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Aim: In this study, we sought to quantitatively describe the survival outcomes, incidence rates, and predictors of survival after paediatric traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).Methods: We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMCARE, and CINAHL to identify observational or interventional studies reporting relevant data for paediatric traumatic OHCA. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for prognostic studies was used to assess study quality. We analysed the survival outcomes and pooled incidence rates per 100,000 person-years using random-effect models.Results: Nineteen articles met the eligibility criteria involving 705 Emergency Medical Service (EMS)-attended and 973 EMS-treated traumatic paediatric OHCAs across an estimated serviceable population of 15.2 million. Four studies were conducted in the Asia-pacific region, seven in Europe, and eight in North America. Nine studies were assessed as low quality. Overall pooled survival to hospital discharge or 30-day survival for the EMS-treated cases was 1.2% (n = 6 studies; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1%, 3.1%; I2 = 26.1%). The pooled rate of return of spontaneous circulation in four studies was 22.1% (95% CI: 18.4%, 26.1%; I2 = 0.0%), and the pooled rate of event survival was 18.8% (n = 3 studies; 95% CI: 15.2%, 22.7%; I2 = 0.0%). The pooled incidence of EMS-treated paediatric traumatic OHCA was 1.6 cases per 100,000 person-years (n = 10 studies; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.2; I2 = 98.1%). No study reported on the impact of epidemiological or clinical factors on survival.Conclusion: Survival outcomes of paediatric traumatic OHCA are poor and existing studies report varying incidence rates. The absence of large prospective and international registry data hinders the development of novel strategies to improve survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - People often face constraints such as a lack of time or information in taking decisions, which leads them to use heuristics. In these situations, fast and frugal rules may be useful for making adaptive decisions with fewer resources, even if it leads to suboptimal choices. When applied to financial markets, the recognition heuristic predicts that investors acquire the stocks that they are aware of, thereby inflating the price of the most recognized stocks. This paper aims to study the profitability against the market of the most recognized stocks in Europe. Design/methodology/approach - In this paper, the authors perform a survey and use Google Trends to study the profitability against the market of the most recognized stocks in Europe. Findings - The authors conclude that a recognition heuristic portfolio yields poorer returns than a market portfolio. In contrast, from the data collected on Google Trends, weak evidence was found that strong increases in companies monthly search volumes may lead to abnormal returns in the followingmonth. Research limitations/implications - The applied investment strategy does not account for transaction costs, which may jeopardize its profitability given the fact that it is necessary to revise the portfolio on a monthly basis. Despite the results obtained, they are useful to understanding the performance of recognition heuristic strategies over a comprehensive time horizon and it would be interesting to depict its viability during different market conditions. This analysis could provide additional information about a preferable scenario for employing our strategies and ultimately, enhance the profitability of recognition heuristic strategies. Practical implications - Through the exhaustive analysis performed here on the recognition heuristic in the European stock market, it is possible to conclude that no evidence was found for the viability of exploring this type of strategy. In fact, the investors would always gain better returns when adopting a passive investment strategy. Therefore, it would be wise to assume that the European market presents at least a degree of efficiency where no investment would yield abnormal returns following the recognition heuristic. Originality/value - The main objective of this paper is to study the performance of the recognition heuristic in the financial markets and to contribute to the knowledge in this field. Although many authors have already studied this heuristic when applied to financial markets, there is a lack of consensus in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the long range cross covariances among the stock price returns for the United States, Japan, and the Europe. Empirical results suggest that the stock price returns of these regions have cross covariances of slow moving fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interdependence of Greece and other European stock markets and the subsequent portfolio implications are examined in wavelet and variational mode decomposition domain. In applying the decomposition techniques, we analyze the structural properties of data and distinguish between short and long term dynamics of stock market returns. First, the GARCH-type models are fitted to obtain the standardized residuals. Next, different copula functions are evaluated, and based on the conventional information criteria and time varying parameter, Joe–Clayton copula is chosen to model the tail dependence between the stock markets. The short-run lower tail dependence time paths show a sudden increase in comovement during the global financial crises. The results of the long-run dependence suggest that European stock markets have higher interdependence with Greece stock market. Individual country’s Value at Risk (VaR) separates the countries into two distinct groups. Finally, the two-asset portfolio VaR measures provide potential markets for Greece stock market investment diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we want to analyse how efficiency evolves in the European Union 28 over the period 2003 - 2012. This period is selected to highlight the evolution before and after the global financial crisis. We used a sample of over 1000 banks with data available for at least ten years and at least three banks for each country. For measuring bank efficiency, we used two of the most popular financial ratios, Return on Average Assets (ROAA) and Return on Average Equity (ROAE). Our results showed that European Union integration can be improved and further reforms could be implemented and bank are affected differently by the international financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The returns to education are similar for opportunity entrepreneurs and employees. [•] Necessity entrepreneurs have 3%-points lower returns to education. [•] Pooled estimates hide this heterogeneity, which leads to misguided conclusions. [•] The results may explain Europe–US differences in entrepreneurial returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Assessing sustainability of agricultural systems is complex. [•] We used Data Envelopment Analysis to assess sustainability of 252 European regions. [•] Partitioning into subset of DEA-efficient and subset of non-efficient regions. [•] Implementation of scenarios via balancing constraints. [•] Impact of constant versus variable returns to scale and input versus output orientation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We investigate the properties of the returns of the main emerging stock markets from Europe by means of complex networks. We transform the series of daily returns into complex networks, and analyze the local properties of these networks with respect to degree distributions, clustering, or average line length. We further use the clustering coefficients as quantities describing the local structure of the network, and approach them by using multifractal analysis. We find evidence of scale-free networks and multifractality of clustering coefficients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this paper is to analyze how bidder shareholders value the announcement of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As), examining the influence of the legal and institutional environment of the firms. On average, European bidder shareholders obtain a positive abnormal return of 1.41 % around the announcement date of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: At present, photovoltaic grid-connected systems (PVGCS) are experiencing a formidable market growth. This is mainly due to a continuous downward trend in PV cost together with some government support programmes launched by many developed countries. However, government bodies and prospective owners/investors are concerned with how changes in existing economic factors – financial incentives and main economic parameters of the PVGCS – that configure a given scenario may affect the profitability of the investment in these systems. Consequently, not only is a mere estimate of the economic profitability in a specific moment required, but also how this profitability may vary according to changes in the existing scenario. In order to enlighten decision-makers and prospective owners/investors of PVGCS, a sensitivity analysis of the internal rate of return (IRR) to some economic factors has been carried out. Three different scenarios have been assumed to represent the three top geographical markets for PV: the Euro area, the USA and Japan. The results obtained in this analysis provide clear evidence that annual loan interest, normalised initial investment subsidy, normalised annual PV electricity yield, PV electricity unitary price and normalised initial investment are ordered from the lowest to the highest impact on the IRR. A short and broad analysis concerning the taxation impact is also provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The increase of the research and development (R&D) costs and the time needed for development has resulted in a shortening of the market exclusivity period and has put pressure on fair return on investment for brands. Obtaining a higher price will help contribute to achieve this goal. In the pharmaceutical industry, two subsequent forms of pricing have to be taken into consideration: pricing and reimbursement. The approach where, early on in the R&D process, products are developed that add value to the (existing) treatment options and where enough data are generated during the development will be successful in giving the company a fair return on investment. In Europe (and Canada) where pricing is historically lower and regulated by local agencies, all having different ways to control drug prices, a well-considered R&D and regulatory strategy developed in close collaboration with marketing will lead to success. This success will only materialise with good and fair pricing if, together with the above-mentioned strategy, a well-established communication plan for the new 'consumers' in the healthcare sector (physicians, authorities and reimbursement responsible, as well as patient organisations) is set in place. Thorough communication between the different departments in the company from the first steps in the research through development until final market authorisation will enhance the chances of the product's success in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the work of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development to generate comparative estimates of the rates of return to university-based education in Europe. Implications of three departures from the participation and financing patterns used in the rate of return calculations; Estimates on financial incentives to participate and invest in tertiary education; Patterns of learning and earning.

The projected increase in the world's population requires an increase in the production of edible energy that would meet the associated increased demand for food. However, food production is strongly dependent on the use of energy, mainly from fossil fuels, the extraction of which requires increasing input due to the depletion of the most easily accessible deposits. According to numerous estimations, the world's energy production will be dependent on fossil fuels at least to 2050. Therefore, it is vital to increase the energy efficiency of production, including food production. One method to measure energy efficiency is the energy return on investment (EROI), which is the ratio of the amount of energy produced to the amount of energy consumed in the production process. The literature lacks comparable EROI calculations concerning global food production and the existing studies only include crop production. The aim of this study was to calculate the EROI of edible crop and animal production in the long term worldwide and to indicate the relationships resulting from its changes. The research takes into account edible crop and animal production in agriculture and the direct consumption of fossil fuels and electricity. The analysis showed that although the most underdeveloped regions have the highest EROI, the production of edible energy there is usually insufficient to meet the food needs of the population. On the other hand, the lowest EROI was observed in highly developed regions, where production ensures food self-sufficiency. However, the changes that have taken place in Europe since the 1990s indicate an opportunity to simultaneously reduce the direct use of energy in agriculture and increase the production of edible energy, thus improving the EROI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a three player hierarchical differential game (with a large country, a small country, and a terrorist organization), to analyze the actual European refugee situation. Terrorists may enter Europe as refugees, taking advantage of the Open Door Policy, to attack both countries. There are two scenarios: myopia and full awareness. Countries are myopic when they ignore each other's security efforts, and the terrorist group only considers the weakest link's security efforts. A comparison between the scenarios shows that for an extremely impatient large country, full awareness yields a greater level of security effort for the large country, a greater level of security effort for the small country, and more terrorist attacks. This is, however, an unstable equilibrium. The full awareness model with a patient large country is stable and lies in between the previous model and the myopic model. Although it yields larger investments in security, this still results in more terrorist attacks than the myopic model. Continental safety is higher in the myopic model than in the full awareness model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population growth is often intuitively linked with proportionally higher use offresh water resources. However, this implies that water use per capita does not change withpopulation growth. We not only find that birth rates of regions are negatively related with itswater use per capita (i.e., higher birth rate is associated with lower water use), but also thatbirth rates scale with the latter with a negative power. We use population and water withdrawaldata from 1950 to 2005 at irregular 5-year intervals; with virtual water content, virtualwater trade and agricultural production data from 1960 to 2000 for the seven continents toinvestigate the scaling relationship and interpret it through the lens of metabolism theory.Our analysis reveals that the scaling exponent lies between −1/3 and −1/2. Deviations fromthe power relationship are observed for Europe and Africa, which are attributed to lower thanexpected and higher than expected birth rates, respectively. Europe's deviation from theaverage scaling relationship may be due to the higher rate of return on human capital inindustrialized countries. But why Africa deviates, while other developing and developedregions follow the power relationship more closely, remains a puzzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]