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In 1983, Hartle and Hawking introduced a conceptually intriguing idea involving signature-type change, which led to the no-boundary proposal for the initial conditions of the universe. According to this proposal, the universe has no beginning because there is no singularity or boundary in spacetime; however, there is an origin of time. Mathematically, this entails signature-type changing manifolds where a Riemannian region smoothly transitions to a Lorentzian region at the surface where time begins. We present a coherent framework for signature-type changing manifolds characterized by a degenerate yet smooth metric. We then adapt firmly established Lorentzian tools and results to the signature-type changing scenario, introducing new definitions that carry unforeseen causal implications. A noteworthy consequence is the presence of locally closed time-reversing loops through each point on the hypersurface. By imposing the constraint of global hyperbolicity on the Lorentzian region, we demonstrate that for every point $p\in M$, there exists a pseudo-timelike loop with point of self-intersection $p$. Or put another way, there always exists a closed pseudo-timelike path in $M$ around which the direction of time reverses, and a consistent designation of future-directed and past-directed vectors cannot be defined., Comment: 33 pages, 8 figures

In the early eighties Hartle and Hawking put forth that signature-type change may be conceptually interesting, paving the way to the so-called 'no boundary' proposal for the initial conditions for the universe. Such singularity-free universes have no beginning, but they do have an origin of time. In mathematical terms, we are dealing with signature-type changing manifolds where a Riemannian region (i.e., a region with a positive definite metric) is smoothly joined to a Lorentzian region at the surface of transition where time begins. We present a transformation prescription to transform an arbitrary Lorentzian manifold into a singular signature-type changing manifold. Then we establish the Transformation Theorem, asserting that, conversely, under certain conditions, such a metric $(M,\tilde{g})$ can be obtained from some Lorentz metric $g$ through the aforementioned transformation procedure. By augmenting the assumption by certain constraints, mutatis mutandis, the global version of the Transformation Theorem can be proven as well. In conclusion, we make use of the Transformation Prescription to demonstrate that the induced metric on the hypersurface of signature change is either Riemannian or a positive semi-definite pseudo metric., Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures; to be submitted to Journal of Differential Geometry

In Rindler's model of a uniformly accelerated reference frame we analyze the apparent shape of rods and marked light rays for the case that the observers as well as the rods and the sources of light are at rest with respect to the Rindler observers. Contrary to the expectation suggested by the strong principle of equivalence, there is no apparent "bending down" of a light ray with direction transversal to the direction of acceleration, but a straight rod oriented orthogonal to the direction of acceleration appears bended "upwards". These optical phenomena are in accordance with the dynamical experience of observers guided by a straight track or a track curved in the same way as the marked light ray, respectively: While the former observer feels a centrifugal force directed "downwards", the centrifugal force for the latter vanishes. The properties of gyroscope transport along such tracks are correspondingly.