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The Commission on International Adult Education (CIAE) of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE) provides a forum for the discussion of international issues related to adult education in general, as well as adult education in various countries around the globe. These papers are from the CIAE 2020 Virtual International Pre-Conference. The global aberration, called COVID-19, defined 2020 beyond national borders. COVID-19 reshaped the format of the 69th annual AAACE conference by replacing the traditional bustling human interaction with virtual meetings and presentations. These "Proceedings" contain 12 papers from 17 authors. The preeminence of COVID-19 in the 2020 International Pre-Conference papers demonstrates CIAE's commitment to being globally responsive and relevant. The word COVID appearing 88 times and COVID-19 appearing 86 times with mentions in two paper titles are an acknowledgement of the common threads of humanity and of hope for a surpassing future. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

This study investigated the mentoring of academics for leadership and management in higher education institutions through the application of contextual intelligence. Experts and professionals generally agree that effective institutional leadership and management mentorship, using contextual knowledge, is crucial for achieving institutional success. The paper aims to illustrate the significance of mentoring institutional leaders and managers using contextual intelligence skills. The dearth of literature on mentoring academics using contextual intelligence in South Africa might be addressed through mentoring, as this practice poses a significant obstacle. The challenges of applying contextual intelligence in mentoring academics are highlighted with a focus on four key areas: mentoring, leadership and management, contextual intelligence, and achieving organisational success. Despite their relatively tiny proportion within the overall framework, these elements exert influence over all aspects of the institution s activities. While tackling each impact individually may result in success, the continuous emergence of new factors makes it unlikely for this method to maintain improvement. The findings illustrate that the perception of improvement is determined by a dynamic and intricate setting. The paper plays a vital role in considering contextual dynamics when mentoring for contextual intelligence. [For the complete Volume 22 proceedings, see ED656158.]

This document contains 43 papers from a conference on researching inclusion. The following are among the papers included: "Include Me Out: Critique and Contradiction in Thinking about Social Exclusion and Lifelong Learning" (Paul Armstrong); "The Linking of Work and Education To Enable Social Inclusion" (Dave Beck); "Including Citizenship in the Adult Curriculum" (Roseanne Benn); "Researching 'Inclusion': Reality and Rhetoric; It's All in the Curriculum Approach" (Darol Cavanagh); "Flexibility and Inclusion in Lifelong Learning: Working the Discourses in Further Education" (Julia Clarke, Richard Edwards); "Researching Inclusion: The Development of Adult Education for Women" (Janet Coles); "Peripheral Vision: Staff Development and Part-Time Tutors in Adult Education" (Derek Cox);"Valuing Exclusive Educational Provision for Disabled Adults" (Mark Dale); "Without and Within: Inclusion, Identity and Continuing Education in a New Wales" (Ian Davidson, Brec'hed Piette); "Adding Life to Your Years: Transformative Learning for Older People at the Irish Museum of Modern Art" (Ted Fleming); "The Network Society and Lifelong Learning--The Work of Manuel Castells and Theories of Adult Education" (Nick Frost); "An Inclusive MBA? Researching Curriculum Design and Delivery" (Roger Hall, Caroline Rowland); "Including the Excluding Image: Researching and Teaching Cultural Images of Adult Educators" (Ann Harris, Christine Jarvis); "Re-Visioning the Boundaries of Learning Theory in the Assessment of Prior Experiential Learning (APEL)" (Judy Harris); "Reducing Exclusion--Introducing Choice: The Introduction of Distance Learning into Taught Courses" (Christine Hibbert); "Accountability, Audit and Exclusion in Further and Higher Education" (Phil Hodkinson, Martin Bloomer); "Voices from the Community: The Challenge of Creating a Culturally Relevant Curriculum and Inclusive Learning Environment" (Ann-Marie Houghton, Helen Ali); "Opening Pathways to Inclusion: The Importance of Non-Accredited Learning in the Lives of Students in the Local Authority Sector" (Ann Jackson, Belinda Whitwell); "Education in a Uniting Society?" (Nick Small); "'We're Not the Only Ones Learning Here'--An Investigation of Co-Tutoring and the Dynamics of Power within a Class of Adult Dyslexics" (Barbara Taylor); and "Including Mezirow's Concept of Perspective Transformation in the Study of Adult Education" (Miho Tokiwa-Fuse). Many papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This research aimed to investigate the experiences of students with learning disabilities (LD) at two universities in Sub-Sahara Africa. While universities are increasingly addressing the needs of students with sensory and physical disabilities, there is less emphasis on LD which does not present physically, thus often referred to as invisible or hidden disabilities. The research was, conducted as qualitative case studies, guided by Vygotsky's social cultural theory (SCT). A basic qualitative research methodology, embedded in an interpretive paradigm was used. Data was collected through an online background survey and semi-structured interviews. Thematic qualitative content analysis was used to analyse collected data systematically. From a social justice perspective, the major findings suggest that there are several factors that impede on equal education for students with LD at university. The research outcomes revealed that the hidden nature of LD becomes apparent as participants must self-declare their needs. They further experienced a lack of acknowledgement and support from lecturers. Most participants revert to valuing the support of family and friends more than that of lecturers. While both universities have policies and structures of support for students with LD, it is concluded that university lecturers need to adopt an inclusive pedagogical stance by acknowledging the factors that affect the learning of students with LD. Recommendations from the findings include the need for professional development for lecturers and increased awareness of learning support services on campus. It is further concluded that university lecturers need to be reflective of their pedagogical practices to transform higher education learning spaces in pursuit of authentic inclusion. [For the complete Volume 22 proceedings, see ED656158.]

South Africa requires an educated population to sustain her economic development. Higher education institutions are under pressure to produce graduates with skills and competencies to fulfil such an aspiration. Distance education is an essential avenue through which more South Africans can have the much-needed education without necessarily displacing themselves. Distance education is facilitated and regulated by the White Paper on e-Education which is a generic policy document to serve the needs of the system-wide use of ICT integration at all levels of education. It falls short of conceptualising the implications of ICT in distance education particularly the North-West University's (NWU) open distance learning (ODL) multi-mode of education content delivery. The conceptualisation shortfall facilitates a Western-oriented understanding of knowledge while ODL students' traditional understanding of their roles and responsibilities is ignored. The concepts of roles and responsibilities are critically important for the effective functioning of ODL, and they are essential to the attainment of students' education aspirations. At the NWU, approximately seventy per cent of ODL students are Africans whose worldviews do not harmonise with the vision of universities. The research question which underpinned this study was "What are the experiences of the roles and responsibilities of open distance students at a higher education institution?" This study followed an interpretivist research paradigm, which would draw on a qualitative research approach. A systematic literature review was utilised and subsequently the views of ODL students were explored. Purposive sampling was employed to select ODL students as research participants for focus-group interviews. The collected data were analysed using the computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (a CAQDAS), ATLAS tiTM. Due attention was given to ethical considerations throughout the study. The findings revealed that ODL students have several ways in which they understand their roles and responsibilities which were shaped by their African worldview, Africanisation. The findings that emerged from the analyses of roles and responsibilities were task orientation; time management; personal growth; social roles; financial responsibilities; personal responsibilities; family responsibilities; and social responsibilities. [For the complete Volume 21 proceedings, see ED629259.]

As evident in scholarly literature, universities worldwide embrace Sustainable Development Goals initiated by United Nations. Yet, regardless institutions' commitment, many countries, especially developing ones, struggle to effectively implement sustainability-oriented principles and practices in higher education. To that end, this paper, based on the qualitative document analysis, brings attention to main challenges associated with the implementation of sustainability-orientated principles and practices in seven South African universities. The findings show that several challenges exist due to the holistic nature of sustainable development (SD) as it is a concept that not only connects different areas of knowledge but also articulates knowledge from distinctive disciplines. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the strategy with the most potential of enhancing the implementation of sustainability-orientated principles and practices and ensuring longevity and improvement require support from top management of higher education institutions (HEIs). In addition, in order to strengthen SD, HEIs need to adapt a holistic approach and implement sustainability principles, knowledge, and practices within all academic activities. In alignment with the theme of the conference, this study provides reflections and recommendations towards the improvement of education considering the experiences and lessons learnt in a specific context. [For the complete Volume 21 proceedings, see ED629259.]

The conference recorded in this document covered a wide variety of themes and consisted of keynote addresses, research presentations, and workshops. The following workshop presentations are included: "Vocational Education in a Developing Country" (Theron); "From the Technical to the Critical: A New Agenda for Vocational Education Research" (McIntyre, Jennings); "Policy Constraints to the Growth of Technology Education Programs: Implications for Technology Development in Nigeria" (Eze); "Economic Growth, Investment in Technology, and the Context of New Zealand Vocational Education Policies" (Stevens); "Philippine Social and Economic Imperatives for Vocational Education" (Elevazo); "Almost Invisible: Isolated Rural Women's Access to Tertiary Education" (Mageean); "Women Technicians' Self-Concept, Problems, and Training Needs" (Espino); "Reflective Learning at ITATE" (Scott); "Reflection and Education of TAFE Teachers" (Knights); "Vocational, Science, Technological, and Engineering-Technology Education" (Waks); "Vocational Education/General Education: A False Dichotomy?" (Hager); "Recent Research and Development in Vocational Education" (Ball); "ICI/TAFE Cross Trade Training of Electrical and Instrument Tradespersons" (Devlin); "What Do Unions Want from TAFE?" (Laurent); "Theory Backgrounds and Research Evaluation of an Innovative Program of Professional Staff Development in the Interface between Education and Economy" (Elsey); "Relation between Education and Industry through Teaching Geography and English Language" (Casterlieva); "Participant-Directed Learning at ITATE: Theory and Practice" (Foley); "Negotiating Programs" (Cohen); "Using Games and Simulations to Structure Experiential Learning" (Leigh); "Communication Modules for Vocational Teachers: Encouraging Reflection on Communication Practice" (Saunders); "Providing for Students from Non-English-Speaking Background in Vocational Education" (Brown); "The Technician Workforce--Sector Changes as an Economy Restructures: Implications for Training" (Whisker); "Using a Journal in Developing Teaching Skills: An Evaluation" (Gonczi); "Block Training for New South Wales TAFE Teacher: An Evaluation over Three Years" (Watson); "The Learning Contract Method as a Means of Developing Self-Directed Learners: Evaluation, Study, and Implications for the Development of Adult Educators" (Bennett, Field); "The Organization and Development of a Relevant Research Program: The ITATE Experience to 1988 and Beyond" (Schaafsma); "Critical Thinking as a Prerequisite for Reflective Teaching" (Hager); "Future Directions on Research in Vocational Teacher Education" (Kaye); and "Sticks and Carrots: A Managed Change of Traditional Approaches to Training" (Burleigh). (CML)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were developed by the United Nations in 2015 to encompass universal respect for equality and non-discrimination regardless of race, gender, ethnicity, and cultural diversity. Since 2000, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) have aligned with SDG 4.3 by developing higher education institutions (HEIs) which aims to "By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university". This was intended to create equal opportunities and permit full realisation and prosperity of human rights and human dignity. This paper explores the effectiveness of managing racial integration in BRICS HEIs and illustrates remarkable progress in research and policy enactment. Particular attention is devoted to the period from the mid-2000s when evidence around the globe exposed the presence of many forms of violence, which inhibit management of effective racial integration. Based on case studies from selected BRICS countries (South Africa, Russia, and Brazil), this paper explores how the management of racial integration is being addressed within these contexts. [For the complete Volume 20 proceedings, see ED622631.]

Having reviewed several pieces of strategy documents, policy papers, and literature, we concluded that there is no uniform definition of either institutional autonomy or academic freedom (AF). Many different points of view determine the interpretation of these terms. Furthermore, the policymakers (e.g., governments, legislators) can ignore the theories connecting to autonomy and AF and separate from them the legislation-level realization. This paper aims to overview different interpretations of autonomy and AF, highlighting the most important standpoints and presenting how autonomy and AF are realized in the national legislation. Considering the limited length of this paper, we focus on our respective countries, namely Hungary and South Africa. Our previous findings show that in many aspects, our countries face similar challenges despite the different historical antecedents. In previous research we compared the factors, which can influence research activities, however, we did not investigate the legislative framework. To that end, in this paper, we go further and look specifically at legal frameworks within our respective countries. Our results illustrate that without a homogenous content, the State may use the concepts of autonomy and AF in its legislation as it sees fit. This in turn may lead to autonomy and AF or some of their components, while being formally safeguarded, they may lose the guarantee character that corresponds to their actual content. [For the complete Volume 20 proceedings, see ED622631.]

These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference e-Learning 2014, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society and is part of the Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Lisbon, Portugal July 15-19, 2014). The e-Learning 2014 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within e-Learning. This conference covered technical as well as the non-technical aspects of e-Learning under seven main areas: Organisational Strategy and Management Issues; Technological Issues; e-Learning Curriculum Development Issues; Instructional Design Issues; e-Learning Delivery Issues; e-Learning Research Methods and Approaches; e-Skills and Information Literacy for Learning. The conference included the Keynote Lecture: "Moving Higher Education Forward in the Digital Age: Realising a Digital Strategy," by Neil Morris, Professor of Educational Technology, Innovation and Change and Director of Digital Learning, University of Leeds, UK. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Culture, Gender and Technology-Enhanced Learning: Female and Male Students' Perceptions Across Three Continents, Thomas Richter and Asta Zelenkauskaite; (2) IPads In Learning: The Web of Change Bente Meyer; (3) A Blended Approach to Canadian First Nations Education, Martin Sacher, Mavis Sacher and Norman Vaughan; (4) A Storytelling Learning Model For Legal Education, Nicola Capuano, Carmen De Maio, Angelo Gaeta, Giuseppina Rita Mangione, Saverio Salerno and Eleonora Fratesi; (5) Acceptance and Success Factors for M-Learning of ERP Systems Curricula, Brenda Scholtz and Mando Kapeso; (6) Self-Regulation Competence in Music Education, Luca Andrea Ludovico and Giuseppina Rita Mangione; (7) Time-Decayed User Profile for Second Language Vocabulary Learning System, Li Li and Xiao Wei; (8) E-Learning Trends and Hypes in Academic Teaching: Methodology and Findings of a Trend Study, Helge Fischer, Linda Heise, Matthias Heinz, Kathrin Moebius and Thomas Koehler; (9) Proof of Economic Viability of Blended Learning Business Models, Carsten Druhmann and Gregor Hohenberg; (10) Does Satellite Television Program Satisfy Ethiopian Secondary School Students? Sung-Wan Kim and Gebeyehu Bogale; (11) Organisation and Management of a Complete Bachelor Degree Offered Online at the University of Milan for Ten Years, Manuela Milani, Sabrina Papini, Daniela Scaccia and Nello Scarabottolo; (12) Structural Relationships between Variables of Elementary School Students' Intention of Accepting Digital Textbooks, Young Ju Joo, Sunyoung Joung, Se-Bin Choi, Eugene Lim and Kyung Yi Go; (13) Dynamic Fuzzy Logic-Based Quality of Interaction within Blended-Learning: The Rare and Contemporary Dance Cases, Sofia B. Dias, José A. Diniz and Leontios J. Hadjileontiadis; (14) Do English Listening Outcome and Cognitive Load Change for Different Media Delivery Modes in U-Learning?, Chi-Cheng Chang, Hao Lei and Ju-Shih Tseng; (15) The Use of ELGG Social Networking Tool for Students' Project Peer-Review Activity, Ana Coric Samardzija and Goran Bubas; (16) Educational Multimedia Profiling Recommendations for Device-Aware Adaptive Mobile Learning, Arghir-Nicolae Moldovan, Ioana Ghergulescu and Cristina Hava Muntean; (17) Inside, Outside, Upside Down: New Directions in Online Teaching and Learning, Lena Paulo Kushnir and Kenneth C. Berry; (18) A Study on the Methods of Assessment and Strategy of Knowledge Sharing in Computer Course, Pat P. W. Chan; (19) Using Agent-Based Technologies to Enhance Learning in Educational Games, Ogar Ofut Tumenayu, Olga Shabalina, Valeriy Kamaev and Alexander Davtyan; (20) Designing a Culturally Sensitive Wiki Space for Developing Chinese Students' Media Literacy, Daria Mezentceva; (21) Shared Cognition Facilitated by Teacher Use of Interactive Whiteboard Technologies, Christine Redman and John Vincent; (22) Modeling Pedagogy for Teachers Transitioning to the Virtual Classroom, Michael J. Canuel and Beverley J. White; (23) The Effectiveness of SDMS in the Development of E-Learning Systems in South Africa, Kobus van Aswegen, Magda Huisman and Estelle Taylor; (24) Online Learning Behaviors for Radiology Interns Based on Association Rules and Clustering Technique, Hsing-Shun Chen and Chuen-He Liou; (25) The Use of SDMS in Developing E-Learning Systems in South Africa, Estelle Taylor, Kobus van Aswegen and Magda Huisman; (26) Assessment of the Use of Online Comunities to Integrate Educational Processes Development Teams: An Experience in Popular Health Education in Brazil, Elomar Castilho Barilli, Stenio de Freitas Barretto, Carla Moura Lima and Marco Antonio Menezes; (27) Stereo Orthogonal Axonometric Perspective for the Teaching of Descriptive Geometry, José Geraldo Franco Méxas, Karla Bastos Guedes and Ronaldo da Silva Tavares; (28) Delivery of E-Learning through Social Learning Networks, Georgios A. Dafoulas and Azam Shokri; (29) The Implementation of Web 2.0 Technology for Information Literacy Instruction in Thai University Libraries, Oranuch Sawetrattanasatian; (30) Designing Educational Social Machines for Effective Feedback, Matthew Yee-King, Maria Krivenski, Harry Brenton, Andreu Grimalt-Reynes and Mark d'Inverno; (31) A Support System for Error Correction Questions in Programming Education, Yoshinari Hachisu and Atsushi Yoshida; (32) A Platform for Learning Internet of Things, Zorica Bogdanovic, Konstantin Simic, Miloš Milutinovic, Božidar Radenkovic and Marijana Despotovic-Zrakic, (33) Dealing with Malfunction: Locus of Control in Web-Conferencing, Michael Klebl; (34) Copyright and Creative Commons License: Can Educators Gain Benefits in the Digital Age? (Wariya Lamlert); (35) The Curriculum Design and Development in MOOCs Environment (Fei Li, Jing Du and Bin Li); (36) Stakeholders Influence in Maltese Tourism Higher Education Curriculum Development (Simon Caruana and Lydia Lau); (37) Online Social Networks and Computer Skills of University Students (Maria Potes Barbas, Gabriel Valerio, María Del Carmen Rodríguez-Martínez, Dagoberto José Herrera-Murillo and Ana María Belmonte-Jiménez); (38) Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Assessment in Engineering Laboratory Education (Maria Samarakou, Emmanouil D. Fylladitakis, Pantelis Prentakis and Spyros Athineos); (39) An Exploration of the Attitude and Learning Effectiveness of Business College Students towards Game Based Learning (Chiung-Sui Chang, Ya-Ping Huang and Fei-Ling Chien); (40) Application of E-Learning Technologies to Study a School Subject (Nadia Herbst and Elias Oupa Mashile); (41) Possibilities of Implementation of Small Business Check-Up Methodology in Comparative Analysis of Secondary Schools and Universities in Slovakia (Katarína Štofková, Ivan Strícek and Jana Štofková); (42) Digging the Virtual Past (Panagiota Polymeropoulou); (43) Technology Acceptance of E-Learning within a Blended Vocational Course in West Africa (Ashwin Mehta); (44) Development of an E-Learning Platform for Vocational Education Systems in Germany (Andreas Schober, Frederik Müller, Sabine Linden, Martha Klois and Bernd Künne); (45) Facebook Mediated Interaction and learning in Distance Learning at Makerere University (Godfrey Mayende, Paul Birevu Muyinda, Ghislain Maurice Norbert Isabwe, Michael Walimbwa and Samuel Ndeda Siminyu); (46) Assessing the Purpose and Importance University Students Attribute to Current ICT Applications (Maurice Digiuseppe and Elita Partosoedarso); (47) E-Learning System for Design and Construction of Amplifier Using Transistors (Atsushi Takemura); (48) Technology, Gender Attitude, and Software, among Middle School Math Instructors (Godwin N. Okeke); (49) Structuring Long-Term Faculty Training According to Needs Exhibited by Students' Written Comments in Course Evaluations (Robert Fulkerth); (50) Integration of PBL Methodologies into Online Learning Courses and Programs (Roland Van Oostveen, Elizabeth Childs, Kathleen Flynn and Jessica Clarkson); (51) Improving Teacher-Student Contact in a Campus Through a Location-Based Mobile Application (Vítor Manuel Ferreira and Fernando Ramos); (52) Incorporating Collaborative, Interactive Experiences into a Technology-Facilitated Professional Learning Network for Pre-Service Science Teachers (Seamus Delaney and Christine Redman); (53) The Efficiency of E-Learning Activities in Training Mentor Teachers (Laura Serbanescu and Sorina Chircu); (54) Development of an IOS App Using Situated Learning, Communities of Practice, and Augmented Reality for Autism Spectrum Disorder (Jessica Clarkson); (55) Using Case-Based Reasoning to Improve the Quality of Feedback Provided by Automated Grading Systems (Angelo Kyrilov and David C. Noelle); (56) International Multidisciplinary Learning: An Account of a Collaborative Effort among Three Higher Education Institutions (Paul S. H. Poh, Robby Soetanto, Stephen Austin and Zulkifar A. Adamu); (57) Interactive Learning to Stimulate the Brain's Visual Center and to Enhance Memory Retention (Yang H. Yun, Philip A. Allen, Kritsakorn Chaumpanich and Yingcai Xiao); (58) How Digital Technologies, Blended Learning and MOOCs Will Impact the Future of Higher Education (Neil P. Morris); (59) Factors Influencing the Acceptance of E-Learning Adoption in Libya's Higher Education Institutions (Mahfoud Benghet and Markus Helfert); (60) Motivation as a Method of Controlling the Social Subject Self-Learning (Andrey V. Isaev, Alla G. Kravets and Ludmila A. Isaeva); (61) Designing Environment for Teaching Internet of Things (Konstantin Simic, Vladimir Vujin, Aleksandra Labus, Ðorde Stepanic and Mladen Stevanovic); (62) Fostering Critical Thinking Skills in Students with Learning Disabilities through Online Problem-Based Learning (Kathleen Flynn); and (63) A System for the Automatic Assembly of Test Questions Using a NO-SQL Database (Sanggyu Shin and Hiroshi Hashimoto). Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of the proceedings. Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.

These proceedings contain the papers of the 10th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2014, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society, in Madrid, Spain, February 28-March 2, 2014. The Mobile Learning 2014 International Conference seeks to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of mobile learning research which illustrate developments in the field. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Supporting Teachers to Design and Use Mobile Collaborative Learning Games (Iza Marfisi-Schottman and Sébastien George); (2) Ebooks as PDF Files, in Epub Format or as Interactive Ibooks? Digital Books in Physics Lessons of Secondary Education (Manfred Lohr); (3) Mobile Learning and Early Age Mathematics (Shir Peled and Shimon Schocken); (4) M-Learning--On Path to Integration with Organisation Systems (Shilpa Srivastava and Ved Prakash Gulati); (5) Improving History Learning through Cultural Heritage, Local History and Technology (Graça Magro, Joaquim Ramos de Carvalho and Maria José Marcelino); (6) Intrigue at the Museum: Facilitating Engagement and Learning through a Location-Based Mobile Game (Jetmir Xhembulla, Irene Rubino, Claudia Barberis and Giovanni Malnati); (7) Mobile-Based Chatting for Meeting Negotiation in Foreign Language Learning (María Dolores Castrillo, Elena Martín-Monje and Elena Bárcena); (8) Student Preferences for M-Learning Application Characteristics (Ömer Delialioglu & Yasaman Alioon); (9) Learning and Teaching with Mobile Devices An Approach in Secondary Education in Ghana (Margarete Grimus and Martin Ebner); (10) Cross-Cultural Design of Mobile Mathematics Learning Service for South African Schools (Tanja Walsh, Teija Vainio and Jari Varsaluoma); (11) Mobile Learning and Achievement Goal Orientation Profiles (Minna Asplund); (12) A Review of Integrating Mobile Phones for Language Learning (Ramiza Darmi and Peter Albion); (13) Overlapping Chat's Accessibility Requirements between Students with and without Disabilities Due to the Mobile Limitiations (Rocío Calvo, Ana Iglesias and Lourdes Moreno); (14) UML Quiz: Automatic Conversion of Web-Based E-Learning Content in Mobile Applications (Alexander von Franqué and Hilda Tellioglu); (15) Pedagogical Applications of Smartphone Integration in Teaching--Lectures', Students', & Pupils' Perspectives (Tami Seifert); (16) MOOC's to Go (Jan Renz, Thomas Staubitz and Christoph Meinel); (17) Strategies and Challenges in Ipad Initiative (Chientzu Candace Chou, Lanise Block and Renee Jesness); (18) Blending Classroom Teaching and Learning with QR Codes (Jenni Rikala and Marja Kankaanranta); (19) Programming Education with a Blocks-Based Visual Language for Mobile Application Development (Can Mihci and Nesrin Ozdener); (20) Shifting Contexts: Investigating the Role of Context in the Use of Obiquitious Computing for Design-Based Learning (Katharine S. Willis and Gianni Corino); (21) Evaluation Framework for Dependable Mobile Learning Scenarios (Manel Bensassi and Mona Laroussi); (22) Initial Evaluation of a Mobile Scaffolding Application that Seeks to Support Novice Learners of Programming (Chao Mbogo, Edwin Blake and Hussein Suleman); (23) Defining a Set of Architectural Requirements for Service-Oriented Mobile Learning Environments (Nemésio Freitas Duarte Filho and Ellen Francine Barbosa); (24) Portability and Usability of Open Educational Resources on Mobile Devices: A Study in the Context of Brazilian Educational Portals and Android-Based Devices (André Constantino da Silva, Fernanda Maria Pereira Freire, Vitor Hugo Miranda Mourão, Márcio Diógenes de Oliveira da Cruz and Heloísa Vieira da Rocha); (25) Evaluating QR Code Case Studies Using a Mobile Learning Framework (Jenni Rikala); (26) Developing a Mobile Social Media Framework for Creative Pedagogies (Thomas Cochrane, Laurent Antonczak, Matthew Guinibert and Danni Mulrennan); (27) Factors Affecting M-Learners' Course Satisfaction and Learning Persistence (Young Ju Joo, Sunyoung Joung, Eugene Lim and Hae Jin Kim); (28) A Framework to Support Mobile Learning in Multilingual Environments (Mmaki E. Jantjies and Mike Joy); (29) Mobile Technology Integrated Pedagogical Model (Arshia Khan); (30) Representation of an Incidental Learning Framework to Support Mobile Learning (Eileen Scanlon, Mark Gaved, Ann Jones, Agnes Kukulska-Hulme, Lucas Paletta and Ian Dunwell); (31) Using Mobile Apps and Social Media for Online Learner-Generated Content (Paul David Henry); (32) Tweeting as a Tool for Learning Science: The Credibility of Student-Produced Knowledge Content in Educational Contexts (Kaja Vembe Swensen, Kenneth Silseth and Ingeborg Krange); (33) What Mobile Learning and Working Remotely Can Learn from Each Other (Koen Depryck); (34) In-Time On-Place Learning (Merja Bauters, Jukka Purma and Teemu Leinonen); (35) M-Learning and Technological Literacy: Analyzing Benefits for Apprenticeship (Carlos Manuel Pacheco Cortés and Adriana Margarita Pacheco Cortés); (36) Designing a Site to Embed and to Interact with Wolfram Alpha Widgets in Math and Science Courses (Francisco Javier Delgado Cepeda and Ruben Dario Santiago Acosta); (37) An Environment for Mobile Experiential Learning (Otto Petrovic, Philipp Babcicky and Thomas Puchleitner); (38) Supporting Situated Learning Based on QR Codes with Etiquetar App: A Pilot Study (Miguel Olmedo Camacho, Mar Pérez-Sanagustín, Carlos Alario-Hoyos, Xavier Soldani, Carlos Delgado Kloos and Sergio Sayago); (39) Raising Awareness of Cybercrime--The Use of Education as a Means of Prevention and Protection (Julija Lapuh Bele, Maja Dimc, David Rozman and Andreja Sladoje Jemec); (40) Mobile Game for Learning Bacteriology (Ryo Sugimura, Sotaro Kawazu, Hiroki Tamari, Kodai Watanabe, Yohei Nishimura, Toshiki Oguma, Katsushiro Watanabe, Kosuke Kaneko, Yoshihiro Okada, Motofumi Yoshida, Shigeru Takano and Hitoshi Inoue); (41) The Theory Paper: What is the Future of Mobile Learning? (John Traxler and Marguerite Koole); (42) Rapid Prototyping of Mobile Learning Games (Maija Federley, Timo Sorsa, Janne Paavilainen, Kimo Boissonnier and Anu Seisto); (43) Preparing Lessons, Exercises and Tests for M-Learning of IT Fundamentals (S. Djenic, V. Vasiljevic, J. Mitic, V. Petkovic and A. Miletic); (44) The Motivating Power of Social Obligation: An Investigation into the Pedagogical Affordances of Mobile Learning Integrated with Facebook (Nurhasmiza Sazalli, Rupert Wegerif and Judith Kleine-Staarman); (45) When Everyone is a Probe, Everyone is a Learner (Boris Berenfeld, Tatiana Krupa, Arseny Lebedev and Sergey Stafeev); (46) Mobile Learning and Art Museums: A Case Study of New Art Interpretation Approach for Visitor Engagement through Mobile Media (Victoria López Benito); (47) Learner Centric in M-Learning: Integration of Security, Dependability and Trust (Sheila Mahalingam, Faizal Mohd Abdollah and Shahrin Sahib); (48) M-Learning Pilot at Sofia University (Elissaveta Gourova, Pavlin Dulev, Dessislava Petrova-Antonova and Boyan Bontchev); (49) A Mobile Service Oriented Multiple Object Tracking Augmented Reality Architecture for Education and Learning Experiences (Sasithorn Rattanarungrot, Martin White and Paul Newbury); (50) Learners' Ensemble Based Security Conceptual Model for M-Learning System in Malaysian Higher Learning Institution (Sheila Mahalingam, Faizal Mohd Abdollah and Shahrin Sahib); (51) Supporting the M-Learning Based Knowledge Transfer in University Education and Corporate Sector (András Benedek and György Molnár); and (52) The future of Ubiquitous Elearning (Timothy Arndt). Individual papers contain references. An author index is included. Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of these proceedings.

We are delighted to welcome you to the International Conference on Education and New Developments 2013, taking place in Lisbon, Portugal, from 1 to 3 of June. Education, in a global sense, is a right since we are born. Every experience has a formative effect on the constitution of the human being, in the way one thinks, feels and acts. One of the most important contributions resides in what and how we learn through the improvement of educational processes, both in formal and informal settings. Our International Conference seeks to provide some answers and explore the processes, actions, challenges and outcomes of learning, teaching and human development. Our goal is to offer a worldwide connection between teachers, students, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in educational issues We take pride in having been able to connect and bring together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertile in new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. We counted on an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, which can supplement our view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impact of their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasons we have many nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links, fomenting intellectual encounter and development. END 2013 received over more 267 submissions, from 35 different countries, reviewed by a double-blind process. Submissions were prepared to take form of Oral Presentations, Posters, Virtual Presentations, Workshops and Round Table. The conference also includes a keynote presentation from an internationally distinguished researcher Professor Peter Jarvis Emeritus Professor at the University of Surrey, UK, to whom we express our most gratitude. This volume is composed by the proceedings of the International Conference on Education and New Developments (END 2013), organized by the World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (W.I.A.R.S.) and co-sponsored by the respected partners we reference in the dedicated page. This conference addressed different categories inside the Education area and papers are expected to fit broadly into one of the named themes and sub-themes. To develop the conference program we have chosen four main broad-ranging categories, which also covers different interest areas: (1) In TEACHERS AND STUDENTS: Teachers and Staff training and education; Educational quality and standards; Curriculum and Pedagogy; Vocational education and Counseling; Ubiquitous and lifelong learning; Training programs and professional guidance; Teaching and learning relationship; Student affairs (learning, experiences and diversity; Extra-curricular activities; Assessment and measurements in Education. (2) In PROJECTS AND TRENDS: Pedagogic innovations; Challenges and transformations in Education; Technology in teaching and learning; Distance Education and eLearning; Global and sustainable developments for Education; New learning and teaching models; Multicultural and (inter)cultural communications; Inclusive and Special Education; Rural and indigenous Education; Educational projects. (3) In TEACHING AND LEARNING: Educational foundations; Research and development methodologies; Early childhood and Primary Education; Secondary Education; Higher Education; Science and technology Education; Literacy, languages and Linguistics (TESL/TEFL); Health Education; Religious Education; Sports Education. (4) In ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES: Educational policy and leadership; Human Resources development; Educational environment; Business, Administration, and Management in Education; Economics in Education; Institutional accreditations and rankings; International Education and Exchange programs; Equity, social justice and social change; Ethics and values; Organizational learning and change. The proceedings contain the results of the research and developments conducted by authors who focused on what they are passionate about: to promote growth in research methods intimately related to teaching, learning and applications in Education nowadays. It includes an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, who will extend our view in exploring and giving their contribution in educational issues, by sharing with us their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. (Individual papers contain references.)

These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference on Educational Technologies 2013 (ICEduTech 2013), which has been organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society and co-organised by the Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 29 November - 1 December 2013. ICEduTech is the scientific conference addressing the real topics as seen by teachers, students, parents and school leaders. Scientists, professionals and institutional leaders are invited to be informed by experts, sharpen the understanding what education needs and how to achieve it. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Learning in the Networked Society (Piet Kommers); (2) Mediating Authentic Learning: The Use of Wiki's and Blogs in an Undergraduate Curriculum in South Africa (Simone Titus); (3) Professional Learning to Nurture Adaptive Teachers (Kar-Tin Lee); (4) Understanding TPACK in Practice: Praxis through Technological Pedagogical Reasoning (Glenn Finger and Paul Finger); (5) A Comparison of Low Performing Students' Achievements in Factoring Cubic Polynomials Using Three Different Strategies (Ugorji I. Ogbonnaya, David L. Mogari, and Eric Machisi); (6) Factors Influencing the Acceptance of Collaboration Technology within the Context of Virtual Teamwork Training (Joy J. Godin and Lars F. Leader); (7) Surveillance in Programming Plagiarism beyond Techniques: An Incentive-Based Fishbone Model (Yanqing Wang, Min Chen, Yaowen Liang, and Yu Jiang); (8) Elearning Strategic Planning 2020: The Voice of Future Students as Stakeholders in Higher Education (Glenn Finger and Vicky Smart); (9) Laptops in Classroom Interaction: The Dynamic Reach of the Laptoped Situation (Tomas Lindroth, Johan Lundin, and Lars Svensson); (10) Salapiggy: Usability Test of the Sifteo Cubes as a Game Interface for the Money Counting Game for Preschoolers (Adrian Orense, Berlyn Anne Decena, and Rommel Feria); (11) An Ontology for Software Engineering Education (Thong Chee Ling, Yusmadi Yah Jusoh, Rusli Adbullah, and Nor Hayati Alwi); (12) Technology Enhanced Analytics (TEA) in Higher Education (Ben Kei Daniel and Russell Butson); (13) Teachers' Learning in Online Communities of Practice: Two Case Studies from Australia (Ria Hanewald); (13) Teaching Teachers for the Future Project: Building TPACK Confidence and Capabilities for Elearning (Glenn Finger, Romina Jamieson-Proctor, and Peter Grimbeek); (14) The Comparison of Inductive Reasoning under Risk Conditions between Chinese and Japanese Based on Computational Models: Toward the Application to CAE for Foreign Language (Yujie Zhang, Asuka Terai, and Masanori Nakagawa); (15) Use and Production of Open Educational Resources (OER): A Pilot Study of Underground Students' Perceptions (Khe Foon Hew and Wing Sum Cheung); (16) Teaching 21st Century Competencies: Lessons from Crescent Girls' School in Singapore (Gucci Trinidad, Deepa Patel, Linda Shear, Peishi Goh, Yin Kang Quek, and Chen Kee Tan); (17) Research on Demand Analysis of the Users of the Senior English Diagnostic System (Chen Guo, Hui Zhang, Qian Yao, and Min Wu); (18) Using Self-Reflection and Badges in Moodle-Based Medical English Review Courses for Enhancing Learners' Autonomy (Jun Iwata, John Clayton and Sarah-Jane Saravani); (19) Investigating the Use of Social Media by University Undergraduate Informatics Programmes in Malaysia (Jane See Yin Lim, Shirley Agostinho, Barry Harper, and Joe F. Chicharo); (20) Educational Online Technologies in Blended Tertiary Environments: A Review of Literature (Kimberley N. Tuapawa); and (21) How Teachers Use and Manage Their Blogs? A Cluster Analysis of Teachers' Blogs in Taiwan. Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.

The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical investigation of the critical determinants for the adoption of learning analytics in higher education. A conceptual model was proposed to understand better the adoption of learning analytics in higher education by teaching staff. Structural equation modelling is used for testing and validating the proposed conceptual model based on the survey data collected from Australia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Five study hypotheses were statistically significant, while two were statically insignificant. A positive relationship was revealed between user preparedness, technology preparedness, perceived usefulness, and social influence with behavioural intentions to adopt learning analytics in higher education. Hypotheses between user preparedness and perceived usefulness as well as user preparedness and learning analytics adoption were rejected. This study contributes to the learning analytics adoption research by proposing and validating a research model for the adoption of learning analytics in higher education. [For the full proceedings, see ED639633.]

Mobile technology is a promising area of research post COVID-19 and helps the realisation of education 4.0 The purpose of this paper is to conceptualise mobile learning in Education 4.0 paradigm in the South African context. This descriptive study used a questionnaire made in a google form and distributed amongst pre-service teachers at a faculty of education. The survey questionnaire explored perspectives, ownership and use of mobile technologies by pre-service teachers. The data was analysed using the frequencies of the answers to the questionnaire. The findings establish the need for all stakeholders to holistically invest in the technical and capacity building of mobile technologies for learning purposes and help realise and develop the education sector to partake of the Education 4.0 opportunities. The study recommends the need for further studies that will explore additional knowledge on effective mobile technologies that make learning mobile aligning with the fourth industrial revolution innovations. [For the full proceedings, see ED638044.]

Inequality and inequity of outcomes persist in South African higher education despite policies to redress the effects of apartheid, which segregated black people from accessing good quality education. Policy in higher education uses the concept 'historically disadvantaged' in its interventions aimed to address inequality but the desired outcomes have not been achieved as higher education institutions particularly universities seem to struggle to create conducive environments for all students to participate successfully. Lack of clarity on what needs to be addressed and prioritised could be blamed for the ineffective interventions. Using the capability approach as advanced by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, the paper identifies the most significant capabilities for student disadvantage, which universities should focus on in their interventions. This paper draws from semi-structured qualitative interviews from 26 diverse students from one South African university to argue that when students lack the financial income, affiliation and personal tenacity and hard work capabilities, their lives were affected the most. To that end, it is recommended that higher education institutions should prioritise to address these capabilities to ensure equal access, participation and success for all students.

As scholars we navigate in the fast changing and demanding research environment. The pressure to produce tangible outputs, secure funding, and undertake international collaborations has high implications on individual researchers' work and well-being. The issues brought forefront in scholarly literature showcase the impact of research pressures on other academic duties such as teaching, scholarly service and community engagement. The attention is also drawn to the ways in which the above mentioned pressures influence choices researchers make regarding their research agenda. In this reflective paper we take the academic discourse a step further to explore how demands of research productivity intertwine with institutional and individual autonomy in our respective countries, Hungary and South Africa. Our conceptual framework is informed by commonly recognized levels of autonomy in HEIs, which relate to research activities. The three levels include: individual researcher, collaborative research teams and the institution at large. Considering the complexity of the topic and length restriction for this paper, we narrow our focus to how institutional and individual researcher's autonomy converge with two research productivity activities, namely dependence on funding and selection of outlets for research outputs.

This conceptual paper draws on the understanding and application of institutional performance management system (IPMS) by managers in a higher education institution's department. Managers in HEIs [higher education institutions] are tasked to develop and support staff at all job levels and are accountable for their performance. The implementation of the IPMS in higher education institutions could enhance the growth and development of the department and its staff. The paper highlights practices of IPMS as well as identifies the successes and challenges in understanding and applying IPMS within HEIs, to provide a consolidated practical advice for universities in South Africa. Staff development and support are central to ensuring that commitments made, are seriously translated into relevant actions in the department. Such actions by the institution lay a strong foundation for improved performance. The purpose of the paper is to unpack and contextualise the understanding and application of institutional performance management system (IPMS) of staff, by recognising its merits depending on the context and circumstances where it is applied. This qualitative paper analysed literature studies that include books and articles written on performance management systems in higher education, to establish how performance data is used to improve institutional staff performance. Findings reveal that HEIs' performance criteria in IPMS, do not always serve to monitor and evaluate the department's progress on planned goals, objectives, and initiatives. The paper, therefore, serves as a foundational piece that highlights gaps in higher education institution managers' understanding and application of IPMS, for supporting and improving staff performance.

An increase in research productivity is of vital importance in the development of countries worldwide. However, when research outputs are measured, many higher education faculties neither meet the expectations regarding quality nor quantity despite the increasing drive towards publications. This paper examines how academic managers can reform a prevailing weak or average research culture. Research and innovation managers such as deans, research directors and research professors may benefit from implementing the principles of the innovation value chain to transform a specific research culture characterised by low morale and a lack of outputs. Based on the author's experience and relevant scholarly literature, it is argued in this paper that a general passive or negative attitude amongst faculty members who are expected to produce research outputs, can be converted to a vibrant environment characterised by positive attitudes and increased research productivity.

This paper explores academic promotion practices in higher education institutions. Promotion of faculty members of universities is one of the major mechanisms in maintaining and improving the quality and efficiency of higher education and research activities in the country. Appointment processes are therefore critical to institutional development; therefore, the study argues for the identification of successful practices by exploring the enablers and disablers within the institutional promotion process in South Africa. This qualitative conceptual paper used literature, not limited to books, articles and chapters written on higher education institutions' promotion practices. There is, however, limited research on institutional promotion practices for academic employees within the South African higher education institutions. The study argues for the identification of successful practices to ensure fair and equitable institutional promotion practices by exploring the enablers and disablers within the institutional promotion process in the South African higher education. The paper serves as a foundational piece in understanding that appointment practices can be regulated to ensure fairness and equity. The appointment practices highlight the importance of shifting academic staff profiles in ways that are more representative of a diverse democracy. The inclusion of South Africa demonstrates a gap that exists in the academic promotions within higher education institutions. Findings reveal power-play and micro-politicking within promotion practices in HEIs. The paper serves as a foundational piece in understanding the regulation of fairness and equity in academic appointment practices.

Pre-service teacher training (PTT), programs are required to emphasise the importance of enhancing the theory practice nexus and on constantly developing a sense of teacher identity and teaching competencies (Liu & Low, 2015) for the 21st Century learners. The 21st Century Curriculum Research Project (21CP) sought to explore how pre-service teachers could be adequately equipped with 21st Century skills for ICT integration. This paper reports on the development and implementation of a technology integration curriculum conducted with pre-service teachers at a university in the Western Cape, South Africa. The findings of the study have highlighted that a curriculum grounded in a sound theoretical base can yield desired outcomes in f2f/online context. It argues that the theory-practice nexus could be bridged through experiential learning from carefully designed activities. Furthermore, it suggests that cognitive access is crucial in the design and presentation of any curriculum. [For the full proceedings, see ED622227.]

Higher education institutions play an active role in addressing and responding to twenty-first century societal trends. The two main factors, which have transformed the way we live and work are globalization and technological advancements. Consequently, global competence became imperative in twenty-first century. As evident from scholarly literature, global competency is the currency in today's world, which includes the capacity to view life from different perspectives, to value diversity, to engage in multicultural interactions and to have skills to respectfully navigate in the complex inter-connected world. Higher education has an important role to play in nurturing globally competent citizens with a critical worldview and the above-mentioned abilities. Considering the importance of this topic and the scarcity of literature grounded in South African context, the scope of this paper is to explore the development of globally competent citizens in selected South African higher education institutions. Employing document analysis method, this qualitative project investigated to what extent higher education institutions positioned themselves to address twenty-first century societal trends. Special attention was paid to competencies of globally competent citizens, educators' role in developing global competence and HEIs response to twenty-first century trends. Based on the findings, recommendations are provided on how higher education institutions may maximize development of globally competent citizens. [For the complete Volume 19 proceedings, see ED613922.]

Institutions of higher education in South Africa have seen a shift in the student demographic of student population, and from contact teaching approaches to distance and online approaches to instruction. This has posed challenges as students find themselves without adequate support in online environments to successfully fulfil their studies. There are few studies that focus on the challenges lecturers experience in an open distance e-learning (ODeL) setting. This paper seeks to narrow that gap by exploring the challenges experienced by lecturers in an ODeL institution, which offers massified higher education for part-time students. The study is aimed to determine and explain how lecturers could use their concerted skills to benefit students. The research is embedded in Moore's transactional distance theory and adopted Vygotsky's social constructivist approach. In terms of methodology, a qualitative research approach with a phenomenological design was used. Data were collected through open-ended semi-structured interviews from participants of the College of Education (CEDU) at the University of South Africa (UNISA). Transcription and thematical analyses of data were completed to identify themes. Findings from the study revealed that lecturers in CEDU were not inducted on their core functions hence the shortcomings in delivery of student support services. The study recommends that further research be conducted on how to support and empower lecturers within CEDU to give students leading-edge support. [For the complete Volume 19 proceedings, see ED613922.]

Aim/Purpose: Academics are often requested to create and teach courses for emerging technologies with perhaps no experience or guidance on how to do so. Background: A Framework to develop IT courses for emerging technologies was created and tested to assist academics; the framework was then tested by developing an IoT course. Methodology: A literature review was conducted to discover theories, models and methods that could be used in the creation of IT courses, followed by interviews with academics who had created many courses. The interviews were analysed using a thematic analysis process, and a Course Development Framework was created. Contribution: The framework was tested by using it to build and deliver an IoT course. The Framework could be used to support academics who have to create and develop courses for emerging technologies. Findings: By combining a learning theory such as constructivism, the ADDIE Instructional design model, ARCS-V Motivational model, and Bloom's Taxonomy, a Course Development Framework was constructed, which could be used to support academics who have to create courses for emerging technologies. Recommendations for Practitioners: The Course Development Framework could be used to develop other IT courses including online courses. Recommendations for Researchers: Future research could be conducted in the effectiveness of using the Course Development Framework to develop other courses including online courses. Impact on Society: Support academics to develop better IT courses for emerging technologies. Future Research: Research in the field of Brain Compatible Learning Principles and combining or using it with the Framework could provide further insights into advancements in course design and development. [This paper was published in: M. Jones (Ed.), "Proceedings of InSITE 2020: Informing Science and Information Technology Education Conference" (pp. 15-45). Informing Science Institute.]

The paper emanates from the Chancellor's address that I presented on the 5th of March 2019 at the University of South Africa. Betrayal Trauma Theory (BTT) was used as a lens in understanding toxic leadership in work places. BTT focuses on the ways in which toxic behaviour of leaders may violate or negatively affect trust and well-being of employees. Toxic leadership can bring negative consequences to employees' attitudes toward their leaders and organizations' well-being, and work behaviours. Employees are the less powerful individuals in the leader-employee relationship. They are characterized by a power differential and constrained in what they can do in response to unfavourable treatments they receive from their bosses.

Before the onset of the COVID-19 induced remote teaching and learning practices the University of the Western Cape (UWC) senate adopted an inclusive online teaching and learning practice. This practice adopted by UWC was aimed to advance the perception of student success and to diminish dropout rates. The primary objective of this research is to measure student success and also consider lessons learned in relation to the adoption of innovative teaching and learning practices. This ongoing research at UWC explores factors underpinning learning and teaching practices, as well as examine research on and notions about student performance, as these are shaped by the pandemic. With the abrupt transition in teaching and learning students had to make major adjustments to their lifestyle to adapt to remote learning and teaching styles. The aforementioned attributed to both emotional and environmental challenges and the perception of student success as UWC momentously responded to students lack of resources and adaption to their teaching and learning style, subject content and their perception of success. The researcher will explore student success trends across the university and the adoption of blended learning approaches across faculties at UWC. While access to online resources is important to facilitate learning, our society still has an insidious digital divide. The aforementioned underpins what CIECT is currently involved in by encouraging and promoting the adoption of emerging technologies and blended-learning approaches, that is: to support the successful transition from the traditional classroom to online classes that promotes student success. [For the complete proceedings, see ED631021.]

Distance education is a mode of teaching that enables students who are not able to enrol fulltime at a university due to a shortage of time, physical access or financial abilities, to study in their own environment and at their own pace. Only one university in South Africa offers Physical Education as a comprehensive module in the distance education mode. The aim of this study was thus to investigate education students' and lecturers' positive and negative experiences of the effectiveness of Physical Education teacher training in distance education mode at a university in South Africa. Underpinned by Moore's Theory of Transactional Distance (TTD) (1983), data were collected by means of semi-structured, individual interviews with four lecturers and open-ended questionnaires with 17 students in a Physical Education distance education module. The five themes that emanated from the data analysis, were: interaction between students and lecturers; competence, passion and enthusiasm to teach Physical Education; obstacles with regard to Physical Education in distance learning; experiences with regard to practical training in Physical Education; and the content of the Physical Education program and students' perceptions of Physical Education. From the findings of positive and negative experiences of Physical Education in distance education mode, recommendations are made for Physical Education teacher training in distance education mode, for example, additional face-to-face contact opportunities, additional technological training, the enhanced use of student-interaction functions in learning management systems and sufficient management and administration systems at universities. [For the complete Volume 20 proceedings, see ED622631.]

As contexts in schools and higher education become increasingly more diverse, engagement with human differences and different knowledges becomes essential. Institutions need to change their practices to respond to the different needs of learners, as well as valuing their knowledges and prospective teachers need to better equipped for these experiences. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to explore the intersectionality of four final-year students colliding worldviews within a digital story project and how, this experience supported, or not, their own classroom pedagogies. Through the use of the pedagogy of discomfort, we argue that this intentionally initiated module of using digital storytelling influenced these four learners to confront their colliding worldviews, identify their strengths and challenges. They all reflected on how this process had encouraged them to become more self-reflective thinkers in their own lives, those of their peers and their learners. [For the complete proceedings, see ED608557.]

Our qualitative case study explored the nature of pre-service teacher (PST) reflections when analysing video-based lessons aimed at developing their reflective practice. 14 PSTs participated in the study. Data were collected through lesson observation and individual PSTs' written reflections. The initial data show that PSTs find lesson reflection challenging. Many PSTs' initial reflections were below technical description, the first level provided in Muir and Beswick's (2007) reflection framework. A few reflections revealed some aspects of technical description; however, no PST's reflection went beyond Level 1. In this paper we share how we adapted their framework to accommodate PSTs' initial reflections.

The newspaper headlines in July 2020, reflected the context of COVID-19 and the challenges in the education sector in South Africa. Pre-service teachers completing a Biological Sciences for Educations Research and Service-Learning module conducted their Service-Learning in their home contexts, which under normal times, they would do so in the neighbouring university contexts. The research question: Why did the Biological Sciences pre-service teachers' experience COVID-19 as an enabler for their Service-Learning projects. An interpretive, qualitative case study was adopted to explore the pre-service teacher's experiences of their projects undertaken. The data gathering methods included document analysis (pre-service teacher's reflective diaries); observation of module reflective sessions and seminar presentations and visual methodology (pre-service teachers made videos). The data analysis using descriptive content analysis. The research rigour of credibility and dependability were worked with, and the research ethics were considered. The results indicated that during the learning about the project, the pre-service teachers had emotional experiences of fear, excitement and even confusion. During the planning for the project, they had concerns about COVID-19 restrictions and access to placement sites, what to do, who to work with and the nature of the projects planned. The action of the Service-Learning indicated the collaboration and teamwork, imagination and creativity, including the contextually relevant problem-solving actions that were undertaken. Pre-service teachers were in their own communities where they excelled and built relationships and valued their community members. Service-Learning should be completed in the pre-service teacher's home contexts for greater relevance, value and connectedness with their community. [For the full proceedings, see ED620289.]

This research investigates the mobile technology ownership concerning M-learning and identifies Tapscott's (2009) common traits of Millennials in a South African context. Technology growth and adoption is impacting the education sector by changing teaching and learning through an innovative form of learning commonly known as M-learning. Along with the growth in adoption of technology, students learning profiles have also changed over time, evolving toward another generation of learners referred to as Millennials. A total of 103 Millennial student respondents in a higher education institution in South Africa were surveyed to collect primary data and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results according to which the entire sample population owned at least one type of mobile devices. The findings also indicated that technology acquaintance and innovation are the most relatable attributes shared among Millennials. [For the full proceedings, see ED622227.]

Although engagement of the low-income students increased since the introduction of inclusive policies in the post-apartheid higher education in South Africa, inequality of access, participation and achievement still persists. While focus has been on increasing enrolment and addressing students' concerns in universities, little attention has been dedicated to exploring student (dis)advantage when making choices about a given university. This study aims to understand the opportunities that students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds have in making choices about the universities they wish to attend. Using the capability approach the findings of this study show that when students have the opportunity and agency to make informed decisions about university selection, they are able to follow their desired educational and career goals and become advantaged. This qualitative study draws from semi-structured interviews from 26 final-year undergraduate and honours students from one South African university. Findings show that despite of students' aspirations, the low-income students' abilities to make informed decisions were constrained by the circumstantial factors particularly the interplay of lack of financial resources, support and information, and failure to meet the required entry requirements, which imply disadvantage. By a way of contrast, middleclass students' decisions were based on their long-term plans and were reflective of their rational choices pointing to advantage. While universities might not be able to address some of the reported challenges, the study offers some recommendations for universities and schools to consider as a way of improving students' inclusive access to universities. [For the complete Volume 19 proceedings, see ED613922.]