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The article discusses U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the court case Barnett Bank of Marion County, N.A. v. Nelson. It mentions that court held that a federal statute granting national banks the authority to sell insurance preempted the state law. It mentions that Supreme Court held that federal banking law preempts state laws that interfere with national bank's exercise of its powers.

The article discusess the U.S. Supreme Court case Barnett Bank of Marion County, N.A. v. Nelson on the regulatory treatment of national and state banks. The court ruled that states could moderate national banks if doing so does not prevent or largely interfere with the national bank's ability to exercise its powers. It also mentions that federal preemption nevertheless confers certain unique benefits on national banks.

The article offers information on preemptive scope of 2011 federal banking law of the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Topics discussed include the role of Dodd-Frank Act in protecting consumers; the U.S. Supreme Court case Barnett Bank of Marion County v. Nelson on preemption; and minimal deference to the 2011 preemption rules.

The article discusses concerns regarding the effects of federal preemption of state consumer protection laws in Sections 1041 and 1044 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. It mentions that Section 1044 of Dodd-Frank provides a set of rules to govern the preemption of state consumer financial laws. It mentions that Section 1044 defines the term concerning the impact of a particular State consumer financial law on any national bank.

The article informs on debates over Section 1044 of Dodd-Frank Act over banking preemption rules.

The article focuses on the evolution of the dual banking system in the U.S. Topics discussed include role of Federal Reserve System in governing banks in the country; information on First and Second Banks of the U.S.; and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency's (OCC's) 2004 Preemption Rules. It also informs on the U.S. Supreme Court case Barnett Bank of Marion County, N.A. v. Nelson on same.

The article focuses on the essential elements that constitute federal criminal law as defined by Congress. Topics include the jurisdictional foundation for criminal laws, the nature of prohibited conduct, and the mental states necessary for establishing criminal liability, along with the penalties that may be imposed for violations.

The article focuses on the challenges facing U.S. policymakers in light of the Taliban's return to power in Afghanistan. Topics include counterterrorism efforts regarding the Islamic State (ISIS) and Al Qaeda, the severe restrictions imposed on women and girls, and the ongoing humanitarian and economic crises in the country.

The article focuses on the oversight of laboratory biosafety and biosecurity in the U.S., highlighting the mixture of federal laws, guidance, and self-governance that currently regulate these practices. It discusses the absence of a comprehensive federal law governing laboratory biosafety, with existing policies primarily shaped by past events and specific programs like the Federal Select Agent Program (FSAP).

The article offers insight to federal preemption of state consumer protection laws under Section 1044 of the U.S. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Topics include 2004 preemption rules of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency; take of Congress in protecting consumers; and mortgage lending service of the bank.

The article presents information on energy supply and use in the U.S. Topics discussed include the changes in the U.S. energy system since the start of the 21st century, the overall energy consumption in the country since 2000, the challenges facing the electric power industry in the country, and a growth in renewable energy consumption between 2000 and 2022.

The article focuses on the constitutional relationship between Congress and the Supreme Court, examining the Framers' intent for separation of powers while acknowledging Congress's substantial power to influence the federal courts. Topics include discussions on Supreme Court regulation and reform, proposals for changes such as altering the Court's size, imposing term limits, and modifying its jurisdiction or procedures, with a focus on recent public attention to these matters.

The article focuses on the intricate landscape of biosafety and biosecurity oversight mechanisms that currently exist in the U.S., with a focus on life sciences research. It mentions the diverse set of policies and guidelines in place and raises questions about the adequacy of these measures, especially in light of the potential gaps in oversight.

The provides an overview of roles of the federal government and the states in regulating banking. It discusses the doctrine of federal preemption, before discussing the American dual banking system. It addresses areas where preemption issues have arisen with respect to banking law including standard for implied preemption of state laws that interfere with the powers of national banks. It also discusses court's decisions in two cases concerning visitorial powers over national banks.

The article offers information on preemptive scope of federal banking law of the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. It informs on federal law preempted state laws that limited the ability of national banks to advertise, operate automated teller machines, and sell repossessed automobiles without an automobile dealer license.

The article offers information on preemptive scope of 2004 federal banking law of the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. It informs on limitations imposed on banks by state law concerning ability of a creditor to require or obtain private mortgage insurance, loan-to-value ratios, and access to and use of credit reports, and disclosure and advertising.

The article focuses on federal laws protecting pregnant workers from discrimination and ensuring workplace accommodations. Topics covered include the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) and its protection against adverse actions and harassment related to pregnancy; the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act (PWFA) and its mandate for reasonable workplace accommodations; and the interaction between laws and other acts like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA).

The article focuses on Afghanistan's background and U.S. policy following the withdrawal of U.S. and international forces and the subsequent Taliban takeover. Topics discussed include the impact of the Taliban's rule on counterterrorism efforts, women's rights, and efforts to relocate U.S. citizens and Afghan partners.

The article offers information on the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) Board of Governors. Topics mentioned include the members of the USPS Board of Governors including Chairman James H. Bilbray, Postmaster General Megan J. Brennan, and Deputy Postmaster General Ronald A. Stroman, the responsibilities of Board of Governors, and the regulation in the postal service.

The article offers information about federal preemption, a legal concept where federal law supersedes state law. It discusses the principles of express preemption and implied preemption, including field preemption and conflict preemption. The Supreme Court's interpretation of congressional intent and the presumption against preemption are also addressed.

The article examines the historical development and contemporary role of Congressional Member Organizations (CMOs) in the House, as well as informal Member groups in the House, Senate, and across the chambers. It mentions members of the House and Senate may form these groups and participate in their activities for a variety of reasons. It also mentions ongoing role in the congressional policymaking process.

The article focuses on the U.S. Congressional Research Service. It reports on the background of U.S. policy in Afghanistan, including the recent withdrawal of U.S. and international forces and the Taliban's takeover of the country. It mentions that the Taliban's current government, including signs of dissension and opposition, as well as impacts on U.S. interests such as counterterrorism, women's and girls' rights, and relocating U.S. partners.

The article offers information that in the year 2021, Afghanistan, U.S. and international forces departed after nearly two decades of operations, leading to the collapse of the Afghan government and military forces, and the Taliban's return to power. The Taliban government is dominated by former officials from their prior rule or longtime loyalists, prioritizing internal cohesion over outreach to other segments of Afghan society.

The article presents the U.S. Congressional Research Service (CRS) report that provides an overview of the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA). It mentions that FVPSA funding supports shelter and direct services for victims and their families, including victims in underserved communities and children exposed to domestic violence, and is administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

The article offers information on the causes of domestic violence. It examines the historical background of the development of such issues. The author states the cause to be early marriage in U.S. that perpetuated men to hit wives in the 20th century. The article also mentions how shelters and services for victims of domestic violence came up in 1960's but with limited availability. Also mentioned are organizations such as Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) and Chiswick Women's Aid.

The article focuses on reasonable accommodations for employees with disabilities. It mentions Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits disability discrimination by employers with fifteen or more employees and Section 504 of Rehabilitation Act bars disability discrimination, including employment discrimination, by recipients of federal funding. It also mentions employees and applicants when they need reasonable accommodations to do the core work of their jobs.

The article focuses on the U.S. policy focuses on Gain of function (GOF) research involving enhanced potential pandemic pathogens. It mentions overlapping set of policies and guidance address aspects of biosafety and biosecurity associated with GOF research with pathogens in the U.S. It also mentions policies and guidance include federal regulation of research with select biological agents and toxins.

In the past, the oil and gas industry considered gas locked in tight, impermeable shale uneconomical to produce. However, advances in directional well drilling and reservoir stimulation have dramatically increased gas production from unconventional shales. The United States Geological Survey estimates that 200 trillion cubic feet of natural gas may be technically recoverable from these shales. Recent high natural gas prices have also stimulated interest in developing gas shales. Although natural gas prices fell dramatically in 2009, there is an expectation that the demand for natural gas will increase. Developing these shales comes with some controversy, though. The hydraulic fracturing treatments used to stimulate gas production from shale have stirred environmental concerns over excessive water consumption, drinking water well contamination, and surface water contamination from both drilling activities and fracturing fluid disposal. The saline “flowback” water pumped back to the surface after the fracturing process poses a significant environmental management challenge in the Marcellus region. The flowback’s high content of total dissolved solids (TDS) and other contaminants must be disposed of or adequately treated before discharged to surface waters. The federal Clean Water Act and state laws regulate the discharge of this flowback water and other drilling wastewater to surface waters, while the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) regulates deep well injection of such wastewater. Hydraulically fractured wells are also subject to various state regulations. Historically, the EPA has not regulated hydraulic fracturing, and the 2005 Energy Policy Act exempted hydraulic fracturing from SDWA regulation. Recently introduced bills would make hydraulic fracturing subject to regulation under SDWA, while another bill would affirm the current regulatory exemption. Gas shale development takes place on both private and state-owned lands. Royalty rates paid to state and private landowners for shale gas leases range from 12½% to 20%. The four states (New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, and West Virginia) discussed in this report have shown significant increases in the amounts paid as signing bonuses and increases in royalty rates. Although federal lands also overlie gas shale resources, the leasing restrictions and the low resource-potential may diminish development prospects on some federal lands. The practice of severing mineral rights from surface ownership is not unique to the gas shale development. Mineral owners retain the right to access surface property to develop their holdings. Some landowners, however, may not have realized the intrusion that could result from mineral development on their property. Although a gas-transmission pipeline-network is in place to supply the northeast United States, gas producers would need to construct an extensive network of gathering pipelines and supporting infrastructure to move the gas from the well fields to the transmission pipelines, as is the case for developing any new well field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the report issued by the U.S. Congressional Research Service related to the developmental and policy issues of unconventional gas shales in the U.S. as of October 30, 2009. Topics include natural gas recovery from gas shales, water contaminations through hydraulic fracturing treatments and the U.S. federal laws related to the regulation of development of gas shale. Also mentions the regulation of well injection of wastewater by the Safe Drinking Water Act.

The article focuses on formal adjudication requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) establish an adversarial, trial-type process for federal agency adjudication. It mentions adjudicative decisions can be contrasted with agency actions taken through rulemaking, which typically are forwarding-looking actions that affect the rights of broad classes of unspecified individuals. It also mentions adjudications must be presided over by "administrative law judges" (ALJs).

The article presents a report of the U.S. Congressional Research Service, that talks about the U.S. Congress's authority to limit the removal of Inspectors General (IGs). It mentions the level of independence that IGs possess received public and congressional attention after former U.S. President Donald Trump removed or replaced permanent and acting IGs. It mentions that the U.S. Supreme Court has characterized past decisions as narrow exceptions to President's otherwise broad removal power.

The article discusses developments in the energy sector in the U.S. as of March 2021. Other topics include the country's overall energy consumption, its energy sources like natural gas, renewable energy, oil, and nuclear power, the technological developments in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, and the energy policy toward energy security and energy consumption reduction.

The article discusses the background of the U.S. role in the world and its implication for the Congress. Topics discussed include the elements of the traditional U.S. role such as global leadership and defense and promotion of the liberal international order, attribution of some of the changes in U.S. foreign policy to changes in the international security environment, and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the U.S. role in the world in the area of strategic competition with China.

The article presents a report of the U.S. Congressional Research Service (CRS), that talks about the several aspects of domestic production and distribution of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. It mentions availability of effective PPE is critical to the ongoing pandemic response, and has broader public health, emergency preparedness, and national security implications.

The article considers the possibility of forecasting the severity and duration of drought in the U.S. Studies suggest the potential role of human influences on climate, caused by emissions of greenhouse gases, in drought trend. It describes the deviation of water project operations and state water allocations from hydrological trends as observed in the Colorado River basin that subsequently resulted to challenges for water managers and water users.

The functioning of the natural gas market in 2007 appeared relatively stable and infrastructure development continued at an appropriate pace. A tighter demand/supply balance for 2008, however, has generated more upward spot price movement in this latest period. From the beginning to the end of the 2007-2008 heating season, the average wellhead price rose more than 30%, according to Energy Information Administration estimates. In the foreseeable future, weather and economic performance appear most likely to influence prices. Natural gas provided about 22% of U.S. energy requirements in 2007. It will continue to be a major element of the overall U.S. energy market for the foreseeable future. Given its environmental advantages, it will likely maintain an important market share in the growing electricity generation applications, along with other clean power sources. As Congress seeks to address energy security issues, the increasing importation of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is also a matter deserving careful attention. In 2007, LNG imports reached a record high and plans are to increase this fuel source. This report provides an update to Congress on recent natural gas market developments and trends that have implications for important energy policy considerations, such as prices, natural gas use for power generation, and liquefied natural gas imports. From 2006 to 2007, the average wellhead price reported to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) remained essentially unchanged at $6.39 per thousand cubic feet (mcf), down $0.01. The average citygate price increased about 3% to $6.98 per mcf. Domestic production grew, up about 0.8 trillion cubic feet, and domestic consumption increased more than 1 trillion cubic feet. This was the first increase in end-use consumption since 2004, according to EIA. Natural gas use for electric power generation increased in 2007 by 10.5% and for the first time became the largest sector for natural gas consumption in the period covered by EIA records. Residential use increased 8.2%, with weather as a major factor. Commercial and industrial consumption also increased, by 6% and 2%, respectively. The industrial growth reversed a decline of 1.5% from 2005 to 2006. On the supply side, onshore production in areas such as the Rocky Mountains and the Barnett Shales of Texas grew and liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports increased. LNG imports reached a record level of 0.8 trillion cubic feet. EIA's Short Term Energy Outlook anticipates the Henry Hub spot price increasing almost 20% in 2008, reflecting strong demand, relatively low working gas in storage, and domestic production growth of almost 3%. The Henry Hub spot price did increase about 20% between the first quarter 2007 and first quarter 2008. This report will be updated. This report supersedes CRS Report RL33714. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of certain general preemption principles in the U.S. It mentions about the Supreme Court's analysis of Congress's purpose of statutory construction for presumption against preemption. It also mentions that Constitution's Supremacy Clause provides that federal law is the supreme Law of the Land notwithstanding any state law to the contrary.

The article presents a report of U.S. Congressional Research Service that focuses on the federal response to domestic violence under the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA). It mentions that a national domestic violence hotline receives calls for assistance related to violence. It mentions that the majority of women and men in the U.S. had experienced sexual violence, physical violence, and stalking in their lifetimes.

The article presents a report for the U.S. Congress on the effectiveness, safety, and availability of buprenorphine to address the opioid epidemic in the U.S. Topics include the effectiveness of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid abuse compared to other treatments, the costs of the opioid epidemic, and Medicare and Medicaid for buprenorphine treatment.

The article examines the impact of the nomination of Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh as U.S. Supreme Court judge by President Donald Trump in 2018 on the Supreme Court. Topics include Kavanaugh's judicial philosophy and influences, his statutory interpretation, non-judicial writings and work as judge in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and different cases and votes involving him.

The article offers information on the opioid addiction in the U.S. along with the use of drug Buprenorphine to treat the addicted patients. The topics addressed include information on comparison of the Buprenorphine with the another drug of same use Methadone hydrochloride and details on the effectiveness, demand, and access of Buprenorphine.

The article provides information on establishment of requisite elements by plaintiff and employer liability for sexual harassment. Topics discussed include persuasiveness of working environment and delineation for workplace harassment; impact of harassing employees; and agency relations for employment action.

Natural Gas Systems and Air Pollution Congressional interest in U.S. energy policy has often focused on ways through which the United States could secure more economical, reliable, and cleaner fossil fuel resources both domestically and internationally. Recent expansion in natural gas production, primarily as a result of new or improved technologies (e.g., hydraulic fracturing, directional drilling) used on unconventional resources (e.g., shale, tight sands, and coalbed methane) has made natural gas an increasingly significant component in the U.S. energy supply. This expansion, however, has prompted questions about the potential impacts of natural gas systems on human health and the environment, including impacts on air quality. The natural gas supply chain contributes to air pollution in several ways, including (1) the leaking, venting, and combustion of natural gas in the course of production operations; and (2) the combustion of other fossil fuel resources or other emissions during associated operations. Emission sources include pad, road, and pipeline construction; well drilling, completion, and flowback activities; and gas processing and transmission equipment such as controllers, compressors, dehydrators, pipes, and storage vessels. Pollutants include, most prominently, methane (i.e., the principal component of natural gas) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)- of which the natural gas industry is one of the highest-emitting industrial sectors in the United States-as well as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and various forms of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Federal Air Standards for the Sector Under the Obama Administration, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated air standards for several source categories in the crude oil and natural gas sector on August 16, 2012. These standards revise previously existing rules and promulgate new ones to regulate emissions of VOCs, SO2, and HAPs from many production and processing activities that had never before been covered by federal standards (including, most notably, VOC controls on new hydraulically fractured natural gas wells). In an extension of these regulations, and in conjunction with the Obama Administration's Climate Action Plan, EPA promulgated additional rules on June 3, 2016, "to set standards for methane and VOC emissions from new and modified oil and gas production sources, and natural gas processing and transmission sources" not covered by the 2012 rule. Further, the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), promulgated a "Waste Prevention, Production Subject to Royalties, and Resource Conservation" rule on November 18, 2016, to target natural gas emissions on federal and Indian lands as a potential waste of public resources and loss of royalty revenue. In a direct response to the Obama-era standards, and in line with his campaign promises, President Trump signed Executive Order 13783 on March 28, 2017. The order-entitled "Promoting Energy Independence and Economic Growth"-requires agencies to review existing regulations and "appropriately suspend, revise, or rescind those that unduly burden" domestic energy production and use. Section 7 of the order specifically directs the EPA Administrator and the Secretary of the Interior to review several regulations related to domestic oil and gas development, including EPA's 2016 methane standards and BLM's 2016 waste prevention rule. In June 2017, both EPA and BLM announced plans to postpone the compliance dates for certain sections of the standards, pursuant to the Clean Air Act and the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), while the agencies work through the reconsideration process. On July 3, 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated EPA's administrative stay of the 2016 methane standards. On October 4, 2017, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California ruled against BLM's delay. Both agencies have since proposed rulemakings to postpone, revise, or rescind certain requirements of the rules. Scope and Purpose of This Report This report provides information on the natural gas industry and the types and sources of air pollutants in the sector. It examines the role of the federal government in regulating these emissions, including the provisions in the Clean Air Act and other statutes, and EPA's and other agencies' regulatory activities. It concludes with a brief discussion of a number of issues under debate, including • defining the roles of industry and local, state, and federal governments; • establishing comprehensive emissions data; • determining the proper control of pollutants and sources; • understanding the human health and environmental impacts of emissions; and • estimating the costs of pollution abatement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses controversy regarding Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) regulations that expressly preempt state law. Topics discussed include National Bankers Association (NBA) granting the OCC authority to supervise and regulate national banks, expansive view of federal banking law preemption, and federal law preempting state laws that limited the ability of national banks to advertise and engage in fiduciary activities.

The article discusses doctrine of federal preemption, which is grounded in the Supremacy Clause of Article VI of the constitution. It mentions that disputes over the desirability of broad federal preemption implicate a range of values. It reveals that the Supreme Court has identified ways in which federal law can preempt state law including explicit preemptive language in federal statute.

The article focuses on the Board of Governors of the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) which was created by provision of Postal Reorganization Act in 1970 and mentions that the USPS describes board as comparable to board of directors of private company. Topics include pending nominees for postal governor such as Robert M. Duncan and Calvin R. Trucker, approval of the annual financial statements of the Postal Service and quorum requirement according to USPS regulations.

Natural Gas Systems and Air Pollution Congressional interest in U.S. energy policy has often focused on ways through which the United States could secure more economical, reliable, and cleaner fossil fuel resources both domestically and internationally. Recent expansion in natural gas production, primarily as a result of new or improved technologies (e.g., hydraulic fracturing, directional drilling) used on unconventional resources (e.g., shale, tight sands, and coalbed methane) has made natural gas an increasingly significant component in the U.S. energy supply. This expansion, however, has prompted questions about the potential impacts of natural gas systems on human health and the environment, including impacts on air quality. The natural gas supply chain contributes to air pollution in several ways, including (1) the leaking, venting, and combustion of natural gas in the course of production operations; and (2) the combustion of other fossil fuel resources or other emissions during associated operations. Emission sources include pad, road, and pipeline construction; well drilling, completion, and flowback activities; and gas processing and transmission equipment such as controllers, compressors, dehydrators, pipes, and storage vessels. Pollutants include, most prominently, methane (i.e., the principal component of natural gas) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-- of which the natural gas industry is one of the highest-emitting industrial sectors in the United States--as well as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and various forms of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Federal Air Standards for the Sector Under the Obama Administration, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated air standards for several source categories in the crude oil and natural gas sector on August 16, 2012. These standards revise previously existing rules and promulgate new ones to regulate emissions of VOCs, SO2, and HAPs from many production and processing activities that had never before been covered by federal standards (including, most notably, VOC controls on new hydraulically fractured natural gas wells). In an extension of these regulations, and in conjunction with the Obama Administration's Climate Action Plan, EPA promulgated additional rules on June 3, 2016, "to set standards for methane and VOC emissions from new and modified oil and gas production sources, and natural gas processing and transmission sources" not covered by the 2012 rule. Further, the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), promulgated a "Waste Prevention, Production Subject to Royalties, and Resource Conservation" rule on November 18, 2016, to target natural gas emissions on federal and Indian lands as a potential waste of public resources and loss of royalty revenue. In a direct response to the Obama-era standards, and in line with his campaign promises, President Trump signed Executive Order 13783 on March 28, 2017. The order--entitled "Promoting Energy Independence and Economic Growth"--requires agencies to review existing regulations and "appropriately suspend, revise, or rescind those that unduly burden" domestic energy production and use. Section 7 of the order specifically directs the EPA Administrator and the Secretary of the Interior to review several regulations related to domestic oil and gas development, including EPA's 2016 methane standards and BLM's 2016 waste prevention rule. In June 2017, both EPA and BLM announced plans to postpone the compliance dates for certain sections of the standards, pursuant to the Clean Air Act and the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), while the agencies work through the reconsideration process. On July 3, 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated EPA's administrative stay of the 2016 methane standards. On October 4, 2017, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California ruled against BLM's delay. Both agencies have since proposed rulemakings to postpone certain requirements of the rules. Scope and Purpose of This Report This report provides information on the natural gas industry and the types and sources of air pollutants in the sector. It examines the role of the federal government in regulating these emissions, including the provisions in the Clean Air Act and other statutes, and EPA's and other agencies' regulatory activities. It concludes with a brief discussion of a number of issues under debate, including: • defining the roles of industry and local, state, and federal governments; • establishing comprehensive emissions data; • determining the proper control of pollutants and sources; • understanding the human health and environmental impacts of emissions; and • estimating the costs of pollution abatement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S. court case Chevron U.S.A. Inc., v. Natural Resources Defense Council that applies if the Congress has given the administrative agency the general authority to make rules with the force of law. The objection of Justice Clarence Thomas on the case's fiction that ambiguity is construed as an implicit delegation of power to an administrative agency is tackled. He also argues that judicial deference to ambiguous agency statutory interpretations contradicts the law.

The article discusses the U.S. court case Chevron U.S.A. Inc., v. Natural Resources Defense Council that applies if the Congress has given the administrative agency the general authority to make rules with the force of law. It explores the step-two analysis of the Chevron framework if Congress has delegated authority to an agency to fill in the gaps of a statute. The courts are not allowed to substitute their own interpretation of a provision for an agency construction that is reasonable.