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A common assumption in radar remote sensing studies for vegetation is that radar returns originate from a target made up by a set of uniformly distributed isotropic scatterers. Nonetheless, several studies in the literature have noted that orientation effects and heterogeneities have a noticeable impact in backscattering signatures according to the specific vegetation type and sensor frequency. In this paper we have employed the subaperture decomposition technique (i.e. a time-frequency analysis) and the 3-D Barakat degree of polarisation to assess the variation of the volume backscatterig power as a function of the azimuth look angle. Three different datasets, i.e. multi-frequency indoor acquisitions over short vegetation samples, and P-band airborne data and L-band satellite data over boreal and tropical forest, respectively, have been employed in this study. We have argued that despite depolarising effects may be only sensed through a small portion of the synthetic aperture, they can lead to overestimated retrievals of the volume scattering for the full resolution image. This has direct implications in the existing model-based and model-free polarimetric SAR decompositions.

This report revisits the role of the extinction coefficient in radar backscattering-based models for forest monitoring. A review of a number of works dealing with this issue has revealed a diversity of extinction values being unclear its dependence on the sensor frequency and the forest type. In addition, a backscattering model directly derived from the RVoG formulation is employed to analyse the saturation of backscattering level as a function of vegetation height and the presence of a decreasing trend of backscatter beyond the saturation point as suggested in previous works in the literature. According to this analysis it seems reasonable to think that further research specially focused on dedicated experimental measurements of the extinction coefficient should be carried out.

The performance of model-based decomposition approaches rooted in the Freeman-Durden concept is an active research line in PolSAR field according to the considerable attention it has deserved along the last twenty years. Certainly, most of subsequent proposals have been driven by the only objective of getting a better qualitative balance among scattering mechanisms according to theoretical expectations. This idea is not a negative aspect per se, as has led to a more rigorous understanding of orientation effects in both urban and natural areas and hence to improved land cover classifications. However, an in-depth quantitative analysis on the output parameters is usually lacking in this topic. The attention has been mostly paid to the power of dominant contributions, whereas the accuracy and interpretation of other parameters useful for practical applications have been almost systematically overlooked. The questions that remain to be answered are: What is the actual role of all parameters describing the models? Can we assign them a consistent physical interpretation or are some of them acting just as fitting parameters? The present work aims to promote the discussion on these open issues regarding the quantitative assessment of model-based PolSAR decomposition schemes. To proceed with, we have simulated the coherency matrix according to one of existing general models and different scenarios. The inversion performance has been analysed in terms of the histograms of output parameters, standard deviation and bias. The analysis reveals that even the backscattering powers associated with all three basic scattering mechanisms are estimated with a non-negligible error higher than 10% for some cases. Despite these conclusions are subject to a particular model and inversion approach they suggest that a careful consideration of physically-based decompositions outcomes should be taken.

A dialectical conception of career development focuses on self and environmental interactions involving four dimensions: physical, physiological, psychological, sociological, and economic. When indivdiuals perceive the relationships among experiences in these dimensions as synchronous (complementary), they experience relative stability in their work and job satisfaction. When the relationships are perceived as asynchronous (contradictory), individuals encounter cognitive or behavioral discontinuity and job dissatisfaction. Discontinuity may intensify into conflict (moderate level of discomfort) or crisis (high level of discomfort). Compromising eliminates or reduces the original discontinuity. The continuing resolution of conflicts and crises leads to growth. Interviews with fourteen adult respondants were structured to give data relevant to certain content objectives: (1) educational-vocational background, (2) factors influencing current occupational choice, (3) self and environmental parameters of current job, (4) sources of job satisfaction/dissatisfaction, and (5) resolution of discontinuities. Four respondants identified no personally significant discontinuity, seven identified one discontinuity with no conflict or crisis, and three identified one or more discontinuities and revealed some aspects of conflict. Findings challenge the universality of the outlined dialectical process, suggest a broader conception of conflict, and hint at discontinuities generating varying degrees of conflict. (Results are also represented in tables and figures.) (YLB)

Warning signal as component of compound stimulus in human eyelid conditioning