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Biomolecular motor proteins that generate forces by consuming chemical energy obtained from ATP hydrolysis are pivotal for organizing broad cytoskeletal structures in living cells. The control of such cytoskeletal structures benefits programmable protein patterning; however, our current knowledge is limited owing to the underdevelopment of an engineering approach for controlling pattern formation. Here, we demonstrate the tailoring of assembled patterns of microtubules (MTs) driven by kinesin motors by designing the boundary shape in fabricated microwells. We found an MT bundle structure along the microwell wall and a bridging structure perpendicular to the wall. Corroborated by the theory of self-propelled rods, we further showed that the alignment of MTs defined by the boundary shape determined the transition of the assembled patterns, providing a blueprint to reconstruct bridge structures in microchannels. Our findings provide a geometric rule to tailor the self-organization of cytoskeletons and motor proteins for nanotechnological applications., Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures, and supporting information 13 pages

It is still challenging to control dynamic self-organization patterns of self-propelled particles. Although varieties of patterns associated with chirality have been observed, essential control factors determining patterns remain unclear. Here, we explore numerically how torque upon particle collision affects dynamic self-organization. Based on the particle-based model with both collision-induced torque and torque in self-propulsion, we find that introducing collision-induced torque turns homogeneous bi-polar orientation templated by bi-directional alignment into rotating mono-polar flocks., Comment: 24 pages, 7 figures