized either by current-voltage relation obtained from resistive direct-current measurements in the metal-superconductor fluctuation region ($T\approx T_c$) or by current-phase relation and nonreciprocity of superfluid inductance obtained from alternating-current measurements in the superconducting phase ($T

Everybody knows very well about the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, and its impacts and effects on every field of life, from childhood to senior citizens, from local to global. The underlying research study focuses on students' involvement in online classes. This paper assesses the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the students' participation and involvement during online classes compared to the physical classes, cheating behavior, health effects, and study styles of the students of diverse degrees and age groups. This research study contributes to the real problems and challenges that students faced during online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The percentages of the students' responses with different color schemes shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig.3(a), Fig.3(b) and Fig.4 are conveying powerful and meaningful insight. These figures and the results given in Table I and Table II indicate that most students are not fully involved during online classes due to technical issues, remote distance, etc. We applied the Test here because we do not have exact population means. We used ttest_1samp with default value 0 to compute the variables' statistics and p-value. These values are minimal in favor of rejecting the null or H0 (hypothesis) and accepting the alternate or H1 (hypothesis). It further means that students' involvement during online classes is severely affected., Comment: 10 pages, 4

Conventional state estimation routines of electrical grids are mainly reliant on dynamic models of fossil fuel-based resources. These models commonly contain differential equations describing synchronous generator models and algebraic equations modeling power flow/balance equations. Fuel-free power systems that are driven by inertia-less renewable energy resources will hence require new models and upgraded estimation routines. To that end, in this paper we propose a robust estimator for an interconnected model of power networks comprised of a comprehensive ninth order synchronous generator model, advanced power electronics-based models for photovoltaic (PV) power plants, constant power loads, constant impedance loads, and motor loads. The presented state estimator design is based on Lyapunov stability criteria for nonlinear differential algebraic equation (DAE) models and is posed as a convex semi-definite optimization problem. Thorough simulations studies have been carried out on IEEE-39 bus test system to showcase the robustness of the proposed estimator against unknown uncertainty from load demand and solar irradiance., Comment: To Appear in the 61st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Canc\'un, Mexico, December 2022

This paper investigates the joint problems of dynamic state estimation of algebraic variables (voltage and phase angle) and generator states (rotor angle and frequency) of nonlinear differential algebraic equation (NDAE) power network models, under uncertainty. Traditionally, these two problems have been decoupled due to complexity of handling NDAE models. In particular, this paper offers the first attempt to solve the aforementioned problem in a coupled approach where the algebraic and generator states estimates are simultaneously computed. The proposed estimation algorithm herein is endowed with the following properties: (i) it is fairly simple to implement and based on well-understood Lyapunov theory; (ii) considers various sources of uncertainty from generator control inputs, loads, renewables, process and measurement noise; (iii) models phasor measurement unit installations at arbitrary buses; and (iv) is computationally less intensive than the decoupled approach in the literature., Comment: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, In Press, June 2022

The existence of chiral edge states, corresponding to the nontrivial bulk-band topology characterized by a non-vanishing topological invariant, and the manipulation of topological transport via chiral edge states promise topological electronic/spintronic device applications. Here we predict the existence, practical realization, topological protection, and topological switching of spin-gapless valley-filtered chiral edge states, representing a novel topological Dirac spin-gapless/half-metal phase in antiferromagnetic honeycomb structures terminated on zigzag edges. We demonstrate that this phenomenon is realizable if a perpendicular (transverse) electric field is applied in zigzag nanoribbons with an antiferromagnetic ordering on the boundary (in the bulk), and the Weber-Fechner type nonlinear behavior is optimizable by a transverse (perpendicular) electric field. The existence of spin-gapless valley-filtered chiral edge states, their correspondence with nontrivial topological character in the bulk, and electric-field-driven switching of their spin-polarization that is accompanied by switching of bulk-band topology promise a new strategy for topological spintronics without spin-orbit interaction., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures

A topological quantum field effect transistor (TQFET) uses electric field to switch a material from topological insulator ("on", with conducting edge states) to a conventional insulator ("off"), and can have low subthreshold swing due to strong Rashba spin-orbit interaction. Numerous materials have been proposed, and electric field switching has been demonstrated in ultrathin Na${_3}$Bi. Here we propose a negative capacitance (NC) TQFET which uses a ferroelectric to amplify the electric field and potentially achieve very low switching voltages and energies. Materials challenges for realizing the NC-TQFET are discussed., Comment: Accepted version of paper number 38-2 presented at the 67th Annual IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) on 15 December 2021

In a blueprint for topological electronics, edge state transport in a topological insulator material can be controlled by employing a gate-induced topological quantum phase transition. Here, by studying the width dependence of electronic properties, it is inferred that zigzag-Xene nanoribbons are promising materials for topological electronics with a display of unique physical characteristics associated with the intrinsic band topology and the finite-size effects on gate-induced topological switching. First, due to intertwining with intrinsic band topology-driven energy-zero modes in the pristine case, spin-filtered chiral edge states in zigzag-Xene nanoribbons remain gapless and protected against backward scattering even with finite inter-edge overlapping in ultra-narrow ribbons, i.e., a 2D quantum spin Hall material turns into a 1D topological metal. Second, mainly due to width- and momentum-dependent tunability of the gate-induced inter-edge coupling, the threshold-voltage required for switching between gapless and gapped edge states reduces as the width decreases, without any fundamental lower bound. Third, when the width of zigzag-Xene nanoribbons is smaller than a critical limit, topological switching between edge states can be attained without bulk bandgap closing and reopening. This is primarily due to the quantum confinement effect on the bulk band spectrum which increases the nontrivial bulk bandgap with decrease in width. The existence of such protected gapless edge states and reduction in threshold-voltage accompanied by enhancement in the bulk bandgap overturns the general wisdom of utilizing narrow-gap and wide channel materials for reducing the threshold-voltage in a standard field effect transistor analysis and paves the way toward low-voltage topological devices., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures

Quantum anomalous Hall effect, with a trademark of dissipationless chiral edge states for electronics/spintronics transport applications, can be realized in materials with large spin-orbit coupling and strong intrinsic magnetization. After Haldane seminal proposal, several models have been presented to control/enhance the spin-orbit coupling and intrinsic magnetic exchange interaction. After brief introduction of Haldane model for spineless fermions, following three fundamental quantum anomalous Hall models are discussed in this perspective review: (i) low-energy effective four band model for magnetic-doped topological insulator (Bi,Sb)2Te3 thin films, (ii) four band tight-binding model for graphene with magnetic adatoms, and (iii) two (three) band spinfull tight-binding model for ferromagnetic spin-gapless semiconductors with honeycomb (kagome) lattice where ground state is intrinsically ferromagnetic. These models cover two-dimensional Dirac materials hosting spinless, spinful and spin-degenerate Dirac points where various mass terms open a band gap and lead to quantum anomalous Hall effect. With emphasize on the topological phase transition driven by ferromagnetic exchange interaction and its interplay with spin-orbit-coupling, we discuss various symmetry constraints on the nature of mass term and the materialization of these models. We hope this study will shed light on the fundamental theoretical perspectives of quantum anomalous Hall materials.

The sub-threshold swing is the fundamental critical parameter determining the operation of a transistor in low-power applications such as switches. It determines the fraction of dissipation due to the gate capacitance used for turning the device on and off, and in a conventional transistor it is limited by Boltzmann's tyranny to kTln(10)/q, or 60 mV per decade. Here, we demonstrate that the sub-threshold swing of a topological transistor, in which conduction is enabled by a topological phase transition via electric field switching, can be sizably reduced in a non-interacting system by modulating the Rashba spin-orbit interaction via a top-gate electric field. We refer to this as the Topological Quantum Field Effect and to the transistor as a Topological Quantum Field Effect transistor (TQFET). By developing a general theoretical framework for quantum spin Hall materials with honeycomb lattices we explicitly show that the Rashba interaction can reduce the sub-threshold swing by more than 25% compared to Boltzmann's limit in currently available materials, but without any fundamental lower bound, a discovery that can guide future materials design and steer the engineering of topological quantum devices., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

This study is an example of a solid connection between fractional analysis and inequality theory, and includes new inequalities of the P\'{o}lya-Szeg% \"{o}-Chebyshev type obtained with the help of Generalized Proportional Fractional integral operators. The results have been performed by using Generalized Proportional Fractional integral operators, some classical inequalities such as AM-GM inequality, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and Taylor series expansion of exponential function. The findings give new approaches to some types of inequalities that have involving the product of two functions in inequality theory.

Spin-1 condensed matter systems characterized by the combination of a Dirac-like dispersion and flat bands are ideal for realizing high-temperature electronics and spintronic technologies in the absence of external magnetic field. In this study, we propose a three-band tight binding model, with spin-polarized Haldane-like next-nearest-neighbour tunnelling, on dice lattice and show that spin-1 Dirac half-metal, spin-1 Dirac spin-gapless semiconductor, and spin-polarized spin-1 massive Dirac dispersion with nontrivial topology can exist in two-dimensional ferromagnetic condensed matter systems with electron spin polarization P = 1. The proposed spin-polarized spin-1 phases can be realized in ferromagnetic transition metal dihalides MX2 monolayers effectively. By using first principle calculations, we show that a small compressive strain leads MX2 monolayers to be spin-one Dirac half-metal for M = Fe and X = Br, Cl while spin-one Dirac spin-gapless semiconductor for M = Co and X = Br, Cl. Spin-one Dirac spin-gapless semiconductors CoBr2 and CoCl2 embeds flat band ferromagnetism where spin-orbit coupling opens a topologically non-trivial Dirac gap between dispersing valance and conduction band while leaving flat band unaffected. The intrinsic flat-band ferromagnetism in spin-polarized spin-1 massive Dirac dispersion plays key role in materializing quantum anomalous Hall state with Chern number C = -2., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

The inherent susceptibility of low-dimensional materials to thermal fluctuations has long been expected to poses a major challenge to achieving intrinsic long-range ferromagnetic order in two-dimensional materials. The recent explosion of interest in atomically thin materials and their assembly into van der Waals heterostructures has renewed interest in two-dimensional ferromagnetism, which is interesting from a fundamental scientific point of view and also offers a missing ingredient necessary for the realization of spintronic functionality in van der Waals heterostructures. Recently several atomically thin materials have been shown to be robust ferromagnets. Such ferromagnetism is thought to be enabled by magneto crystalline anisotropy which suppresses thermal fluctuations. In this article, we review recent progress in two-dimensional ferromagnetism in detail and predict new possible two-dimensional ferromagnetic materials. We also discuss the prospects for applications of atomically thin ferromagnets in novel dissipationless electronics, spintronics, and other conventional magnetic technologies. Particularly atomically thin ferromagnets are promising to realize time reversal symmetry breaking in two-dimensional topological systems, providing a platform for electronic devices based on the quantum anomalous Hall Effect showing dissipationless transport. Our proposed directions will assist the scientific community to explore novel two-dimensional ferromagnetic families which can spawn new technologies and further improve the fundamental understanding of this fascinating area., Comment: To be appear in Applied Physics Reviews

Methods of quantum mechanics promise information-theoretic security for various protocols in cryptography. However, impossibility of some cryptographic applications such as standard bit commitment, oblivious transfer, multiparty secure computations and ideal coin tossing in quantum regime leaves an obvious question on the completeness of quantum cryptography. Instead of using wide range of rules and techniques for a variety of cryptographic applications, we demonstrate here a unified structure for quantum cryptography based on quantum non-local correlations. The unified framework achieves same goals in information-theoretic way as classical cryptography does with computational hardness. To cover the broad range of cryptographic applications, we show that the framework (i) assures secrecy by providing encryption completely unintelligible to eavesdroppers, (ii) guarantees that input from distant parties is concealed unless they are willing to reveal, (iii) assures binding, (iv) allows splitting information between several parties securely and more generally, (v) evades both quantum and classical attacks from internal as well as external eavesdropping., Comment: 15 pages

Digital signatures are the building blocks of modern communication to prevent masquerading by any party other than recipients, repudiation by signatory and forgery by any individual recipient. Digital signature scheme is said to be standard if the signature (a) is a pattern depending upon the message to be signed, (b) is built upon some information publically known and unique to the signatory, (c) can be stored by all the recipients. While classical methods provide computational security only, quantum mechanics guarantees information-theoretically secure and standard digital signature schemes. However, standard quantum digital signature schemes are based on quantum one-way functions and hence require long term quantum memory for storing quantum signatures, which is not practically feasible yet. We demonstrate here a standard quantum digital signature scheme by replacing quantum one-way functions with multiparty controlled EPR channels. It allows signatory to generate non-locally correlated quantum signatures, instead of multiple copies of a unique quantum state, and assures security against any individual since others have non-locally correlated information., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures

We propose here a quantum secret sharing scheme that works for both quantum and classical secrets. The proposed scheme is based on both entanglement swapping and teleportation together. It allows sender to encrypt his/her secret and simultaneously distribute decryption information of the encrypted secret among distant parties where decryption shares are nonlocally correlated with each other. Two-fold quantum non-local correlations, generated through entanglement swapping and then teleporting quantum states over swapped maximally entangled pairs, guarantee both authentication and secrecy of the secret from internal as well as external eavesdroppers. For classical secrets, we demonstrate a direct (2,2) quantum secret sharing scheme where neither pre-shared key nor physically secure quantum/classical channel are required. The same scheme turns out to be a (5,5) quantum secret sharing scheme for quantum secrets if sender and receivers have private quantum/classical channels among them., Comment: 7 pages, 2 tables

Secure positioning, a prover located at a specified position convinces a set of verifiers at distant reference stations that he/she is indeed at the specific position, is considered to be impossible if the prover and verifiers have no pre-shared data while dishonest provers have an arbitrary amount of pre-shared entanglement [Nature 479, 307-308 (2011)]. We argue here that current impossibility results for secure positioning are the upshot of not utilizing full powers of relativistic quantum information theory and show that secure positioning and hence position-based quantum cryptography is possible if causal structure of Minkowski space time and quantum non-locality is used properly., Comment: 12 Page, 3 figure

We propose here a two-round relativistic bit commitment scheme where committer commits in the first round and then confirms his/her commitment in the second round. The scheme offers indefinite commitment time where both committer and receiver extract non-locally correlated measurement outcomes during the scheme that can be stored and revealed after arbitrarily long time. We show that the proposed scheme turns out to be a multiparty bit commitment scheme where both parties commit and reveal simultaneously. The multiparty generalization would have applications in business and secure multiparty computations such as managing joint bank account, holding joint shares in stock exchange and blind bidding. The same bit commitment scheme can also be used for the commitment of arbitrarily long classical bit strings. The scheme can be applied efficiently with existing technologies; entanglement is required only for time t=x/c where x is the special distance, can be as small as possible, between the committer and receiver., Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures

Here we propose a general relativistic quantum framework for cryptography that exploits the fascinating connection of quantum non-locality and special theory of relativity with cryptography. The underlying principle of unconditional security is causality and two-fold quantum non-local correlations: first entanglement swapping and then teleportation over causally independent entangled systems. We show that the proposed framework has following remarkable and novel features in mistrustful cryptography: (i) It helps in defining a new notion of oblivious transfer where both the data transferred and the transfer position remains oblivious. (ii) The authenticity and integrity of the data transferred is guaranteed by the fundamental principles of quantum theory instead of computational complexity. (iii) It directly leads to unconditionally secure and deterministic two-sided two-party computation which is currently considered to be impossible. (iv) the proposed framework turns out to be asynchronous ideal coin tossing with zero bias which has not been achieved previously. (v) The same framework also implies unconditionally secure bit commitment. Finally, the combination of quantum non-locality and theory of relativity as discussed here can easily be generalized to multiparty setting that could be used to solve other mistrustful cryptographic tasks such as secret sharing and key agreement securely., Comment: 14 pages, one figure is included

A new commitment scheme based on position-verification and non-local quantum correlations is presented here for the first time in literature. The only credential for unconditional security is the position of committer and non-local correlations generated; neither receiver has any pre-shared data with the committer nor does receiver require trusted and authenticated quantum/classical channels between him and the committer. In the proposed scheme, receiver trusts the commitment only if the scheme itself verifies position of the committer and validates her commitment through non-local quantum correlations in a single round. The position-based commitment scheme bounds committer to reveal valid commitment within allocated time and guarantees that the receiver will not be able to get information about commitment unless committer reveals. The scheme works for the commitment of both bits and qubits and is equally secure against committer/receiver as well as against any third party who may have interests in destroying the commitment. Our proposed scheme is unconditionally secure in general and evades Mayers and Lo-Chau attacks in particular., Comment: 7 pages, Final version

Recently, the problem of secure position-verification has been extensively analyzed in a formal notion where distant verifiers send encrypted challenge along with the decryption information to the prover. However, currently it is known that all the existing position-verification scheme are insecure and secure positioning is impossible. We propose here a different notion for position-verification where distant verifiers determine the actions of the prover through non-local correlations generated by local measurements at the provers site. The proposed scheme guarantees secure positioning even if the verifiers do not have any pre-shared data with the prover, position is the only credential of the prover. Our proposed scheme is secure in general and evades known quantum attacks based on instantaneous non-local computations in particular. The scheme enables verifiers to identify dishonest provers with very high probability , where n is the number of entangled pairs used., Comment: 7 pages, added two figures and revised the scheme

A large number of quantum location verification protocols have been proposed. All existing protocols in this field are based on symmetric cryptography where verifiers and the prover use the same secret key. The prover obtains secret key from different verifiers, in pieces through public channels, which may result in security compromise. In this paper, we give a formulism to prove information-theoretic position-based quantum cryptography is possible in asymmetric quantum setting. We propose a quantum location verification protocol based on asymmetric quantum cryptographic where two different keys will be used., Comment: 4 Pages

In this paper, we propose quantum position-verification schemes where all the channels are untrusted except the position of the prover and distant reference stations of verifiers. We review and analyze the existing QPV schemes containing some pre-shared data between the prover and verifiers. Most of these schemes are based on non-cryptographic assumptions, that is, quantum/classical channels between the verifiers are secure. It seems impractical in the environment fully controlled by adversaries and would lead to security compromise in practical implementations. However, our proposed formulism for quantum position-verification is more robust, secure and according to the standard assumptions of cryptography. Furthermore, once the position of the prover is verified, our schemes establish secret keys in parallel and can be used for authentication and secret communication between the prover and verifiers., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure: final version with few corrections of symbols in equation 3.1-3.3 and A.1

Software (SW) development is a very tough task which requires a skilled project leader for its success. If the project leader is not skilled enough then project may fail. In the real world of SW engineering 65% of the SW projects fail to meet their objectives as in [1]. The main reason is lack of training of the project mangers. This extreme ratio of failure can be reduced by teaching SW project management (SPM) to the future project managers in the practical manner, so that they may be skillful enough to handle the project in a better way. This paper intends to propose a model to be used to teach SPM to the student of SW engineering to reduce the failure rate of projects., Comment: 9 Pages; ISSN: 1013-5316, CODEN: SINTE 8

The financial services industry is rapidly changing. Factors such as globalization, deregulation, mergers and acquisitions, competition from non-financial institutions, and technological innovation, have forced companies to re-think their business.Many large companies have been using Business Intelligence (BI) computer software for some years to help them gain competitive advantage. With the introduction of cheaper and more generalized products to the market place BI is now in the reach of smaller and medium sized companies. Business Intelligence is also known as knowledge management, management information systems (MIS), Executive information systems (EIS) and On-line analytical Processing (OLAP)., Comment: 6 Pages

The proposed election system lies in ensuring that it is transparent and impartial.Thus while the electoral system may vary from country to country, It has to take into account the peculiarities of every society while at the same time incorporating remedies to problems prevailing in the system. The Electoral process expressed serious concerns regarding the independence of the Election Commission of Pakistan, the restrictions on political parties and their candidates, the misuse of state resources, some unbalanced coverage in the state media, deficiencies in the compilation of the voting register and significant problems relating to the provision of ID cards. The holding of a general election does not in itself guarantee the restoration of democracy. The unjustified interference with electoral arrangements, as detailed above, irrespective of the alleged motivation, resulted in serious flaws being inflicted on the electoral process. Additionally, questions remain as to whether or not there will be a full transfer of power from a military to civilian administration. The Independent study research has following modules: Login/Subscription Module Candidate Subscription Module Vote casting Module Administration Module Intelligent decision data analysis Module, Comment: 6 pages