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We introduce \texttt{cymyc}, a high-performance Python library for numerical investigation of the geometry of a large class of string compactification manifolds and their associated moduli spaces. We develop a well-defined geometric ansatz to numerically model tensor fields of arbitrary degree on a large class of Calabi-Yau manifolds. \texttt{cymyc} includes a machine learning component which incorporates this ansatz to model tensor fields of interest on these spaces by finding an approximate solution to the system of partial differential equations they should satisfy., Comment: 35 pages, 12 figures

Quantum optical networks are instrumental to address fundamental questions and enable applications ranging from communication to computation and, more recently, machine learning. In particular, photonic artificial neural networks offer the opportunity to exploit the advantages of both classical and quantum optics. Photonic neuro-inspired computation and machine learning have been successfully demonstrated in classical settings, while quantum optical networks have triggered breakthrough applications such as teleportation, quantum key distribution and quantum computing. We present a perspective on the state of the art in quantum optical machine learning and the potential advantages of artificial neural networks in circuit designs and beyond, in more general analogue settings characterised by recurrent and coherent complex interactions. We consider two analogue neuro-inspired applications, namely quantum reservoir computing and quantum associative memories, and discuss the enhanced capabilities offered by quantum substrates, highlighting the specific role of light squeezing in this context.

Transition-metal dichalcogenides monolayers exhibit strong exciton resonances that enable intense light-matter interactions at room temperature (RT). However, the sensitivity of these materials to the surrounding environment and their intense interactions with the sustaining substrate result in the enhancement of excitonic losses through scattering, dissociation and defects formation, hindering their full potential for the excitation of optical nonlinearities in exciton-polariton platforms. From this point of view, the use of suspended monolayers holds the potential to completely eliminate substrate-induced losses, offering unique advantages for the investigation and exploitation of intrinsic electronic, mechanical, and optical properties of 2D materials based polaritonic systems, without any influence of proximity effects of all sort. In this work, we report a novel fabrication approach enabling the realization of a planar {\lambda}/2 microcavity filled with a suspended WS2 monolayer in its centre. In such a system, we experimentally demonstrate a 2-fold enhancement of the strong coupling at RT, due to reduced overall losses as compared to similar systems based on dielectric-filled microcavities. Moreover, as a result of minimized losses, spin-dependent polaritonic interactions in our platform are significantly amplified, leading to achievement of a record exciton interaction constant approaching the theoretically predicted value at RT, without making use of theoretical hypothesis on the effective polariton densities. This approach holds promises for pushing 2D materials-based polaritonic systems to their intrinsic limits, paving the way for the realization of novel polaritonic devices with superior performance.

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged as a critical area of research to unravel the opaque inner logic of (deep) machine learning models. Among the various XAI techniques proposed in the literature, counterfactual explanations stand out as one of the most promising approaches. However, these ``what-if'' explanations are frequently complex and technical, making them difficult for non-experts to understand and, more broadly, challenging for humans to interpret. To bridge this gap, in this work, we exploit the power of open-source Large Language Models to generate natural language explanations when prompted with valid counterfactual instances produced by state-of-the-art explainers for graph-based models. Experiments across several graph datasets and counterfactual explainers show that our approach effectively produces accurate natural language representations of counterfactual instances, as demonstrated by key performance metrics.

The rise of online platforms exacerbated the spread of hate speech, demanding scalable and effective detection. However, the accuracy of hate speech detection systems heavily relies on human-labeled data, which is inherently susceptible to biases. While previous work has examined the issue, the interplay between the characteristics of the annotator and those of the target of the hate are still unexplored. We fill this gap by leveraging an extensive dataset with rich socio-demographic information of both annotators and targets, uncovering how human biases manifest in relation to the target's attributes. Our analysis surfaces the presence of widespread biases, which we quantitatively describe and characterize based on their intensity and prevalence, revealing marked differences. Furthermore, we compare human biases with those exhibited by persona-based LLMs. Our findings indicate that while persona-based LLMs do exhibit biases, these differ significantly from those of human annotators. Overall, our work offers new and nuanced results on human biases in hate speech annotations, as well as fresh insights into the design of AI-driven hate speech detection systems.

We consider the non-relativistic limit of general relativity coupled to a $(p+1)$-form gauge field and a scalar field in arbitrary dimensions and investigate under which conditions this gives rise to a Poisson equation for a Newton potential describing Newton-Cartan gravity outside a massive $p$-dimensional extended object, a so-called $p$-brane. Given our Ansatz, we show that not all the $p$-branes satisfy the required conditions. We study theories whose dynamics is defined by a Lagrangian as well as systems that are defined by a set of equations of motion not related to a Lagrangian. We show that, within the Lagrangian approach, a Poisson equation can be obtained provided that the coupling of the scalar field is fine-tuned such that the non-relativistic Lagrangian is invariant under an emerging local dilatation symmetry. On the other hand, we demonstrate that in the absence of a Lagrangian a Poisson equation can be obtained from a set of equations of motion that is not dilatation invariant. We discuss how our Ansatz could be generalized such as to include more $p$-branes giving rise to a Poisson equation., Comment: 35 pages, 3 figures, 4 tables

Quantum Reservoir Computing (QRC) offers potential advantages over classical reservoir computing, including inherent processing of quantum inputs and a vast Hilbert space for state exploration. Yet, the relation between the performance of reservoirs based on complex and many-body quantum systems and non-classical state features is not established. Through an extensive analysis of QRC based on a transverse-field Ising model we show how different quantum effects, such as quantum coherence and correlations, contribute to improving the performance in temporal tasks, as measured by the Information Processing Capacity. Additionally, we critically assess the impact of finite measurement resources and noise on the reservoir's dynamics in different regimes, quantifying the limited ability to exploit quantum effects for increasing damping and noise strengths. Our results reveal a monotonic relationship between reservoir performance and coherence, along with the importance of quantum effects in the ergodic regime., Comment: 19 pages (9 main article + 10 references and appendix), 17 figures (7 main article + 10 appendix)

We identify "stable regions" in the residual stream of Transformers, where the model's output remains insensitive to small activation changes, but exhibits high sensitivity at region boundaries. These regions emerge during training and become more defined as training progresses or model size increases. The regions appear to be much larger than previously studied polytopes. Our analysis suggests that these stable regions align with semantic distinctions, where similar prompts cluster within regions, and activations from the same region lead to similar next token predictions. This work provides a promising research direction for understanding the complexity of neural networks, shedding light on training dynamics, and advancing interpretability.

Sparse Auto-Encoders (SAEs) are commonly employed in mechanistic interpretability to decompose the residual stream into monosemantic SAE latents. Recent work demonstrates that perturbing a model's activations at an early layer results in a step-function-like change in the model's final layer activations. Furthermore, the model's sensitivity to this perturbation differs between model-generated (real) activations and random activations. In our study, we assess model sensitivity in order to compare real activations to synthetic activations composed of SAE latents. Our findings indicate that synthetic activations closely resemble real activations when we control for the sparsity and cosine similarity of the constituent SAE latents. This suggests that real activations cannot be explained by a simple "bag of SAE latents" lacking internal structure, and instead suggests that SAE latents possess significant geometric and statistical properties. Notably, we observe that our synthetic activations exhibit less pronounced activation plateaus compared to those typically surrounding real activations.

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum is an extraordinary tool for exploring physics beyond the Standard Model. The exquisite precision of the measurement makes it particularly sensitive to small effects caused by hidden sector interactions. In particular, CMB spectral distortions can unveil the existence of dark photons which are kinetically coupled to the standard photon. In this work, we use the COBE-FIRAS dataset to derive accurate and robust limits on photon-to-dark-photon oscillations for a large range of dark photon masses, from $10^{-10}$ to $10^{-4}$ eV. We consider in detail the redshift dependence of the bounds, computing CMB distortions due to photon injection/removal using a Green's function method. Our treatment improves on previous results, which had set limits studying energy injection/removal into baryons rather than photon injection/removal, or ignored the redshift evolution of distortions. The difference between our treatment and previous ones is particularly noticeable in the predicted spectral shape of the distortions, a smoking gun signature for photon-to-dark-photon oscillations. The characterization of the spectral shape is crucial for future CMB missions, which could improve the present sensitivity by orders of magnitude, exploring regions of the dark photon parameter space that are otherwise difficult to access., Comment: 18 pages, 4 appendices, 7 figures

Variational ab-initio methods in quantum chemistry stand out among other methods in providing direct access to the wave function. This allows in principle straightforward extraction of any other observable of interest, besides the energy, but in practice this extraction is often technically difficult and computationally impractical. Here, we consider the electron density as a central observable in quantum chemistry and introduce a novel method to obtain accurate densities from real-space many-electron wave functions by representing the density with a neural network that captures known asymptotic properties and is trained from the wave function by score matching and noise-contrastive estimation. We use variational quantum Monte Carlo with deep-learning ans\"atze (deep QMC) to obtain highly accurate wave functions free of basis set errors, and from them, using our novel method, correspondingly accurate electron densities, which we demonstrate by calculating dipole moments, nuclear forces, contact densities, and other density-based properties., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures in the main text

Large Language Models (LLMs), which simulate human users, are frequently employed to evaluate chatbots in applications such as tutoring and customer service. Effective evaluation necessitates a high degree of human-like diversity within these simulations. In this paper, we demonstrate that conversations generated by GPT-4o mini, when used as simulated human participants, systematically differ from those between actual humans across multiple linguistic features. These features include topic variation, lexical attributes, and both the average behavior and diversity (variance) of the language used. To address these discrepancies, we propose an approach that automatically generates prompts for user simulations by incorporating features derived from real human interactions, such as age, gender, emotional tone, and the topics discussed. We assess our approach using differential language analysis combined with deep linguistic inquiry. Our method of prompt optimization, tailored to target specific linguistic features, shows significant improvements. Specifically, it enhances the human-likeness of LLM chatbot conversations, increasing their linguistic diversity. On average, we observe a 54 percent reduction in the error of average features between human and LLM-generated conversations. This method of constructing chatbot sets with human-like diversity holds great potential for enhancing the evaluation process of user-facing bots.

Associative memory refers to the ability to relate a memory with an input and targets the restoration of corrupted patterns. It has been intensively studied in classical physical systems, as in neural networks where an attractor dynamics settles on stable solutions. Several extensions to the quantum domain have been recently reported, displaying different features. In this work, we develop a comprehensive framework for a quantum associative memory based on open quantum system dynamics, which allows us to compare existing models, identify the theoretical prerequisites for performing associative memory tasks, and extend it in different forms. The map that achieves an exponential increase in the number of stored patterns with respect to classical systems is derived. We establish the crucial role of symmetries and dissipation in the operation of quantum associative memory. Our theoretical analysis demonstrates the feasibility of addressing both quantum and classical patterns, orthogonal and non-orthogonal memories, stationary and metastable operating regimes, and measurement-based outputs. Finally, this opens up new avenues for practical applications in quantum computing and machine learning, such as quantum error correction or quantum memories.

Ordinary matter coupled to light weakly interacting bosons can lead to the formation of a macroscopic bosonic field in the vicinity of large matter concentrations such as ordinary or neutron stars. When these objects are turned into black holes due to a supernova or a binary merger this ''hair'' could be ''shorn'' off. Part of the field configuration would then be released leading to an outgoing field wave. For small masses this field transient remains rather compact and can induce a transient signal in experiments, in particular those that look for wave-like dark matter. This signal can be correlated with the corresponding astrophysical signal of the event. In this note, we consider a variety of couplings and the associated signals and estimate the corresponding sensitivities., Comment: 26 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables

We consider the first eigenvalue $\lambda_1$ of the $p$-Laplace operator subject to Robin boundary conditions in the exterior of a compact set. We discuss the conditions for the existence of a variational $\lambda_1$, depending on the boundary parameter, the space dimension, and $p$. Our analysis involves the first $p$-harmonic Steklov eigenvalue in exterior domains. We establish properties of $\lambda_1$ for the exterior of a ball, including general inequalities, the asymptotic behavior as the boundary parameter approaches zero, and a monotonicity result with respect to a special type of domain inclusion. In two dimensions, we generalized to $p\neq 2$ some known shape optimization results., Comment: 28 pages

The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) has opened up new possibilities for applications such as context-driven product recommendations. However, the effectiveness of these models in this context is heavily reliant on their comprehensive understanding of the product inventory. This paper presents a novel approach to equipping LLMs with product knowledge by training them to respond contextually to synthetic search queries that include product IDs. We delve into an extensive analysis of this method, evaluating its effectiveness, outlining its benefits, and highlighting its constraints. The paper also discusses the potential improvements and future directions for this approach, providing a comprehensive understanding of the role of LLMs in product recommendations.

Axion-like particles (ALPs) and heavy neutral leptons (HNLs) are two well-motivated classes of particles beyond the Standard Model. It is intriguing to explore the new detection opportunities that may arise if both particle types coexist. Part of the authors already investigated this scenario in a previous publication, within a simplified model containing an ALP and a single HNL, identifying particularly promising processes that could be searched for at the LHC. In this paper, we first consider the same setup with a broader range of both production processes and final states, both at the High-Luminosity LHC and at a future muon collider. Subsequently, we expand it to the more realistic scenario with at least two HNLs, necessary to describe the active neutrino masses. Different phenomenological signals are expected and we examine the complexities that emerge in this setup. This study paves the way for dedicated analysis at (forthcoming) colliders, potentially pinpointing the dynamics of ALPs and HNLs., Comment: 43 pages, 12 figures

Calabi--Yau compactifications of the $E_8\times E_8$ heterotic string provide a promising route to recovering the four-dimensional particle physics described by the Standard Model. While the topology of the Calabi--Yau space determines the overall matter content in the low-energy effective field theory, further details of the compactification geometry are needed to calculate the normalized physical couplings and masses of elementary particles. In this work, we present numerical computations of physical Yukawa couplings in a number of heterotic models in the standard embedding and demonstrate the existence of natural hierarchies, a coveted feature in string model building., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures

We establish boundedness and polynomial decay results for the Teukolsky system in the exterior spacetime of very slowly rotating and strongly charged sub-extremal Kerr-Newman black holes, with a focus on axially symmetric solutions. The key step in achieving these results is deriving a physical-space Morawetz estimate for the associated generalized Regge-Wheeler system, without relying on spherical harmonic decomposition., Comment: 23 pages. A Mathematica notebook containing all the computations is attached as ancillary file. All comments are welcome!

In this work, we uncover a collection of non invertible topological operators linked to the 0-, 2-, 4- and 6-form symmetries related to the type IIB superstring effective theory. By pinpointing the $\text{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$-covariant conserved currents corresponding to these symmetries, we first derive a set of $\text{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$ invariant invertible topological operators that encapsulate the integer BPS charges inherent to the theory. Moving forward, by incorporating fractional charges while maintaining gauge invariance, we introduce the non invertible topological operators for each generalized symmetry, and in particular for the $\text{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$ 0-form symmetry. Identifying them as a novel kind of symmetries reminiscent of fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE)-like non invertible operators, we study their action on charged objects and their associated SymTFTs obtained via half (higher) gauging., Comment: are welcome. 16 pages, 1 figure. v2: References added, minor corrections in text and some equations. Main results unchanged

Asymptotic $L_p$-convergence, which resembles convergence in $L_p$, was introduced to address a question in diffusive relaxation. This note aims to compare asymptotic $L_p$-convergence with convergence in measure and in weak $L_p$ spaces. One of the results characterizes convergence in measure on finite measure spaces in terms of asymptotic $L_p$-convergence.

There is a tight connection between credit access and voting. We show that uncertainty in access to credit pushes voters toward more conservative candidates in US elections. Using a 1% sample of the US population with valid credit reports, we relate access to credit to voting outcomes in all county-by-congressional districts over the period 2004-2016. Specifically, we construct exogenous measures of uncertainty to credit access, i.e. credit score values around which individual total credit amount jumps the most (e.g. around which uncertainty on access to credit is the highest). We then show that a 10pp increase in the share of marginal voters located just around these thresholds increases republican votes by 2.7pp, and reduces that of democrats by 2.6pp. Furthermore, winning candidates in more uncertain constituencies tend to follow a more conservative rhetoric.

We study the effect of localized housing price hikes on renters' mobility, consumption, and credit outcomes. Consistent with a spatial equilibrium model, we find that the consumption responses vary greatly for movers and stayers. While movers increase their consumption, purchase homes, and cars, stayers are relatively unaffected.

A supersolid is a counter-intuitive phase of matter where its constituent particles are arranged into a crystalline structure, yet they are free to flow without friction. This requires the particles to share a global macroscopic phase while being able to reduce their total energy by spontaneous, spatial self-organisation. This exotic state of matter has been achieved in different systems using Bose-Einstein condensates coupled to cavities, possessing spin-orbit coupling, or dipolar interactions. Here we provide experimental evidence of a new implementation of the supersolid phase in a novel non-equilibrium context based on exciton-polaritons condensed in a topologically non-trivial, bound-in-the-continuum state with exceptionally low losses. We measure the density modulation of the polaritonic state indicating the breaking of translational symmetry with a remarkable precision of a few parts in a thousand. Direct access to the phase of the wavefunction allows us to additionally measure the local coherence of the superfluid component. We demonstrate the potential of our synthetic photonic material to host phonon dynamics and a multimode excitation spectrum.

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in human-centered social scientific tasks, such as data annotation, synthetic data creation, and engaging in dialog. However, these tasks are highly subjective and dependent on human factors, such as one's environment, attitudes, beliefs, and lived experiences. Thus, it may be the case that employing LLMs (which do not have such human factors) in these tasks results in a lack of variation in data, failing to reflect the diversity of human experiences. In this paper, we examine the role of prompting LLMs with human-like personas and asking the models to answer as if they were a specific human. This is done explicitly, with exact demographics, political beliefs, and lived experiences, or implicitly via names prevalent in specific populations. The LLM personas are then evaluated via (1) subjective annotation task (e.g., detecting toxicity) and (2) a belief generation task, where both tasks are known to vary across human factors. We examine the impact of explicit vs. implicit personas and investigate which human factors LLMs recognize and respond to. Results show that explicit LLM personas show mixed results when reproducing known human biases, but generally fail to demonstrate implicit biases. We conclude that LLMs may capture the statistical patterns of how people speak, but are generally unable to model the complex interactions and subtleties of human perceptions, potentially limiting their effectiveness in social science applications., Comment: Accepted at Findings of EMNLP 2024

In the field of dissipative systems, the non-Hermitian skin effect has generated significant interest due to its unexpected implications. A system is said to exhibit a skin effect if its properties are largely affected by the boundary conditions. Despite the burgeoning interest, the potential impact of this phenomenon on emerging quantum technologies remains unexplored. In this work, we address this gap by demonstrating that quantum neural networks can exhibit this behavior and that skin effects, beyond their fundamental interest, can also be exploited in computational tasks. Specifically, we show that the performance of a given complex network used as a quantum reservoir computer is dictated solely by the boundary conditions of a dissipative line within its architecture. The closure of one (edge) link is found to drastically change the performance in time series processing proving the possibility to exploit skin effects for machine learning., Comment: Comments are welcome

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in educational and learning applications. Research has demonstrated that controlling for style, to fit the needs of the learner, fosters increased understanding, promotes inclusion, and helps with knowledge distillation. To understand the capabilities and limitations of contemporary LLMs in style control, we evaluated five state-of-the-art models: GPT-3.5, GPT-4, GPT-4o, Llama-3, and Mistral-instruct- 7B across two style control tasks. We observed significant inconsistencies in the first task, with model performances averaging between 5th and 8th grade reading levels for tasks intended for first-graders, and standard deviations up to 27.6. For our second task, we observed a statistically significant improvement in performance from 0.02 to 0.26. However, we find that even without stereotypes in reference texts, LLMs often generated culturally insensitive content during their tasks. We provide a thorough analysis and discussion of the results.

Cultural variation exists between nations (e.g., the United States vs. China), but also within regions (e.g., California vs. Texas, Los Angeles vs. San Francisco). Measuring this regional cultural variation can illuminate how and why people think and behave differently. Historically, it has been difficult to computationally model cultural variation due to a lack of training data and scalability constraints. In this work, we introduce a new research problem for the NLP community: How do we measure variation in cultural constructs across regions using language? We then provide a scalable solution: building knowledge-guided lexica to model cultural variation, encouraging future work at the intersection of NLP and cultural understanding. We also highlight modern LLMs' failure to measure cultural variation or generate culturally varied language., Comment: Accepted at NAACL 2024

Cirquent calculus is a proof system with inherent ability to account for sharing subcomponents in logical expressions. Within its framework, this article constructs an axiomatization CL18 of the basic propositional fragment of computability logic the game-semantically conceived logic of computational resources and tasks. The nonlogical atoms of this fragment represent arbitrary so called static games, and the connectives of its logical vocabulary are negation and the parallel and choice versions of conjunction and disjunction. The main technical result of the article is a proof of the soundness and completeness of CL18 with respect to the semantics of computability logic., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1707.04823

LiteBIRD, the next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment, aims for a launch in Japan's fiscal year 2032, marking a major advancement in the exploration of primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. Orbiting the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L2, this JAXA-led strategic L-class mission will conduct a comprehensive mapping of the CMB polarization across the entire sky. During its 3-year mission, LiteBIRD will employ three telescopes within 15 unique frequency bands (ranging from 34 through 448 GHz), targeting a sensitivity of 2.2\,$\mu$K-arcmin and a resolution of 0.5$^\circ$ at 100\,GHz. Its primary goal is to measure the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ with an uncertainty $\delta r = 0.001$, including systematic errors and margin. If $r \geq 0.01$, LiteBIRD expects to achieve a $>5\sigma$ detection in the $\ell=$2-10 and $\ell=$11-200 ranges separately, providing crucial insight into the early Universe. We describe LiteBIRD's scientific objectives, the application of systems engineering to mission requirements, the anticipated scientific impact, and the operations and scanning strategies vital to minimizing systematic effects. We will also highlight LiteBIRD's synergies with concurrent CMB projects., Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024

We apply reinforcement learning (RL) to generate fine regular star triangulations of reflexive polytopes, that give rise to smooth Calabi-Yau (CY) hypersurfaces. We demonstrate that, by simple modifications to the data encoding and reward function, one can search for CYs that satisfy a set of desirable string compactification conditions. For instance, we show that our RL algorithm can generate triangulations together with holomorphic vector bundles that satisfy anomaly cancellation and poly-stability conditions in heterotic compactification. Furthermore, we show that our algorithm can be used to search for reflexive subpolytopes together with compatible triangulations that define fibration structures of the CYs.

Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes on Io's surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes. Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a ground-based telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io's trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io's surface using adaptive optics at visible wavelengths., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures

Topic pages aggregate useful information about an entity or concept into a single succinct and accessible article. Automated creation of topic pages would enable their rapid curation as information resources, providing an alternative to traditional web search. While most prior work has focused on generating topic pages about biographical entities, in this work, we develop a completely automated process to generate high-quality topic pages for scientific entities, with a focus on biomedical concepts. We release TOPICAL, a web app and associated open-source code, comprising a model pipeline combining retrieval, clustering, and prompting, that makes it easy for anyone to generate topic pages for a wide variety of biomedical entities on demand. In a human evaluation of 150 diverse topic pages generated using TOPICAL, we find that the vast majority were considered relevant, accurate, and coherent, with correct supporting citations. We make all code publicly available and host a free-to-use web app at: https://s2-topical.apps.allenai.org, Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, NAACL System Demonstrations 2024

Macroscopic coherence in quantum fluids allows the observation of interference effects in their wavefunctions, and enables applications such as superconducting quantum interference devices based on Josephson tunneling. The Josephson effect manifests in both fermionic and bosonic systems, and has been well studied in superfluid helium and atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. In exciton-polariton condensates - that offer a path to integrated semiconductor platforms - creating weak links in ring geometries has so far remained challenging. In this work, we realize a Josephson junction in a polariton ring condensate. Using optical control of the barrier, we induce net circulation around the ring and demonstrate both superfluid-hydrodynamic and the Josephson regime characterized by a sinusoidal tunneling current. Our theory in terms of the free-energy landscapes explains the appearance of these regimes using experimental values. These results show that weak links in ring condensates can be explored in optical integrated circuits and hold potential for room-temperature applications., Comment: Main text: 11 pages, 4 figures, and Supplementary Information: 9 pages, 6 figures

The article discusses the possibilities of three-step early warning and short-term prediction of earthquakes based on the classical geological model of fault formation and a model of the generation of electromagnetic emissions detected before earthquakes. These possibilities are revealed by the analysis of frequency data of VLF/LF electromagnetic radiation, existing before the earthquake preparation period., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

S. Banach, in particular, proved that for any function, even $f(x) = 1,$ where $x\in[0,1],$ the convergence of its Fourier series with respect to the general orthonormal systems (ONS) is not guaranteed. In this paper, we find conditions for the functions $\varphi_{n}$ of an ONS $(\varphi_n),$ under which the Fourier series of functions $f\in Lip_1$ are unconditionally convergent almost everywhere. During our research, we mainly used the properties of the sequences of linear functionals on the Banach spaces to prove the main theorems we presented in this article. Our research has concluded that the aforementioned conditions do exist and are the best possible in a certain sense. We have also found that any ONS contains a subsystem such that the Fourier series of any function $f\in Lip_1$ is unconditionally convergent. Further, the precondition presented in Theorem \ref{theorem1.1}, which demands that the Fourier series of the function $f=1$ be convergent, is adequate, meaning that it does not make the actual conditions of Theorem \ref{theorem1.1} redundant. We have shown that the solution for these types of problems for the general ONS is trivial for the classical ONS (trigonometric, Haar, and Walsh systems).

The generation of a mass for an axion-like-particle is a long-standing open issue. We propose a model where a GeV mass for this pseudo-scalar particle is predicted in a large portion of the parameter space due to the presence of explicit Peccei-Quinn symmetry-breaking terms in an exotic leptonic sector. The latter provides a solution to the muon $g-2$ anomaly, within the framework of the Linear Seesaw neutrino mechanism. The spectrum is extended by a complex scalar singlet only transforming under the Peccei-Quinn symmetry, which generates the axion-like-particle. Its couplings with fermions can continuously span over many orders of magnitude, which constitutes a specific feature of this model in contrast to generic ultraviolet constructions., Comment: 39 pages, 11 figures, 8 tables

We consider the classical problems of interpolating a polynomial given a black box for evaluation, and of multiplying two polynomials, in the setting where the bit-lengths of the coefficients may vary widely, so-called unbalanced polynomials. Writing s for the total bit-length and D for the degree, our new algorithms have expected running time $\tilde{O}(s \log D)$, whereas previous methods for (resp.) dense or sparse arithmetic have at least $\tilde{O}(sD)$ or $\tilde{O}(s^2)$ bit complexity.

Social science NLP tasks, such as emotion or humor detection, are required to capture the semantics along with the implicit pragmatics from text, often with limited amounts of training data. Instruction tuning has been shown to improve the many capabilities of large language models (LLMs) such as commonsense reasoning, reading comprehension, and computer programming. However, little is known about the effectiveness of instruction tuning on the social domain where implicit pragmatic cues are often needed to be captured. We explore the use of instruction tuning for social science NLP tasks and introduce Socialite-Llama -- an open-source, instruction-tuned Llama. On a suite of 20 social science tasks, Socialite-Llama improves upon the performance of Llama as well as matches or improves upon the performance of a state-of-the-art, multi-task finetuned model on a majority of them. Further, Socialite-Llama also leads to improvement on 5 out of 6 related social tasks as compared to Llama, suggesting instruction tuning can lead to generalized social understanding. All resources including our code, model and dataset can be found through bit.ly/socialitellama., Comment: Short paper accepted to EACL 2024. 4 pgs, 2 tables

We study the adiabatic connection that has as weak-coupling expansion the M{\o}ller-Plesset perturbation series, generalizing to the open-shell case previous closed-shell results for the large-coupling limit. We first focus on the hydrogen atom with fractional spins, providing results along the adiabatic connection, from small to large coupling strengths. We reveal an intriguing phase diagram, and an equation for the large-coupling leading order that has closed-form solutions for specific choices of its relevant quantum numbers. We then show that the hydrogen atom results provide variational estimates for the large-coupling leading terms for the general many-electron open-shell case in terms of functionals of the Hartree-Fock {\alpha}-spin and {\beta}-spin densities., Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures (7 panels)

Starting from a classical thermodynamic approach, we derive rate-type equations to describe the behavior of heat flow in deformable media. Constitutive equations are defined in the material (Lagrangian) description where the standard time derivative satisfies the principle of objectivity. The statement of the Second Law is formulated in the classical form and the thermodynamic restrictions are then developed following the Coleman-Noll procedure. However, instead of the Clausius Duhem inequality we consider the corresponding equality where the entropy production rate is prescribed by a non-negative constitutive function. Both the free energy and the entropy production are assumed to depend on a common set of independent variables involving, in addition to temperature, both temperature gradient and heat-flux vector together with their time derivatives. This approach results in rate-type constitutive equations for the heat-flux vector that are intrinsically consistent with the Second Law and easily amenable to analysis. In addition to obtaining already known models (e.g. Cattaneo-Maxwell's, Jeffreys-like and Green-Naghdi's heat conductors), this scheme allows us to build new and more complex models of heat transport that may have applications in describing the thermal behavior in nanosystems. Indeed, when higher order time derivatives of the heat flux vector are involved, many different relaxation times occur within the rate equation., Comment: 32 pages, 2 tables, 1 appendix

Machine learning techniques have achieved impressive results in recent years and the possibility of harnessing the power of quantum physics opens new promising avenues to speed up classical learning methods. Rather than viewing classical and quantum approaches as exclusive alternatives, their integration into hybrid designs has gathered increasing interest, as seen in variational quantum algorithms, quantum circuit learning, and kernel methods. Here we introduce deep hybrid classical-quantum reservoir computing for temporal processing of quantum states where information about, for instance, the entanglement or the purity of past input states can be extracted via a single-step measurement. We find that the hybrid setup cascading two reservoirs not only inherits the strengths of both of its constituents but is even more than just the sum of its parts, outperforming comparable non-hybrid alternatives. The quantum layer is within reach of state-of-the-art multimode quantum optical platforms while the classical layer can be implemented in silico., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures

One of the challenges of heterotic compactification on a Calabi-Yau threefold is to determine the physical $(\mathbf{27})^3$ Yukawa couplings of the resulting four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=1$ theory. In general, the calculation necessitates knowledge of the Ricci-flat metric. However, in the standard embedding, which references the tangent bundle, we can compute normalized Yukawa couplings from the Weil-Petersson metric on the moduli space of complex structure deformations of the Calabi-Yau manifold. In various examples (the Fermat quintic, the intersection of two cubics in $\mathbb{P}^5$, and the Tian-Yau manifold), we calculate the normalized Yukawa couplings for $(2,1)$-forms using the Weil-Petersson metric obtained from the Kodaira-Spencer map. In cases where $h^{1,1}=1$, this is compared to a complementary calculation based on performing period integrals. A third expression for the normalized Yukawa couplings is obtained from a machine learned approximate Ricci-flat metric making use of explicit harmonic representatives. The excellent agreement between the different approaches opens the door to precision string phenomenology., Comment: 33 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables, 3 lemmas, 1 theorem. v2: Minor edits

The dualization of the scalar fields of a theory into (d-2)-form potentials preserving all the global symmetries is one of the main problems in the construction of democratic pseudoactions containing simultaneously all the original fields and their duals. We study this problem starting with the simplest cases and we show how it can be solved for scalars parametrizing Riemannian symmetric sigma-models as in maximal and half-maximal supergravities. Then, we use this result to write democratic pseudoactions for theories in which the scalars are non-minimally coupled to (p+1)-form potentials in any dimension. These results include a proposal of democratic pseudoaction for the generic bosonic sector of 4-dimensional maximal and half-maximal ungauged supergravities. Furthermore, we propose a democratic pseudoaction for the bosonic sector of N=2B,d=10 supergravity (the effective action of the type IIB superstring theory) containing two 0-, two 2-, one 4-, two 6- and three 8-forms which is manifestly invariant under global SL(2,R) transformations., Comment: Misprints corrected in text and some equations. Main results unchanged. Version accepted for publication in SciPost

A convincing explanation of the smallness of neutrino masses is represented by the Type-I Seesaw mechanism, where the two measured neutrino mass differences can be generated by introducing at least two right-handed neutrinos. In an ultraviolet complete model, it is possible to dynamically generate the heavy Majorana scale through the spontaneous symmetry breaking of a global Abelian symmetry and the most economical realisation consists in coupling the two exotic neutral leptons to a singlet complex scalar field. The associated Goldstone boson is often dubbed as Majoron, which may achieve a non-vanishing mass by means of a small term that explicitly breaks the Abelian symmetry. In a generic model, the neutrino and Majoron mass generation mechanisms are completely uncorrelated. In this paper, instead, we reduce the landscape of possible models proposing a unique, minimal and predictive framework in which these two types of masses are strictly tied and arise from the same source. Bounds from various terrestrial and astrophysical experiments are discussed., Comment: 38 pages, 7 figures, 3 appendices. V2: matches published version

The aim of this paper is to develop a general constitutive scheme within continuum thermodynamics to describe the behavior of heat flow in deformable media. Starting from a classical thermodynamic approach, the rate-type constitutive equations are defined in the material (Lagrangian) description where the standard time derivative satisfies the principle of objectivity. All constitutive functions are required to depend on a common set of independent variables and to be consistent with thermodynamics. The statement of the Second Law is formulated in a general nonlocal form, where the entropy production rate is prescribed by a non-negative constitutive function and the extra entropy flux obeys a no-flow boundary condition. The thermodynamic response is then developed based on Coleman-Noll procedure. In the local formulation, the free energy potential and the rate of entropy production function are assumed to depend on temperature, temperature gradient and heat-flux vector along with their time derivatives. This approach results in rate-type constitutive equations for the heat-flux vector that are intrinsically consistent with the Second Law and easily amenable to analysis. A huge class of linear and nonlinear models of the rate type are recovered (e.g., Cattaneo-Maxwell's, Jeffreys-like, Green-Naghdi's, Quintanilla's and Burgers-like heat conductors). In the (weakly) nonlocal formulation of the second law, both the entropy production rate and an entropy extra-flux vector are assumed to depend on temperature, temperature gradient and heat-flux vector along with their spatial gradients and time derivatives. Within this (classical) thermodynamic framework the nonlocal Guyer-Krumhansl model and some nonlinear generalizations devised by Cimmelli and Sellitto are obtained, Comment: 29 pages

We estimate the efficiency of mitigating the lensing $B$-mode polarization, the so-called delensing, for the $LiteBIRD$ experiment with multiple external data sets of lensing-mass tracers. The current best bound on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, is limited by lensing rather than Galactic foregrounds. Delensing will be a critical step to improve sensitivity to $r$ as measurements of $r$ become more and more limited by lensing. In this paper, we extend the analysis of the recent $LiteBIRD$ forecast paper to include multiple mass tracers, i.e., the CMB lensing maps from $LiteBIRD$ and CMB-S4-like experiment, cosmic infrared background, and galaxy number density from $Euclid$- and LSST-like survey. We find that multi-tracer delensing will further improve the constraint on $r$ by about $20\%$. In $LiteBIRD$, the residual Galactic foregrounds also significantly contribute to uncertainties of the $B$-modes, and delensing becomes more important if the residual foregrounds are further reduced by an improved component separation method., Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures

We explore the capability of measuring lensing signals in $LiteBIRD$ full-sky polarization maps. With a $30$ arcmin beam width and an impressively low polarization noise of $2.16\,\mu$K-arcmin, $LiteBIRD$ will be able to measure the full-sky polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) very precisely. This unique sensitivity also enables the reconstruction of a nearly full-sky lensing map using only polarization data, even considering its limited capability to capture small-scale CMB anisotropies. In this paper, we investigate the ability to construct a full-sky lensing measurement in the presence of Galactic foregrounds, finding that several possible biases from Galactic foregrounds should be negligible after component separation by harmonic-space internal linear combination. We find that the signal-to-noise ratio of the lensing is approximately $40$ using only polarization data measured over $90\%$ of the sky. This achievement is comparable to $Planck$'s recent lensing measurement with both temperature and polarization and represents a four-fold improvement over $Planck$'s polarization-only lensing measurement. The $LiteBIRD$ lensing map will complement the $Planck$ lensing map and provide several opportunities for cross-correlation science, especially in the northern hemisphere.

We study the possibility of using the $LiteBIRD$ satellite $B$-mode survey to constrain models of inflation producing specific features in CMB angular power spectra. We explore a particular model example, i.e. spectator axion-SU(2) gauge field inflation. This model can source parity-violating gravitational waves from the amplification of gauge field fluctuations driven by a pseudoscalar "axionlike" field, rolling for a few e-folds during inflation. The sourced gravitational waves can exceed the vacuum contribution at reionization bump scales by about an order of magnitude and can be comparable to the vacuum contribution at recombination bump scales. We argue that a satellite mission with full sky coverage and access to the reionization bump scales is necessary to understand the origin of the primordial gravitational wave signal and distinguish among two production mechanisms: quantum vacuum fluctuations of spacetime and matter sources during inflation. We present the expected constraints on model parameters from $LiteBIRD$ satellite simulations, which complement and expand previous studies in the literature. We find that $LiteBIRD$ will be able to exclude with high significance standard single-field slow-roll models, such as the Starobinsky model, if the true model is the axion-SU(2) model with a feature at CMB scales. We further investigate the possibility of using the parity-violating signature of the model, such as the $TB$ and $EB$ angular power spectra, to disentangle it from the standard single-field slow-roll scenario. We find that most of the discriminating power of $LiteBIRD$ will reside in $BB$ angular power spectra rather than in $TB$ and $EB$ correlations., Comment: 22 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to JCAP