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Until relatively recently, much of Africa has been among the economically least developed and least densely populated places on earth, replete with villages and rural communities. Africa is changing rapidly, in its economy, trade and investment; in climate change; in conflict and stability; in urbanization, migration patterns, and most of all in demographics. Demographics are key to Africa's increasing centrality to the global development and growth agenda. In particular, the demographics of Africa's children are experiencing a shift on a scale perhaps unprecedented in human history. On current trends, almost 2 billion babies will be born in Africa in the next 35 years. Over the same period Africa's under-18 population will increase by two thirds, reaching almost 1 billion by mid-century; and close to half of the world population of children will be African by the end of the 21st century. The "Generation 2030" project--renamed to reflect the end date of the post-2015 agenda that is beginning to emerge and to focus on child demographic shifts in the years running up to 2030 and beyond--provides key data and analysis, and raises policy issues that will foster debate and discussion and influence decisions in the coming years. This report, focusing exclusively on Africa, has two key components. Chapter 1 provides an in-depth analysis of child demographic trends in Africa, for the region as a whole, by subregion, and country-by-country, and contextualizes some of these trends. Chapter 2 seeks to raise some key policy questions--though by no means exhaustively--on the implications of Africa's child demographics for the continent itself and for the world. The authors consider that the key points highlighted in this review of demographic trends have important implications for global, regional, and national actions to help realize the rights of all of the continent's children in the 21st century, foster inclusive and sustainable development, and set the ground for a more peaceful, stable, and prosperous Africa. Statistical trends, graphics, and tables are provided in the appendix. [This report was produced by UNICEF, Division of Data, Research, and Policy.]