Search

We study the formation of stars with varying amounts of heavy elements synthesized by the rapid neutron-capture process ($r$-process) based on our detailed cosmological zoom-in simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy with an $N$-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics code, ASURA. Most stars with no overabundance in $r$-process elements, as well as the strongly $r$-process enhanced $r$-II stars ([Eu/Fe] $>+0.7$), are formed in dwarf galaxies accreted by the Milky Way within the 6 Gyr after the Big Bang. In contrast, over half of the moderately enhanced $r$-I stars ($+0.3 <$ [Eu/Fe] $\leq +0.7$) are formed in the main in-situ disk after 6 Gyr. Our results suggest that the fraction of $r$-I and $r$-II stars formed in disrupted dwarf galaxies is larger the higher their [Eu/Fe] is. Accordingly, the most strongly enhanced $r$-III stars ([Eu/Fe] $> +2.0$) are formed in accreted components. These results suggest that non-$r$-process-enhanced stars and $r$-II stars are mainly formed in low-mass dwarf galaxies that hosted either none or a single neutron star merger, while the $r$-I stars tend to form in the well-mixed in-situ disk. We compare our findings with high-resolution spectroscopic observations of $r$-process-enhanced metal-poor stars in the halo and dwarf galaxies, including those collected by the R-Process Alliance. We conclude that observed [Eu/Fe] and [Eu/Mg] ratios can be employed in chemical tagging of the Milky Way's accretion history., Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, submitted to ApJ

We report the detection of a dwarf satellite candidate (Triangulum IV: Tri IV) of the Triangulum galaxy (M33) using the deep imaging of Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC). From the apparent magnitude of the horizontal branch in Tri IV, the heliocentric distance of Tri IV is estimated to be $932^{+49}_{-43}$ kpc, indicating that Tri IV is located at the distance of $75^{+48}_{-40}$ kpc from the M33 center. This means that Tri IV is the probable satellite of M33, because its distance from M33 is within the virial radius of M33. We also estimate its surface brightness of $\mu_{\it V} = 29.72^{+0.10}_{-0.10}$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$, and half-light radius of $r_h = 1749^{+523}_{-425}$ pc, suggesting that Tri IV is an ultra-diffuse galaxy or dynamically heated galaxy. The surface brightness of Tri IV is too low to be detected in the previous survey, so this detection suggests that much fainter satellites may be present in the outskirts of M33., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, 1 tables, submitted to ApJL

We select blue-horizontal branch stars (BHBs) from the internal data release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program to reveal the global structure of the Milky Way (MW) stellar halo. The data are distributed over $\sim 1,100$~deg$^2$ area in the range of $18.5r_{\rm b}$; the statistical difference between these fitting profiles is small. Both profiles are found to show prolate shapes having axial ratios of $q=1.47^{+0.30}_{-0.33}$ and $1.56^{+0.34}_{-0.23}$, respectively. We also find a signature of the so-called "splashback radius" for the candidate BHBs, which can reach as large as $r \sim 575$~kpc, although it is still inconclusive owing to rather large distance errors in this faintest end of the sample. Our results suggest that the MW stellar halo consists of the two overlapping components: the {\it in situ} inner halo showing a relatively steep radial density profile and the {\it ex situ} outer halo with a shallower profile, being characteristic of a component formed from accretion of small stellar systems., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, 6 tables, title has been changed, accepted for publication in PASJ. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1904.04966

The chemical abundances of Milky Way's satellites reflect their star formation histories (SFHs), yet, due to the difficulty of determining the ages of old stars, the SFHs of most satellites are poorly measured. Ongoing and upcoming surveys will obtain around ten times more medium-resolution spectra for stars in satellites than are currently available. To correctly extract SFHs from large samples of chemical abundances, the relationship between chemical abundances and SFHs needs to be clarified. Here, we perform a high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy with detailed models of star formation, supernova feedback, and metal diffusion. We quantify SFHs, metallicity distribution functions, and the $\alpha$-element (Mg, Ca, and Si) abundances in satellites of the host galaxy. We find that star formation in most simulated satellites is quenched before infalling to their host. Star formation episodes in simulated satellites are separated by a few hundred Myr owing to supernova feedback; each star formation event produces groups of stars with similar [$\alpha$/Fe] and [Fe/H]. We then perform a mock observation of the upcoming Subaru Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) observations. We find that Subaru PFS will be able to detect distinct groups of stars in [$\alpha$/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] space, produced by episodic star formation. This result means that episodic SFHs can be estimated from the chemical abundances of $\gtrsim$ 1,000 stars determined with medium-resolution spectroscopy., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Distinguishing a core and a cusp within dark matter halos is complexified by the existence of mass-anisotropy degeneracy, where various combinations of velocity anisotropy ($\beta$) and inner density slope ($\gamma$) yield similar observational signatures. We construct a dynamical model that incorporates the 4th-order velocity moments to alleviate this challenge. The inclusion of the 4th-order velocity moments enables stars' line-of-sight velocity distribution (LOSVD) to be flexible. This flexible LOSVD can cover from a thin-tailed to a heavy-tailed distribution that is inaccessible if only the 2nd-order moments are considered. We test the model on four mock galaxies having isotropic orbits, $\beta = 0$: two resembling dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) and two resembling ultra-faint dwarfs (UFDs) in terms of velocity dispersion. Each category includes one galaxy with a cuspy NFW profile and one with a cored density profile. Results show that a ratio of the global velocity dispersion to velocity error, $\sigma_{\rm los,global} / \delta v_{\rm los} \gtrsim 4$, is crucial to avoid systematic biases arising from the strong sensitivity of 4th-order moments to the LOSVD tails. In cases where this velocity ratio condition is met, our model reliably recovers $\gamma$ in dSph mock galaxies, with the true value recovered within $\sim 1\sigma$, and strongly excludes a cuspy NFW profile for the cored dSph mock galaxy. However, recovering the density profiles of UFDs remains challenging due to their intrinsically low velocity dispersions., Comment: 25 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We present the discovery of NGC253-SNFC-dw1, a new satellite galaxy in the remote stellar halo of the Sculptor Group spiral, NGC 253. The system was revealed using deep resolved star photometry obtained as part of the Subaru Near-Field Cosmology Survey that uses the Hyper Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope. Although rather luminous ($\rm{M_{V}} = -11.7 \pm 0.2$) and massive ($M_* \sim 1.25\times 10^7~\rm{M}_{\odot}$), the system is one of the most diffuse satellites yet known, with a half-light radius of $\rm{R_{h}} = 3.37 \pm 0.36$ kpc and an average surface brightness of $\sim 30.1$ mag arcmin$^{-2}$ within the $\rm{R_{h}}$. The colour-magnitude diagram shows a dominant old ($\sim 10$ Gyr) and metal-poor ($\rm{[M/H]}=-1.5 \pm 0.1$ dex) stellar population, as well as several candidate thermally-pulsing asymptotic giant branch stars. The distribution of red giant branch stars is asymmetrical and displays two elongated tidal extensions pointing towards NGC 253, suggestive of a highly disrupted system being observed at apocenter. NGC253-SNFC-dw1 has a size comparable to that of the puzzling Local Group dwarfs Andromeda XIX and Antlia 2 but is two magnitudes brighter. While unambiguous evidence of tidal disruption in these systems has not yet been demonstrated, the morphology of NGC253-SNFC-dw1 clearly shows that this is a natural path to produce such diffuse and extended galaxies. The surprising discovery of this system in a previously well-searched region of the sky emphasizes the importance of surface brightness limiting depth in satellite searches., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in ApJL

We analyze the outer regions of M33, beyond 15 kpc in projected distance from its center using Subaru/HSC multi-color imaging. We identify Red Giant Branch (RGB) stars and Red Clump (RC) stars using the surface gravity sensitive $NB515$ filter for the RGB sample, and a multi-color selection for both samples. We construct the radial surface density profile of these RGB and RC stars, and find that M33 has an extended stellar population with a shallow power-law index of $\alpha > -3$, depending on the intensity of the contamination. This result represents a flatter profile than the stellar halo which has been detected by the previous study focusing on the central region, suggesting that M33 may have a double-structured halo component, i.e. inner/outer halos or a very extended disk. Also, the slope of this extended component is shallower than those typically found for halos in large galaxies, implying intermediate-mass galaxies may have different formation mechanisms (e.g., tidal interaction) from large spirals. We also analyze the radial color profile of RC/RGB stars, and detect a radial gradient, consistent with the presence of an old and/or metal-poor population in the outer region of M33, thereby supporting our proposal that the stellar halo extends beyond 15 kpc. Finally, we estimate that the surface brightness of this extended component is $\mu_{\it V} = 35.72 \pm 0.08$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$. If our detected component is the stellar halo, this estimated value is consistent with the detection limit of previous observations., Comment: 18 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

We investigate a mechanism to form and keep a planar spatial distribution of satellite galaxies in the Milky Way (MW), which is called the satellite plane. It has been pointed out that the {\Lambda}CDM cosmological model hardly explains the existence of such a satellite plane, so it is regarded as one of the serious problems in the current cosmology. We here focus on a rotation of the gravitational potential of a host galaxy, i.e., so-called a figure rotation, following the previous suggestion that this effect can induce the tilt of a so-called tube orbit. Our calculation shows that a figure rotation of a triaxial potential forms a stable orbital plane perpendicular to the rotational axis of the potential. Thus, it is suggested that the MW's dark halo is rotating with its axis being around the normal line of the satellite plane. Additionally, we find that a small velocity dispersion of satellites is required to keep the flatness of the planar structure, namely the standard derivation of their velocities perpendicular to the satellite plane needs smaller than their mean rotational velocity on the plane. Although not all the MW's satellites satisfy this condition, some fraction of them called member satellites, which are prominently on the plane, satisfy it. We suggest that this picture explaining the observed satellite plane can be achieved by the filamentary accretion of dark matter associated with the formation of the MW and a group infall of member satellites along this cosmic filament., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, 2 Tables, accepted in PASJ (Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan)

We analyse the M31 halo and its substructure within a projected radius of 120 kpc using a combination of Subaru/HSC $\textit{NB515}$ and CFHT/MegaCam $\textit{g}$- \& $\textit{i}$-bands. We succeed in separating M31's halo stars from foreground contamination with $\sim$ 90 \% accuracy by using the surface gravity sensitive $\textit{NB515}$ filter. Based on the selected M31 halo stars, we discover three new substructures, which associate with the Giant Southern Stream (GSS) based on their photometric metallicity estimates. We also produce the distance and photometric metallicity estimates for the known substructures. While these quantities for the GSS are reproduced in our study, we find that the North-Western stream shows a steeper distance gradient than found in an earlier study, suggesting that it is likely to have formed in an orbit closer to the Milky Way. For two streams in the eastern halo (Stream C and D), we identify distance gradients that had not been resolved. Finally, we investigate the global halo photometric metallicity distribution and surface brightness profile using the $\textit{NB515}$-selected halo stars. We find that the surface brightness of the metal-poor and metal-rich halo populations, and the all population can be fitted to a power-law profile with an index of $\alpha=-1.65\pm0.02$, $-2.82\pm0.01$, and $-2.44\pm0.01$, respectively. In contrast to the relative smoothness of the halo profile, its photometric metallicity distribution appears to be spatially non-uniform with nonmonotonic trends with radius, suggesting that the halo population had insufficient time to dynamically homogenize the accreted populations., Comment: 24 pages, 26 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

We analyze the photometric data in the Wide layer of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) over $\sim 1,200$ deg$^{2}$ to uncover new halo substructures beyond the distance, $D_{\odot}\sim$ 30 kpc, from the Sun. For this purpose, we develop an isochrone filter for an old, metal-poor stellar system to extract the faint main-sequence stars at a range of distances. With this method, we detect, not only the previously discovered substructures such as the Orphan Stream, but also the new overdensity toward Bo\"otes at about $D_{\odot}\sim$ 60 kpc and the new stream-like feature toward Pisces at around $D_{\odot}\sim$ 60 kpc. It has been suggested that a small-scale overdensity exists in this direction of Pisces (the so-called Pisces Overdensity), but our results show that the overdensity is widely spread with a tidally elongated feature. Combining our results with the ongoing Hyper Suprime-Cam narrow-band survey and the near-future spectroscopic survey with Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) will allow us to place strong constraints on the origin of these halo substructures., Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in PASJ

We present the final results of our search for new Milky Way (MW) satellites using the data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program (SSP) survey over $\sim 1,140$ deg$^2$. In addition to three candidates that we already reported, we have identified two new MW satellite candidates in the constellation of Sextans at a heliocentric distance of $D_{\odot} \simeq 126$kpc, and Virgo at $D_{\odot} \simeq 151$kpc, named Sextans II and Virgo III, respectively. Their luminosities (Sext II:$M_V\simeq-3.9$mag; Vir III:$M_V\simeq-2.7$mag) and half-light radii (Sext II:$r_h\simeq154$ pc; Vir III:$r_h\simeq 44$ pc) place them in the region of size-luminosity space of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs). Including four previously known satellites, there are a total of nine satellites in the HSC-SSP footprint. This discovery rate of UFDs is much higher than that predicted from the recent models for the expected population of MW satellites in the framework of cold dark matter models, thereby suggesting that we encounter a too many satellites problem. Possible solutions to settle this tension are also discussed., Comment: 20 pages, 17 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in PASJ

Japan Astrometry Satellite Mission for INfrared Exploration (JASMINE) is a planned M-class science space mission by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. JASMINE has two main science goals. One is the Galactic archaeology with Galactic Center Survey, which aims to reveal the Milky Way's central core structure and formation history from Gaia-level (~25 $\mu$as) astrometry in the Near-Infrared (NIR) Hw-band (1.0-1.6 $\mu$m). The other is the Exoplanet Survey, which aims to discover transiting Earth-like exoplanets in the habitable zone from NIR time-series photometry of M dwarfs when the Galactic center is not accessible. We introduce the mission, review many science objectives, and present the instrument concept. JASMINE will be the first dedicated NIR astrometry space mission and provide precise astrometric information of the stars in the Galactic center, taking advantage of the significantly lower extinction in the NIR. The precise astrometry is obtained by taking many short-exposure images. Hence, the JASMINE Galactic center survey data will be valuable for studies of exoplanet transits, asteroseismology, variable stars and microlensing studies, including discovery of (intermediate mass) black holes. We highlight a swath of such potential science, and also describe synergies with other missions., Comment: 50 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ

The Galactic dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) provide valuable insight into dark matter (DM) properties and its role in galaxy formation. Their close proximity enables the measurement of line-of-sight velocities for resolved stars, which allows us to study DM halo structure. However, uncertainties in DM mass profile determination persist due to the degeneracy between DM mass density and velocity dispersion tensor anisotropy. Overcoming this requires large kinematic samples and identification of foreground contamination. With 1.25 deg$^2$ and 2394 fibers, PFS plus pre-imaging with Hyper Suprime Cam will make significant progress in this undertaking., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, Accepted for publication in Proceedings of the IAUS 379: Dynamical Masses of Local Group Galaxies, Potsdam, March 20-24, 2023

We use the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) data to study structural parameters and systemic proper motion of the Sextans dwarf spheroidal galaxy at the heliocentric distance of 86 kpc, which is one of the most important targets for studies of dark matter nature and galaxy formation physics. Thanks to the superb image quality and wide area coverage of the Sextans field, the HSC data enables a secure selection of member star candidates based on the colour-magnitude cut, yielding about 10,000 member candidates at magnitudes down to $i\sim 24$. We use a likelihood analysis of the two-dimensional distribution of stars to estimate the structural parameters of Sextans taking into account the contamination of foreground halo stars in the Milky Way, and find that the member star distribution is well-fitted by an elliptical King profile with ellipticity $\epsilon \simeq 0.25$ and the core and tidal radii of $R_c=(368.4\pm 8.5)$ pc and $R_t=(2.54\pm 0.046)$ kpc, respectively. Then using the two HSC datasets of 2.66 years time baseline on average, we find the systemic proper motions of Sextans to be $(\mu_\alpha, \mu_\delta)=(-0.448\pm{0.075},0.083\pm{0.078})$ $\mathrm{mas}\ \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$, which is consistent with some of the previous works using the $Gaia$ data of relatively bright member stars in Sextans. Thus, our results give a demonstration that a ground-based, large-aperture telescope data which covers a wide solid angle of the sky and has a long time baseline, such as the upcoming LSST data, can be used to study systemic proper motions of dwarf galaxies., Comment: 14 pages, 15 figures

We present spectroscopic chemical abundances of red giant branch (RGB) stars in Andromeda (M31), using medium resolution ($R\sim6000$) spectra obtained via the Spectroscopic and Photometric Landscape of Andromeda's Stellar Halo (SPLASH) survey. In addition to individual chemical abundances, we coadd low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) spectra of stars to obtain a high enough to measure average [Fe/H] and [$\alpha$/Fe] abundances. We obtain individual and coadded measurements for [Fe/H] and [$\alpha$/Fe] for M31 halo stars, covering a range of 9--180 kpc in projected radius from the center of M31. With these measurements, we greatly increase the number of outer halo ($R_{\mathrm{proj}} > 50$ kpc) M31 stars with spectroscopic [Fe/H] and [$\alpha$/Fe], adding abundance measurements for 45 individual stars and 33 coadds from a pool of an additional 174 stars. We measure the spectroscopic metallicity ([Fe/H]) gradient, finding a negative radial gradient of $-0.0050\pm0.0003$ for all stars in the halo, consistent with gradient measurements obtained using photometric metallicities. Using the first measurements of [$\alpha$/Fe] for M31 halo stars covering a large range of projected radii, we find a positive gradient ($+0.0026\pm0.0004$) in [$\alpha$/Fe] as a function of projected radius. We also explore the distribution in [Fe/H]--[$\alpha$/Fe] space as a function of projected radius for both individual and coadded measurements in the smooth halo, and compare these measurements to those stars potentially associated with substructure. These spectroscopic abundance distributions highlight the substantial evidence that M31 has had an appreciably different formation and merger history compared to our own Galaxy., Comment: Submitted to ApJ

Context. Several dynamically cold streams have been associated with certain globular clusters (GCs) based on orbital energies and angular momenta. Some of these streams are surprisingly far apart from their progenitors and one such pair is Triangulum and NGC 5824. Triangulum can be considered as a piece of NGC 5824 leading tail since the cluster's future orbit matches with the stream's track well. The existence of the leading tail for NGC 5824 is the motivation behind the search for its trailing tail. Aims. Our goal is to confirm the connection between Triangulum and NGC 5824 and seek the trailing tail of the cluster. Methods. The selection of member stars of Triangulum is made through various cuts in metallicity, proper motions (PMs), radial velocity and color-magnitude diagram (CMD). The selected members are compared in phase space to a mock stream which models the disruption of NGC 5824. We then try to detect the trailing tail of the cluster based on a modified matched-filter technique. Stars are assigned weights using their color differences from the cluster's locus in CMD. These weights are further scaled based on stars' departures from expected PMs of the model stream. Results. A total of 26 member stars for Triangulum are obtained and 16 of them are newly identified. These members are consistent with the mock stream in the phase space and their metalicity and position on the CMD are in good agreements with NGC 5824. By applying the matched-filter, a tenuous trailing tail of the cluster is detected, spanning $\sim$ 50$^\circ$ long on sky. The signature matches with the mock stream's trajectory well. Conclusions. Our results support that Triangulum stream acts as a part of the leading tail for NGC 5824. On the trailing side, we have detected a 50$^\circ$ tail extended from the cluster. The existence of both leading and trailing tails for the GC NGC 5824 is verified., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

We present a new observation of satellite galaxies around seven Milky Way (MW)-like galaxies located outside of the Local Group (LG) using Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam imaging data to statistically address the missing satellite problem. We select satellite galaxy candidates using magnitude, surface brightness, S\'{e}rsic index, axial ratio, full width half maximum, and surface brightness fluctuation cuts, followed by visual screening of false-positives such as optical ghosts of bright stars. We identify 51 secure dwarf satellite galaxies within the virial radius of nine host galaxies, two of which are drawn from the pilot observation presented in Paper I. We find that the average luminosity function of the satellite galaxies is consistent with that of the MW satellites, although the luminosity function of each host galaxy varies significantly. We observe an indication that more massive hosts tend to have a larger number of satellites. Physical properties of the satellites such as the size-luminosity relation is also consistent with the MW satellites. However, the spatial distribution is different; we find that the satellite galaxies outside of LG shows no sign of concentration or alignment, while that of the MW satellites is more concentrated around the host and exhibits a significant alignment. As we focus on relatively massive satellites with $M_V<-10$, we do not expect that the observational incompleteness can be responsible here. This trend might represent a peculiarity of the MW satellites, and further work is needed to understand its origin., Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

The $r$-process-enhanced (RPE) stars provide fossil records of the assembly history of the Milky Way and the nucleosynthesis of the heaviest elements. Observations by the $R$-Process Alliance (RPA) and others have confirmed that many RPE stars are associated with chemo-dynamically tagged groups, which likely came from accreted dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way (MW). However, we do not know how RPE stars are formed. Here, we present the result of a cosmological zoom-in simulation of an MW-like galaxy with $r$-process enrichment, performed with the highest resolution in both time and mass. Thanks to this advancement, unlike previous simulations, we find that most highly RPE ($r$-II; [Eu/Fe] $> +0.7$) stars are formed in low-mass dwarf galaxies that have been enriched in $r$-process elements for [Fe/H] $\,<-2.5$, while those with higher metallicity are formed in situ, in locally enhanced gas clumps that were not necessarily members of dwarf galaxies. This result suggests that low-mass accreted dwarf galaxies are the main formation site of $r$-II stars with [Fe/H] $\,<-2.5$. We also find that most low-metallicity $r$-II stars exhibit halo-like kinematics. Some $r$-II stars formed in the same halo show low dispersions in [Fe/H] and somewhat larger dispersions of [Eu/Fe], similar to the observations. The fraction of simulated $r$-II stars is commensurate with observations from the RPA, and the distribution of the predicted [Eu/Fe] for halo $r$-II stars matches that observed. These results demonstrate that RPE stars can be valuable probes of the accretion of dwarf galaxies in the early stages of their formation., Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, published in MNRAS

Elucidating dark matter density profiles in the Galactic dwarf satellites is essential to understanding not only the quintessence of dark matter, but also the evolution of the satellites themselves. In this work, we present the current constraints on dark matter densities in the Galactic ultra-faint dwarf (UFD) and diffuse galaxies. Applying our constructed non-spherical mass models to the currently available kinematic data of the 25 UFDs and 2 diffuse satellites, we find that whereas most of the galaxies have huge uncertainties on the inferred dark matter density profiles, Eridanus~II, Segue~I, and Willman~1 favor cuspy central profiles even considering effects of a prior bias. We compare our results with the simulated subhalos on the plane between the dark matter density at 150~pc and the pericenter distance. We find that the most observed satellites and the simulated subhalos are similarly distributed on this plane, except for Antlia~2, Crater~2, and Tucana~3, which are less than one tenth of the density. Despite considerable tidal effects, the subhalos detected by commonly-used subhalo finders have difficulty in explaining such a huge deviation. We also estimate the dynamical mass-to-light ratios of the satellites and confirm the ratio is linked to stellar mass and metallicity. Tucana~3 deviates largely from these relations, while it follows the mass-metallicity relation. This indicates that Tucana~3 has a cored dark matter halo, despite a significant uncertainty in its ratios., Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

In the fuzzy dark matter (FDM) model, gravitationally collapsed objects always consist of a solitonic core located within a virialised halo. Although various numerical simulations have confirmed that the collapsed structure can be described by a cored NFW like density profile, there is still disagreement about the relation between the core mass and the halo mass. To fully understand this relation, we have assembled a large sample of cored haloes based on both idealised soliton mergers and cosmological simulations with various box sizes. We find that there exists a sizeable dispersion in the core-halo mass relation that increases with halo mass, indicating that the FDM model allows cores and haloes to coexist in diverse configurations. We provide a new empirical equation for a core halo mass relation with uncertainties that can encompass all previously found relations in the dispersion, and emphasise that any observational constraints on the particle mass using a tight one-to-one core-halo mass relation should suffer from an additional uncertainty on the order of 50 % for halo masses $ \ge 10^9 (8 \times 10^{-23} eV/ (mc^2))^{3/2} M_\odot$. We suggest that tidal stripping may be one of the effects contributing to the scatter in the relation.

We analyze the global structure of the Milky Way (MW)'s stellar halo including its dominant subcomponent, Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus (GSE). The method to reconstruct the global distribution of this old stellar component is to employ the superposition of the orbits covering over the large MW's space, where each of the orbit-weighting factor is assigned following the probability that the star is located at its currently observed position. The selected local, metal-poor sample with ${\rm [Fe/H]}<-1$ using {\it Gaia} EDR3 and SDSS DR16 shows that the global shape of the halo is systematically rounder at all radii in more metal-poor ranges, such that an axial ratio, $q$, is nearly 1 for ${\rm [Fe/H]}<-2.2$ and $\sim 0.7$ for $-1.4<{\rm [Fe/H]}<-1.0$. It is also found that a halo in relatively metal-rich range of ${\rm [Fe/H]}>-1.8$ actually shows a boxy/peanut-like shape, suggesting a major merger event. The distribution of azimuthal velocities shows a disk-like flattened structure at $-1.4<{\rm [Fe/H]}<-1.0$, which is thought to be the metal-weak thick disk. For the subsample of stars showing GSE-like kinematics and at ${\rm [Fe/H]}>-1.8$, its global density distribution is more spherical with $q \sim 0.9$ than the general halo sample, having an outer ridge at $r\sim20$~kpc. This spherical shape is consistent with the feature of accreted halo components and the ridge suggests that the orbit of GSE's progenitor has an apocenter of $\sim 20$~kpc. Implications for the formation of the stellar halo are also presented., Comment: 19 pages, 21 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ

We developed a new selection method of halo stars in the phase-space distribution defined by the three integrals of motion in an axisymmetric Galactic potential, ($E$, $L_z$, $I_3$), where $I_3$ is the third integral of motion. The method is used to explore the general chemo-dynamical structure of the halo based on stellar samples from SDSS-SEGUE DR7 and DR16-APOGEE, matched with Gaia-DR2. We found, (a) halo stars can be separated from disk stars by selecting over (1) $0 < L_z < 1500$ \kpckms, $(2I_3)^{1/2} > 1000$ \kpckms (orbital angle $\theta_{\rm orb}$ $>$ 15-20 deg), and $E < -1.5 \times 10^5$ km$^2$ s$^{-2}$, and (2) $L_z < 0$ \kpckms. These selection criteria are free from kinematical biases introduced by the simple high-velocity cuts adopted in recent literature; (b) the averaged, or {\it coarse-grained}, halo phased-space distribution shows a monotonic exponential decrease with increasing $E$ and $I_3$ like the Michie-Bodenheimer models; (c) the inner stellar halo described in \citet{carollo2007,carollo2010} is found to comprise a combination of Gaia Enceladus debris (GE; \citealt{helmi2018}), lowest-$E$ stars (likely in-situ stars), as well as metal-poor prograde stars missed by the high velocity cuts selection; (d) the very metal poor outer halo, ([Fe/H] $< -$2.2), exhibits both retrograde and prograde rotation, with an asymmetric $L_z$ distribution towards high retrograde motions, and larger $\theta_{\rm orb}$ than those possessed by the GE dominated inner halo; (e) the Sgr dSph galaxy could induce a long-range dynamical effect on local halo stars. Implication for the formation of the stellar halo are also discussed., Comment: 35 pages, 20 figures, some figures were misplaced in the previous version, now fixed

The core-cusp problem is one of the controversial issues in the standard paradigm of $\Lambda$ cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) theory. However, under the assumption of conventional spherical symmetry, the strong degeneracy among model parameters makes it unclear whether dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies indeed have cored dark matter density profiles at the centers. In this work, we revisit this problem using non-spherical mass models, which have the advantage of being able to alleviate the degeneracy. Applying our mass models to the currently available kinematic data of the eight classical dSphs, we find that within finite uncertainties, most of these dSphs favor cusped central profiles rather than cored ones. In particular, Draco has a cusped dark matter halo with high probability even considering a prior bias. We also find the diversity of the inner slopes in their dark matter halos. To clarify the origin of this diversity, we investigate the relation between the inner dark matter density slope and stellar-to-halo mass ratio for the sample dSphs and find this relation is generally in agreement with the predictions from recent $\Lambda$CDM and hydrodynamical simulations. We also find that the simulated subhalos have anti-correlation between the dark matter density at 150 pc and pericenter distance, which is consistent with the observed one. We estimate their astrophysical factors for dark matter indirect searches and circular velocity profiles, associated with huge uncertainties. To more precisely estimate their dark matter profiles, wide-field spectroscopic surveys for the dSphs are essential., Comment: 23 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We present proper motion measurements for more than $0.55$ million main-sequence stars, by comparing astrometric positions of matched stars between the multi-band imaging datasets from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Survey and the SDSS Stripe 82. In doing this we use $3$ million galaxies to recalibrate the astrometry and set up a common reference frame between the two catalogues. The exquisite depth and the nearly $12$ years of time baseline between HSC and SDSS enable high-precision measurements of statistical proper motions for stars down to $i\simeq 24$. A validation of our method is demonstrated by the agreement with the $Gaia$ proper motions, to the precision better than $0.1$ mas yr$^{-1}$. To retain the precision, we make a correction of the subtle effects due to the differential chromatic refraction in the SDSS images based on the comparison with the $Gaia$ proper motions against colour of stars, which is validated using the SDSS spectroscopic quasars. Combining with the photometric distance estimates for individual stars based on the precise HSC photometry, we show a significant detection of the net proper motions for stars in each bin of distance out to $100$ kpc. The two-component tangential velocities after subtracting the apparent motions due to our own motion display rich phase-space structures including a clear signature of the Sagittarius stream in the halo region of distance range $[10,\ 35]$ kpc. We also measure the tangential velocity dispersion in the distance range $5-20$ kpc and find that the data are consistent with a constant isotropic dispersion of $80\pm 10\ {\rm km/s}$. More distant stars appear to have random motions with respect to the Galactic centre on average., Comment: accepted by MNRAS, add more details

We investigate the orbital motions of dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) in the halo of the Milky Way (MW) to understand their possible effects on the diversity of the star formation histories seen in these MW satellites. In this work, we explicitly consider a time-varying gravitational potential due to the growth of the MW's dark halo mass to calculate the long-term orbital evolutions of the dSphs, guided with {\it Gaia} DR2 proper motions, over the past 13.5 billion years. We find that the infall time of a satellite, defined at which the galaxy first crosses within the growing virial radius of the MW's halo, coincides well with the time when the star formation rate (SFR) is peaked for the sample of classical dSphs. On the other hand, ultra-faint dSphs already finished their SF activity prior to their infall times as already suggested in previous works, but there is a signature that their earlier SF histories are affected by interaction with the growing MW's halo to some extent. We also find, for classical dSphs, that the relative fraction of stars formed after the peak of the SFR to the current stellar mass is smaller for the smaller pericentric radius of the galaxy at its first infall. These results suggest that the infalling properties of the dSphs into the MW and the resultant environmental effects such as ram-pressure stripping and/or tidal disturbance in the MW's dark halo containing hot gas play important roles in their star formation histories., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We investigate the basic properties of voids from high resolution, cosmological N-body simulations of {\Lambda}-dominated cold dark matter ({\Lambda}CDM) models, in order to compare with the analytical model of Sheth and van de Weygaert (SvdW) for void statistics. For the subsample of five dark matter simulations in the {\Lambda}CDM cosmology with box sizes ranging from 1000 Mpc/h to 8 Mpc/h, we find that the standard void-in-cloud effect is too simplified to explain several properties of identified small voids in simulations. (i) The number density of voids is found to be larger than the prediction of the analytical model up to 2 orders of magnitude below 1 Mpc/h scales. The Press-Schechter model with the linear critical threshold of void {\delta}_v = -2.71, or a naive power law, is found to provide an excellent agreement with the void size function, suggesting that the void-in-cloud effect does not suppress as much voids as predicted by the SvdW model. (ii) We then measured the density and velocity profiles of small voids, and find that they are mostly partially collapsing underdensities, instead of being completely crushed in the standard void-in-cloud scenario. (iii) Finally, we measure the void distributions in four different tidal environments, and find that the void-in-void effect alone can explain the correlation between distribution and environments, whereas the void-in-cloud effect is only weakly influencing the abundance of voids, even in filaments and clusters., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

We report on the discovery of a new Milky Way (MW) satellite in Bo\"otes based on data from the on-going Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program (SSP). This satellite, named Bo\"otes IV, is the third ultra-faint dwarf that we have discovered in the HSC-SSP. We have identified a statistically significant (32.3$\sigma$) overdensity of stars having characteristics of a metal-poor, old stellar population. The distance to this stellar system is $D_{\odot}=209^{+20}_{-18}$ kpc with a $V$-band absolute magnitude of $M_V=-4.53^{+0.23}_{-0.21}$ mag. Bo\"otes IV has a half-light radius of $r_h=462^{+98}_{-84}$ pc and an ellipticity of $0.64^{+0.05}_{-0.05}$, which clearly suggests that this is a dwarf satellite galaxy. We also found another overdensity that appears to be a faint globular cluster with $M_V=-0.20^{+0.59}_{-0.83}$ mag and $r_h=5.9^{+1.5}_{-1.3}$ pc located at $D_{\odot}=46^{+4}_{-4}$ kpc. Adopting the recent prediction for the total population of satellites in a MW-sized halo by Newton et al. (2018), which combined the characteristics of the observed satellites by SDSS and DES with the subhalos obtained in $\Lambda$CDM models, we estimate that there should be about two MW satellites at $M_V\le0$ in the $\sim676$ deg$^2$ covered by HSC-SSP, whereas that area includes six satellites. Thus, the observed number of satellites is larger than the theoretical prediction. On the face of it, we have a problem of too many satellites, instead of the well-known missing satellites problem whereby the $\Lambda$CDM theory overpredicts the number of satellites in a MW-sized halo. This may imply that the models need more refinements for the assignment of subhalos to satellites such as considering those found by the current deeper survey. [abridged], Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in PASJ

We report on the global structure of the Milky Way (MW) stellar halo up to its outer boundary based on the analysis of blue-horizontal branch stars (BHBs). These halo tracers are extracted from the $(g,r,i,z)$ band multi-photometry in the internal data release of the on-going Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) surveyed over $\sim550$~deg$^2$ area. In order to select most likely BHBs by removing blue straggler stars (BSs) and other contamination in a statistically significant manner, we have developed and applied an extensive Bayesian method, instead of the simple color cuts adopted in our previous work, where each of the template BHBs and non-BHBs obtained from the available catalogs is represented as a mixture of multiple Gaussian distributions in the color-color diagrams. We found from the candidate BHBs in the range of 18.5r_{\rm b}$. The latter profile with a prolate shape having an axial ratio of $q=1.72^{+0.44}_{-0.28}$ is most likely and this halo may hold a rather sharp boundary at r=160kpc. The slopes of the halo density profiles are compared with those from the suite of hydrodynamical simulations for the formation of stellar halos. This comparison suggests that the MW stellar halo may consist of the two overlapping components: the in situ. inner halo as probed by RR Lyrae stars showing a relatively steep radial density profile and the ex situ. outer halo with a shallow profile probed by BHBs here, which is made by accretion of small stellar systems., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, version to be published in PASJ

The Milky Way is a unique laboratory, where stellar properties can be measured and analyzed in detail. In particular, stars in the older populations encode information on the mechanisms that led to the formation of our Galaxy. In this article, we analyze the kinematics, spatial distribution, and chemistry of a large number of stars in the Solar Neighborhood, where all of the main Galactic components are well-represented. We find that the thick disk comprises two distinct and overlapping stellar populations, with different kinematic properties and chemical compositions. The metal-weak thick disk (MWTD) contains two times less metal content than the canonical thick disk, and exhibits enrichment of light elements typical of the oldest stellar populations of the Galaxy. The rotational velocity of the MWTD around the Galactic center is ~ 150 km s^(-1), corresponding to a rotational lag of 30 km s^(-1) relative to the canonical thick disk (~ 180 km s^(-1)), with a velocity dispersion of 60 km s^(-1). This stellar population likely originated from the merger of a dwarf galaxy during the early phases of our Galaxy's assembly, or it is a precursor disk, formed in the inner Galaxy and brought into the Solar Neighborhood by bar instability or spiral-arm formation mechanisms., Comment: 25 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for Publication on the Astrophysical Journal

We present results from a pilot observation of nearby (~20 Mpc) galaxies with mass similar to that of the Milky Way (MW) to address the missing satellite problem. This is the first paper from an on-going project to address the problem with a statistical sample of galaxies outside of the Local Group (LG) without employing an assumption that the LG is a typical halo in the Universe. Thanks to the close distances of our targets, dwarf galaxies around them can be identified as extended, diffuse galaxies. By applying a surface brightness cut together with a careful visual screening to remove artifacts and background contamination, we construct a sample of dwarf galaxies. The luminosity function (LF) of one of the targets is broadly consistent with that of the MW, but the other has a more abundant dwarf population. Numerical simulations by Okamoto (2013) seem to overpredict the number of dwarfs on average, while more recent predictions from Copernicus Complexio are in a better agreement. In both observations and simulations, there is a large diversity in the LFs, demonstrating the importance of addressing the missing satellite problem with a statistically representative sample. We also characterize the projected spatial distributions of the satellites and do not observe strong evidence for alignments around the central galaxies. Based on this successful pilot observation, we are carrying out further observations to increase the sample of nearby galaxies, which we plan to report in our future paper., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We investigate the formation history of the stellar disk component in the Milky Way (MW) based on our new chemical evolution model. Our model considers several fundamental baryonic processes, including gas infall, re-accretion of outflowing gas, and radial migration of disk stars. Each of these baryonic processes in the disk evolution is characterized by model parameters, which are determined by fitting to various observational data of the stellar disk in the MW, including the radial dependence of the metallicity distribution function (MDF) of the disk stars, which has recently been derived in the APOGEE survey. We succeeded to obtain the best set of model parameters, which well reproduces the observed radial dependences of the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of the MDFs for the disk stars. We analyze the basic properties of our model results in detail to get new insights into the important baryonic processes in the formation history of the MW. One of the remarkable findings is that outflowing gas, containing much heavy elements, preferentially re-accretes onto the outer disk parts, and this recycling process of metal-enriched gas is a key ingredient to reproduce the observed narrower MDFs at larger radii. Moreover, important implications for the radial dependence of gas infall and the influence of radial migration on the MDFs are also inferred from our model calculation. Thus, the MDF of disk stars is a useful clue for studying the formation history of the MW., Comment: 19 pages, 18 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We present wide and deep photometry of the northwest part of the halo of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) using Hyper Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope. The survey covers 9.2 deg$^{2}$ field in the $g$, $i$, and $NB515$ bands and shows a clear red giant branch (RGB) of M31's halo stars and a pronounced red clump (RC) feature. The spatial distribution of RC stars shows a prominent stream feature, the North Western (NW) Stream, and a diffuse substructure in the south part of our survey field. We estimate the distances based on the RC method and obtain $(m-M)$ = 24.63$\pm 0.191$(random)$\pm0.057$(systematic) and 24.29$\pm 0.211$(random)$\pm0.057$(systematic) mag for the NW stream and diffuse substructure, respectively, implying that the NW Stream is located behind M31, whereas the diffuse substructure is located in front. We also estimate line-of-sight distances along the NW Stream and find that the south part of the stream is $\sim$20 kpc closer to us relative to the north part. The distance to the NW Stream inferred from the isochrone fitting to the color-magnitude diagram favors the RC-based distance, but the TRGB-based distance estimated for $NB515$-selected RGB stars does not agree with it. The surface number density distribution of RC stars across the NW Stream is found to be approximately Gaussian with a FWHM of $\sim$25 arcmin (5.7 kpc), with a slight skew to the south-west side. That along the NW Stream shows a complicated structure including variations in number density and a significant gap in the stream., Comment: 24 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We present the structure of the Milky Way stellar halo beyond Galactocentric distances of $r = 50$ kpc traced by blue horizontal-branch (BHB) stars, which are extracted from the survey data in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). We select BHB candidates based on $(g,r,i,z)$ photometry, where the $z$-band is on the Paschen series and the colors that involve the $z$-band are sensitive to surface gravity. About 450 BHB candidates are identified between $r = 50$ kpc and 300 kpc, most of which are beyond the reach of previous large surveys including the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We find that the global structure of the stellar halo in this range has substructures, which are especially remarkable in the GAMA15H and XMM-LSS fields in the HSC-SSP. We find that the stellar halo can be fitted to a single power-law density profile with an index of $\alpha \simeq 3.3$ ($3.5$) with (without) these fields and its global axial ratio is $q \simeq 2.2$ ($1.3$). Thus, the stellar halo may be significantly disturbed and be made in a prolate form by halo substructures, perhaps associated with the Sagittarius stream in its extension beyond $r \sim 100$ kpc. For a broken power-law model allowing different power-law indices inside/outside a break radius, we obtain a steep power-law slope of $\alpha \sim 5$ outside a break radius of $\simeq 100$ kpc ($200$ kpc) for the case with (without) GAMA15H and XMM-LSS. This radius of $200$ kpc might be as close as a halo boundary if there is any, although larger BHB sample is required from further HSC-SSP survey to increase its statistical significance., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, revised version, accepted for publication in PASJ

We present the velocity dispersion of red giant branch (RGB) stars in M31's halo, derived by modeling the line of sight velocity distribution of over 5000 stars in 50 fields spread throughout M31's stellar halo. The dataset was obtained as part of the SPLASH (Spectroscopic and Photometric Landscape of Andromeda's Stellar Halo) Survey, and covers projected radii of 9 to 175 kpc from M31's center. All major structural components along the line of sight in both the Milky Way (MW) and M31 are incorporated in a Gaussian Mixture Model, including all previously identified M31 tidal debris features in the observed fields. The probability an individual star is a constituent of M31 or the MW, based on a set of empirical photometric and spectroscopic diagnostics, is included as a prior probability in the mixture model. The velocity dispersion of stars in M31's halo is found to decrease only mildly with projected radius, from 108 km/s in the innermost radial bin (8.2 to 14.1 kpc) to $\sim 80$ to 90 km/s at projected radii of $\sim 40$ to 130 kpc, and can be parameterized with a power-law of slope $-0.12\pm 0.05$. The quoted uncertainty on the power-law slope reflects only the precision of the method, although other sources of uncertainty we consider contribute negligibly to the overall error budget., Comment: Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal

We present the results from a search for new Milky Way (MW) satellites from the first two years of data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program (SSP) $\sim 300$~deg$^2$ and report the discovery of a highly compelling ultra-faint dwarf galaxy candidate in Cetus. This is the second ultra-faint dwarf we have discovered after Virgo~I reported in our previous paper. This satellite, Cetus~III, has been identified as a statistically significant (10.7$\sigma$) spatial overdensity of star-like objects, which are selected from a relevant isochrone filter designed for a metal-poor and old stellar population. This stellar system is located at a heliocentric distance of 251$^{+24}_{-11}$~kpc with a most likely absolute magnitude of $M_V = -2.4 \pm 0.6$~mag estimated from a Monte Carlo analysis. Cetus~III is extended with a half-light radius of $r_h = 90^{+42}_{-17}$~pc, suggesting that this is a faint dwarf satellite in the MW located beyond the detection limit of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Further spectroscopic studies are needed to assess the nature of this stellar system. We also revisit and update the parameters for Virgo~I finding $M_V = -0.33^{+0.75}_{-0.87}$~mag and $r_h = 47^{+19}_{-13}$~pc. Using simulations of $\Lambda$-dominated cold dark matter models, we predict that we should find one or two new MW satellites from $\sim 300$~deg$^2$ HSC-SSP data, in rough agreement with the discovery rate so far. The further survey and completion of HSC-SSP over $\sim 1,400$~deg$^2$ will provide robust insights into the missing satellites problem., Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ special issue

We present the first results of the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey of the interacting galaxy system, NGC4631 and NGC4656. From the maps of resolved stellar populations, we identify 11 dwarf galaxies (including already-known dwarfs) in the outer region of NGC4631 and the two tidal stellar streams around NGC4631, named Stream SE and Stream NW, respectively. This paper describes the fundamental properties of these tidal streams. Based on the tip of red giant branch method and the Bayesian statistics, we find that StreamSE (7.10 Mpc in Expected a posteriori, EAP, with the 90% credible intervals of [6.22, 7.29] Mpc) and StreamNW (7.91 Mpc in EAP with the 90% credible intervals of [6.44, 7.97] Mpc) are located in front of and behind NGC4631, respectively. We also calculate the metallicity distribution of stellar streams by comparing the member stars with theoretical isochrones on the color-magnitude diagram. We find that both streams have the same stellar population based on the Bayesian model selection method, suggesting that they originated from a tidal interaction between NGC4631 and a single dwarf satellite. The expected progenitor has a positively skewed metallicity distribution function with [M/H]_EAP=-0.92 with the 90% credible intervals of [-1.46, -0.51]. The stellar mass of the progenitor is estimated as 3.7 x 10e+8 Msun with the 90% credible intervals of [5.8 x 10e+6, 8.6 x 10e+9] Msun based on the mass-metallicity relation for Local group dwarf galaxies. This is in good agreement with an initial stellar mass of the progenitor presumed in the previous N-body simulation., Comment: 17 pages, 16 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

Motivated by a recently found interesting property of the dark halo surface density within a radius, $r_{\rm max}$, giving the maximum circular velocity, $V_{\rm max}$, we investigate it for dark halos of the Milky Way's and Andromeda's dwarf satellites based on cosmological simulations. We select and analyze the simulated subhalos associated with Milky Way-sized dark halos and find that the values of their surface densities, $\Sigma_{V_{\rm max}}$, are in good agreement with those for the observed dwarf spheroidal satellites even without employing any fitting procedures. This implies that this surface density would not be largely affected by any baryonic feedbacks and thus universal. Moreover, all subhalos on the small scales of dwarf satellites are expected to obey the relation $\Sigma_{V_{\rm max}}\propto V_{\rm max}$, irrespective of differences in their orbital evolutions, host halo properties, and observed redshifts. Therefore, we find that the universal scaling relation for dark halos on dwarf galaxy mass scales surely exists and provides us important clues to understanding fundamental properties of dark halos. We also investigate orbital and dynamical evolutions of subhalos to understand the origin of this universal dark halo relation and find that most of subhalos evolve generally along the $r_{\rm max}\propto V_{\rm max}$ sequence, even though these subhalos have undergone different histories of mass assembly and tidal stripping. This sequence, therefore, should be the key feature to understand the nature of the universality of $\Sigma_{V_{\rm max}}$., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures and 3 tables, submitted to ApJ

The Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) is a three-layered imaging survey aimed at addressing some of the most outstanding questions in astronomy today, including the nature of dark matter and dark energy. The survey has been awarded 300 nights of observing time at the Subaru Telescope and it started in March 2014. This paper presents the first public data release of HSC-SSP. This release includes data taken in the first 1.7 years of observations (61.5 nights) and each of the Wide, Deep, and UltraDeep layers covers about 108, 26, and 4 square degrees down to depths of i~26.4, ~26.5, and ~27.0 mag, respectively (5sigma for point sources). All the layers are observed in five broad bands (grizy), and the Deep and UltraDeep layers are observed in narrow bands as well. We achieve an impressive image quality of 0.6 arcsec in the i-band in the Wide layer. We show that we achieve 1-2 per cent PSF photometry (rms) both internally and externally (against Pan-STARRS1), and ~10 mas and 40 mas internal and external astrometric accuracy, respectively. Both the calibrated images and catalogs are made available to the community through dedicated user interfaces and database servers. In addition to the pipeline products, we also provide value-added products such as photometric redshifts and a collection of public spectroscopic redshifts. Detailed descriptions of all the data can be found online. The data release website is https://hsc-release.mtk.nao.ac.jp/., Comment: 34 pages, 20 figures, 7 tables, moderate revision, accepted for publication in PASJ

We report the $4 \, \sigma$ detection of a faint object with a flux of ~ 0.3 mJy, in the vicinity of the quadruply lensed QSO MG0414+0534 using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter array (ALMA) Band 7. The object is most probably a dusty dark dwarf galaxy, which has not been detected in either the optical, near-infrared (NIR) or radio (cm) bands. An anomaly in the flux ratio of the lensed images observed in Band 7 and the mid-infrared (MIR) band and the reddening of the QSO light color can be simultaneously explained if we consider the object as a lensing substructure with an ellipticity ~ 0.7 at a redshift of $0.5 \lesssim z \lesssim 1$. Using the best-fit lens models with three lenses, we find that the dark matter plus baryon mass associated with the object is $\sim 10^9\, M_{\odot}$, the dust mass is $\sim 10^7\,M_{\odot}$ and the linear size is $\gtrsim 5\,$kpc. Thus our findings suggest that the object is a dusty dark dwarf galaxy. A substantial portion of faint submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) in the universe may be attributed to such dark objects., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted in ApJL

Primordial black holes (PBHs) have long been suggested as a viable candidate for the elusive dark matter (DM). The abundance of such PBHs has been constrained using a number of astrophysical observations, except for a hitherto unexplored mass window of $M_{\rm PBH}=[10^{-14},10^{-9}]M_\odot$. Here we carry out a dense-cadence (2~min sampling rate), 7 hour-long observation of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) with the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam to search for microlensing of stars in M31 by PBHs lying in the halo regions of the Milky Way (MW) and M31. Given our simultaneous monitoring of tens of millions of stars in M31, if such light PBHs make up a significant fraction of DM, we expect to find many microlensing events for the PBH DM scenario. However, we identify only a single candidate event, which translates into the most stringent upper bounds on the abundance of PBHs in the mass range $M_{\rm PBH}\simeq [10^{-11}, 10^{-6}]M_\odot$., Comment: 43 pages, 25 figures, 2 tables. Made significant revision of the microlensing event rate calculation taking into account both effects of finite source size and wave optics

We investigate the role of radial migration history of stars in chemical evolution of a disk galaxy, in particular in understanding the origin of their bimodal distribution on the [alpha/Fe]-[Fe/H] plane. For this purpose, we examine the three different models with no, continuous, and discontinuous radial migration, respectively. We find that for the model with radial migration, the [alpha/Fe] ratios of stars in outer disk regions decrease more rapidly with time than the model without radial migration, because the associated net transfer of intermediate and old disk stars from inner to outer disk regions increases the rate of Type Ia relative to that of Type II supernovae in the latter regions. Moreover, in the model assuming rapid and discontinuous radial migration, its effect on the stellar abundances at larger radii is significant enough to provide the large difference in the evolution of stars on the [alpha/Fe]-[Fe/H] plane between inner and outer disk regions. As a result we obtain the bimodal distribution of disk stars on the [alpha/Fe]-[Fe/H] plane as observed in the Galactic stellar disk, thereby implying that the event of discontinuous radial migration may play a key role in reproducing the observed bimodality of stars on this abundance-ratio diagram. We discuss possible mechanisms causing such discontinuous radial migration in the early evolution of the Galactic disk, including the event of minor merging of a relatively massive satellite onto the stellar disk., Comment: 39 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We report the discovery of a new ultra-faint dwarf satellite companion of the Milky Way based on the early survey data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program. This new satellite, Virgo I, which is located in the constellation of Virgo, has been identified as a statistically significant (5.5 sigma) spatial overdensity of star-like objects with a well-defined main sequence and red giant branch in their color-magnitude diagram. The significance of this overdensity increases to 10.8 sigma when the relevant isochrone filter is adopted for the search. Based on the distribution of the stars around the likely main sequence turn-off at r ~ 24 mag, the distance to Virgo I is estimated as 87 kpc, and its most likely absolute magnitude calculated from a Monte Carlo analysis is M_V = -0.8 +/- 0.9 mag. This stellar system has an extended spatial distribution with a half-light radius of 38 +12/-11 pc, which clearly distinguishes it from a globular cluster with comparable luminosity. Thus, Virgo I is one of the faintest dwarf satellites known and is located beyond the reach of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. This demonstrates the power of this survey program to identify very faint dwarf satellites. This discovery of VirgoI is based only on about 100 square degrees of data, thus a large number of faint dwarf satellites are likely to exist in the outer halo of the Milky Way., Comment: typos are corrected, 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

PFS (Prime Focus Spectrograph), a next generation facility instrument on the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope, is a very wide-field, massively multiplexed, optical and near-infrared spectrograph. Exploiting the Subaru prime focus, 2394 reconfigurable fibers will be distributed over the 1.3 deg field of view. The spectrograph has been designed with 3 arms of blue, red, and near-infrared cameras to simultaneously observe spectra from 380nm to 1260nm in one exposure at a resolution of ~1.6-2.7A. An international collaboration is developing this instrument under the initiative of Kavli IPMU. The project is now going into the construction phase aiming at undertaking system integration in 2017-2018 and subsequently carrying out engineering operations in 2018-2019. This article gives an overview of the instrument, current project status and future paths forward., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures. Proceeding of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016

We present Subaru/FOCAS and Keck/DEIMOS medium-resolution spectroscopy of a tidally disrupting Milky Way (MW) globular cluster Palomar 5 and its tidal stream. The observed fields are located to cover an angular extent of $\sim 17$\arcdeg along the stream, providing an opportunity to investigate a trend in line-of-sight velocities ($V_{\rm los}$) along the stream, which is essential to constrain its orbit and underlying gravitational potential of the Milky Way's dark matter halo. A spectral fitting technique is applied to the observed spectra to obtain stellar parameters and metallicities ([Fe/H]) of the target stars. The 19 stars most likely belonging to the central Pal 5 cluster have a mean $V_{\rm los}$ of $-58.1\pm 0.7$ km s$^{-1}$ and metallicity [Fe/H]$=-1.35\pm 0.06$ dex, both of which are in good agreement with those derived in previous high-resolution spectroscopic studies. Assuming that the stream stars have the same [Fe/H] as the progenitor cluster, the derived [Fe/H] and $V_{\rm los}$ values are used to estimate the possible $V_{\rm los}$ range of the member stars at each location along the stream. Because of the heavy contamination of the field MW stars, estimated $V_{\rm los}$ range depends on prior assumptions about the stream's $V_{\rm los}$, which highlights the importance of more definitely identifying the member stars using proper motion and chemical abundances to obtain an unbiased information of $V_{\rm los}$ in the outer part of the Pal 5 stream. The models for the gravitational potential of the MW's dark matter halo that are compatible with the estimated $V_{\rm los}$ range are discussed., Comment: 14 pages, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We investigate the growth histories of dark matter halos associated with dwarf satellites in Local Group galaxies and the resultant evolution of the baryonic component. Our model is based on the recently proposed property that the mean surface density of a dark halo inside a radius at maximum circular velocity V_max is universal over a large range of V_max. Following that this surface density of 20 Msun/pc^2 well explains dwarf satellites in the Milky Way and Andromeda, we find that the evolution of the dark halo in this common surface-density scale is characterized by the rapid increase of the halo mass assembled by the redshift z_TT of the tidal truncation by its host halo, at early epochs of z_TT >~ 6 or V_max <~ 22 km/s. This mass growth of the halo is slow at lower z_TT or larger V_max. Taking into account the baryon content in this dark halo evolution, under the influence of the ionizing background radiation, we find that the dwarf satellites are divided into roughly two families: those with V_max <~ 22 km/s having high star formation efficiency and those with larger V_max having less efficient star formation. This semi-analytical model is in good agreement with the high-resolution numerical simulation for galaxy formation and with the observed star formation histories for Fornax and Leo~II. This suggests that the evolution of a dark halo plays a key role in understanding star formation histories in dwarf satellites., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, revised version, accepted for publication in ApJ

We present an analysis of the ALMA long baseline science verification data of the gravitational lens system SDP.81. We fit the positions of the brightest clumps at redshift z=3.042 and a possible AGN component of the lensing galaxy at redshift z=0.2999 in the band 7 continuum image using a canonical lens model, a singular isothermal ellipsoid plus an external shear. Then, we measure the ratio of fluxes in some apertures at the source plane where the lensed images are inversely mapped. We find that the aperture flux ratios of band 7 continuum image are perturbed by 10-20 percent with a significance at 2 ~ 3 sigma level. Moreover, we measure the astrometric shifts of multiply lensed images near the caustic using the CO(8-7) line. Using a lens model best-fitted to the band 7 continuum image, we reconstruct the source image of the CO(8-7) line by taking linear combination of inverted quadruply lensed images. At the 50th channel (rest-frame velocity 28.6 km/s) of the CO(8-7) line, we find an imprint of astrometric shifts of the order of 0.01 arcsec in the source image. Based on a semi-analytic calculation, we find that the observed anomalous flux ratios and the astrometric shifts can be explained by intergalactic dark structures in the line of sight. A compensated homogeneous spherical clump with a mean surface mass density of the order of 10^8 solar mass h^-1 arcsec^-2 can explain the observed anomaly and astrometric shifts simultaneously., Comment: 17 pages, 16 figures, and 6 tables, version accepted in MNRAS; some minor changes have been made

We investigate the non-spherical density structure of dark halos of the dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies in the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies based on revised axisymmetric mass models from our previous work. The models we adopt here fully take into account velocity anisotropy of tracer stars confined within a flattened dark halo. Applying our models to the available kinematic data of the 12 bright dSphs, we find that these galaxies associate with, in general, elongated dark halos, even considering the effect of this velocity anisotropy of stars. We also find that the best-fit parameters, especially for the shapes of dark halos and velocity anisotropy, are susceptible to both the availability of velocity data in the outer regions and the effect of the lack of sample stars in each spatial bin. Thus, to obtain more realistic limits on dark halo structures, we require photometric and kinematic data over much larger areas in the dSphs than previously explored. The results obtained from the currently available data suggest that the shapes of dark halos in the dSphs are more elongated than those of $\Lambda$CDM subhalos. This mismatch needs to be solved by theory including baryon components and the associated feedback to dark halos as well as by further observational limits in larger areas of dSphs. It is also found that more diffuse dark halos may have undergone consecutive star formation history, thereby implying that dark-halo structure plays an important role in star formation activity., Comment: Typos corrected. 16 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication by ApJ

We investigate gas inflow and outflow histories in Milky Way-like disk galaxies, to get new insights into the baryonic processes in galaxy formation and evolution. For this purpose, we solve the equations for the evolutions of the surface mass densities of gas and metals at each radius in a galactic disk, based on the observed structural properties of distant star-forming galaxies, including the redshift evolution of their stellar mass distribution, their scaling relation between the mass of baryonic components, star formation rate (SFR) and chemical abundance, as well as the supposed evolution of their radial metallicity gradients (RMGs). We find that the efficiency of gas inflow for a given SFR decreases with time and that the inflow rate is always nearly proportional to the SFR. For gas outflow, although its efficiency for a given SFR is a decreasing function of time, similarly to gas inflow, the outflow rate is not necessarily proportional to the SFR and the relation between the outflow rate and SFR strongly depends on the evolution of the adopted RMG. We also find that the results on the outflow rate can be reproduced in the framework of momentum-driven (energy-driven) wind mechanism if the RMG is steepening (flattening) with time. Therefore if the well measured RMGs and their evolution for Milky Way-like galaxies are obtained from future observations, then our results will be useful to constrain the main driving mechanism for their galactic outflows., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) International Observatory (TIO) will be a revolutionary leap forward in astronomical observing capabilities, enabling us to address some of the most profound questions about the universe. From unraveling the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy to exploring the origins of stars and planets, TMT will transform our understanding of the cosmos. The TIO Detailed Science Case (DSC) presents science goals that inform the top-level requirements for the observatory's design and operations, including the telescope, enclosure, instruments, and adaptive optics system., Comment: 275 pages. 2024 version. Updated from 2015 and 2022

In an attempt to place an explicit constraint on dark matter models, we define and estimate a mean surface density of a dark halo within a radius of maximum circular velocity, which is derivable for various galaxies with any dark-matter density profiles. We find that this surface density is generally constant across a wide range of maximum circular velocities of $\sim$ 10 to 400 km s$^{-1}$, irrespective of different density distribution in each of the galaxies. This common surface density at high halo-mass scales is found to be naturally reproduced by both cold and warm dark matter (CDM and WDM) models, even without employing any fitting procedures. However, the common surface density at dwarf-galaxy scales, for which we have derived from the Milky Way and Andromeda dwarf satellites, is reproduced only in a massive range of WDM particle masses, whereas CDM provides a reasonable agreement with the observed constancy. This is due to the striking difference between mass-concentration relations for CDM and WDM halos at low halo-mass scales. In order to explain the universal surface density of dwarf-galaxy scales in WDM models, we suggest that WDM particles need to be heavier than 3 keV., Comment: Typos corrected. 5 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication by ApJ Letters