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In this paper, we investigate an energy efficiency (EE) maximization problem in multi-user multiple input single output downlink channels. The optimization problem in this system model is difficult to solve in general, since it is in non-convex fractional form. Hence, conventional algorithms have addressed the problem in an iterative manner for each channel realization, which leads to high computational complexity. To tackle this complexity issue, we propose a new simple method by utilizing the fact that the EE maximization is identical to the spectral efficiency (SE) maximization for the region of the power below a certain transmit power referred to as saturation power. In order to calculate the saturation power, we first introduce upper and lower bounds of the EE performance by adopting a maximal ratio transmission beamforming strategy. Then, we propose an efficient way to compute the saturation power for the EE maximization problem. Once we determine the saturation power corresponding to the maximum EE in advance, we can solve the EE maximization problem with SE maximization schemes with low complexity. The derived saturation power is parameterized by employing random matrix theory, which relies only on the second order channel statistics. Hence, this approach requires much lower computational complexity compared to a conventional scheme which exploits instantaneous channel state information, and provides insight on the saturation power. Numerical results validate that the proposed algorithm achieves near optimal EE performance with significantly reduced complexity., Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures

In this paper, we propose a new beamforming design to maximize energy efficiency (EE) for multiple input single output interfering broadcast channels (IFBC). Under this model, the EE problem is non-convex in general due to the coupled interference and its fractional form, and thus it is difficult to solve the problem. Conventional algorithms which address this problem have adopted an iterative method for each channel realization, which requires high computational complexity. In order to reduce the computational complexity, we parameterize the beamforming vector by scalar parameters related to beam direction and power. Then, by employing asymptotic results of random matrix theory with this parametrization, we identify the optimal parameters to maximize the EE in the large system limit assuming that the number of transmit antennas and users are large with a fixed ratio. In the asymptotic regime, our solutions depend only on the second order channel statistics, which yields significantly reduced computational complexity and system overhead compared to the conventional approaches. Hence, the beamforming vector to maximize the EE performance can be determined with local channel state information and the optimized parameters. Based on the asymptotic results, the proposed scheme can provide insights on the average EE performance, and a simple yet efficient beamforming strategy is introduced for the finite system case. Numerical results confirm that the proposed scheme shows a negligible performance loss compared to the best result achieved by the conventional approaches even with small system dimensions, with much reduced system complexity., Comment: 25pages, 6 figures

For its ease manufacturing, flexible geometry, and cheap manufacturing cost, the gas electron multiplier (GEM) detector can be used as an x-ray image sensor. For this purpose, we acquired relative detection efficiencies and suggested a method to increase the detection efficiency in order to study the possibility of GEM detector as an x-ray image sensor. The GEM detector system is composed of GEM foils, the instrument system, the gas system, and the negative power supply. The instrument system consists of the A225 charge sensitive preamp, A206 discriminator, and MCA8000D multichannel analyzer. For the gas system, Argon gas was mixed with CO2 to the ratio of 8:2, and for the negative 2,000 volts, the 3106D power supply was used. The CsI-coated GEM foil was used to increase the detection efficiency. Fe-55 was used as an x-ray source and the relative efficiency was acquired by using the ratio of GEM detector to the CdTe detector. The total count method and the energy spectrum method were used to calculate the relative efficiency. The relative detection efficiency of GEM detector for Fe-55 by using total count method was 32 % and by using energy spectrum method, the relative efficiencies were 5, 43, 33, 37, 35, and 36 % respectively according to the energy spectrum of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 KeV. In conclusion, we found that the detection efficiency of the two layered GEM detector is insufficient for the x-ray image sensor, so we suggested a CsI coated GEM foil to increase the efficiency rate and the result value was increased to 41 %.

Electron injection from the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope into a p-type GaAs(110) surface have been used to induce luminescence in the bulk. Atomically-resolved photon maps revealed significant reduction of luminescence intensity at surface states localized near Ga atoms. Quantitative analysis based on the first principles calculation and a rate equation approach was performed to describe overall energy dissipation processes of the incident tunneling electrons. Our study shows that the recombination processes in the bulk electronic states are suppressed by the fast electron scattering at the surface, and the electrons dominantly undergo non-radiative recombination through the surface states.

This paper has been withdrawn by the author., Comment: This paper has been withdrawn

We report the discovery of the shocked molecular gas in the supernova remnant HB 21. We derive the physical parameters of the shocked gas from CO J=1-0 and J=2-1 line observations. We discuss the correlation of the shocked molecular gas with the previously detected, shocked atomic gas and the associated infrared emission., Comment: 24 pages, 10 figures, To appear in the ApJ, scheduled for the April 10, 2001 issue (v551)