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Using harmonized administrative data from Scandinavia, we find that intergenerational rank associations in income have increased uniformly across Sweden, Denmark, and Norway for cohorts born between 1951 and 1979. Splitting these trends by gender, we find that father-son mobility has been stable, while family correlations for mothers and daughters trend upward. Similar patterns appear in US survey data, albeit with slightly different timing. Finally, based on evidence from records on occupations and educational attainments, we argue that the observed decline in intergenerational mobility is consistent with female skills becoming increasingly valued in the labor market., Comment: 67 pages

We propose to view non-rigid surface registration as a probabilistic inference problem. Given a target surface, we estimate the posterior distribution of surface registrations. We demonstrate how the posterior distribution can be used to build shape models that generalize better and show how to visualize the uncertainty in the established correspondence. Furthermore, in a reconstruction task, we show how to estimate the posterior distribution of missing data without assuming a fixed point-to-point correspondence. We introduce the closest-point proposal for the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. Our proposal overcomes the limitation of slow convergence compared to a random-walk strategy. As the algorithm decouples inference from modeling the posterior using a propose-and-verify scheme, we show how to choose different distance measures for the likelihood model. All presented results are fully reproducible using publicly available data and our open-source implementation of the registration framework.

Real-time monitoring is essential for understanding and eventually precise controlling of the growth of two dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs). However, it is very challenging to carry out such kind of studies on chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Here, we report the first real time $in-situ$ study on the CVD growth of the 2D TMDCs. More specifically, CVD growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS$_2$) monolayer on sapphire substrates has been monitored $in-situ$ using differential transmittance spectroscopy (DTS). The growth of the MoS$_2$ monolayer can be precisely followed by looking at the evolution of the characteristic optical features. Consequently, a strong correlation between the growth rate of MoS$_2$ monolayer and the temperature distribution in the CVD reactor has been revealed. Our result demonstrates the great potential of the real time $in-situ$ optical spectroscopy for the realization of the precisely controlled growth of 2D semiconductor materials., Comment: 12 pages with 3 figures

Complete polarimeters deliver the full polarization transfer matrix of a medium that relates input polarization states to output polarization states. In order to interpret the Mueller matrix of a luminescent medium at the emission frequency, accountings are required for polarization transformations of the medium at the excitation frequency, the light scattering event, and the polarization transformations at the emission frequency. A general framework for this kind of analysis is presented herein. The fluorescence Mueller matrix is expressed as a product of Mueller matrices of the medium at the excitation and emission frequencies and a scattering matrix, integrated over path length. The Stokes vector for the incident light, evolving according to the Mueller matrix of the medium at the excitation frequency, is multiplied by the scattering matrix to give a Stokes vector of the emitted light along the propagation direction. The scattering matrix is derived from an incoherent orientation ensemble average over a phenomenological scattering tensor that embodies intrinsic molecular scattering proprieties, and dynamical processes that occur during the excited state. The general framework is evaluated for three anisotropic materials carrying luminescent dye molecules including the following: a chiral fluid, a stretched polymer film, and a chiral, biaxial crystal. In the latter case, the most complex, the Mueller matrix was collected in conoscopic illumination and the fluorescence Mueller matrix, mapped in k-space, was fully simulated by the strategy outlined above. Luminescence spectroscopy has typically stood apart from the developments in polarimetry of the past two generations. This need not be indefinite.

The report profiles the work of Marsha S. Slater, who teaches at the International High School in New York (New York), a highly successful school devoted exclusively to enabling English-as-a-Second-Language students to develop the linguistic, cognitive, and cultural skills necessary for success in and beyond high school. The report describes the professional environments in which she works and has participated throughout her teaching career, and the specific ways she helps her students become highly literate language users. Focus is on the connections between professional influences, teaching approaches, and student achievement. The first section describes the structure, philosophy, and teaching methods of the International High School program. The second section reviews Marsha Slater's professional experience and team approach. Part three explores how English is experienced in her classroom through student groups, student talk, writing, reading, thinking, and assessment. The fourth part discusses significant elements in her classroom and the links between her professional life and classroom practice. Some instructional materials are appended. Contains 9 references. (MSE)