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The article cites the official dates of the World War II from December 7, 1941 to December 31, 1946, given under the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. The World War II with Germany was declared December 11, 1941 by the Joint Resolution of Congress. The World War II with Japan was declared on December 8, 1941 by the Joint Resolution of Congress. Also provided are dates of declarations and terminations for the World War II with Italy, Bulgaria and Hungary.

The article identifies the start and termination dates for U.S. involvement in World War II (WWII). During WWII, the U.S. declared war with six different countries such as Germany, Italy, the Empire of Japan, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania. These conflicts were only terminated with the signing of peace treaties with the countries involved. The U.S. never signed a peace treaty with Germany. However, a declaration of cessation of hostilities was made on December 31, 1946.

The article examines the institutional aspects of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It describes the organizational structure of the IMF and discusses the quotas for member countries. The article explains multilateral borrowing arrangements of the IMF: the New Arrangements to Borrow and the General Arrangements to Borrow. It also considers voting and influence at the IMF and provides a list of countries with the largest quota and voting shares, which include the U.S., Japan and Germany.

The article analyzes income mobility in the U.S. and other developed countries as of 2012. It offers a brief background of intergenerational elasticity (IGE) which assesses how persistent position in the income distribution is from one generation to the next. It discusses the trend in intergenerational mobility in the country. It also notes the findings of a meta-analysis of limited literature on intragenerational mobility in the U.S. and several other nations, including Germany and France.

The article discusses policies that aim to promote integration and combat terrorism in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Great Britain, five European countries with significant Muslim populations. The role of the European Union (EU) in creating European laws and policies related to integration and counter-radicalization are also examined. Historical integration efforts in Europe are highlighted. Radicalization has been linked to Islamist extremists in Europe.

The article presents report titled "U.S. Periods of War" by the U.S. Congressional Research Service as of September 14, 2010. Topics discussed include war or armed conflict of the U.S., Spanish-American War from April 21, 1898, through July 4, 1902 and World War I against Germany and Austria-Hungary and World War II against Germany, Japan and Italy.

The article offers information on the foreign and security policy in Germany. Topics include the domestic situation of Germany under German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who took office in November 2005, the foundations of German Foreign Policy, and the transformation of its security and defense policy. It also discusses Germany's foreign relations with the U.S., European Union (EU), and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

The article offers information on the foreign and security policy in Germany. Topics include the domestic situation of Germany under German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who took office in November 2005, the foundations of German Foreign Policy, and the transformation of its security and defense policy. It also discusses Germany's foreign relations with the U.S., European Union (EU), and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

German Chancellor Angela Merkel took office in November 2005 promising a foreign policy anchored in a revitalized transatlantic partnership. Most observers agree that since reaching a low-point in the lead-up to the Iraq war in 2003, relations between the United States and Germany have improved. With recent leadership changes in the United Kingdom and France, and a fragile coalition government in Italy, U.S. officials view Germany under Chancellor Merkel as a key U.S. ally in Europe. Despite continuing areas of divergence, President Bush and many Members of Congress have welcomed German leadership in Europe and have voiced expectations for increased U.S.-German cooperation on the international stage. German unification in 1990 and the end of the Cold War represented monumental shifts in the geopolitical realities that had traditionally defined German foreign policy. Germany was once again Europe's largest country, and the Soviet threat, which had served to unite West Germany with its pro-western neighbors and the United States, was no longer. Since the early 1990s, German leaders have been challenged to exercise a foreign policy grounded in a long-standing commitment to multilateralism and an aversion to military force while simultaneously seeking to assume the more proactive global role many argue is necessary to confront emerging security threats. Until 1994, Germany was constitutionally barred from deploying its armed forces abroad. Today, over 7,000 German troops are deployed in peacekeeping, stabilization, and reconstruction missions worldwide. As Germany's foreign and security policy continues to evolve, some experts perceive a widening gap between the global ambitions of Germany's political class, and an increasingly skeptical German public. Since the end of the Cold War, Germany's relations with the United States have been shaped by several key factors. These include Germany's growing support for a stronger, more capable European Union, and its continued allegiance to NATO as the primary guarantor of European security; Germany's ability and willingness to undertake the defense reforms many argue are necessary for it to meet its commitments within NATO and a burgeoning European Security and Defense Policy; and German popular opinion, especially the influence of strong public opposition to recent U.S. foreign policies on German leaders. Under Merkel's leadership, Germany has sought to boost transatlantic cooperation in areas ranging from economic and trade relations, climate change policy, and global counterterrorism and non-proliferation policy, to peacekeeping, reconstruction and stabilization efforts in Afghanistan, the Middle East, Africa, and the Balkans. Merkel has enjoyed relatively strong domestic support for her transatlantically-oriented foreign policy agenda. However, as her term progresses, and domestic political tensions mount, she may be more hard-pressed to justify her Atlanticist foreign policy agenda to a public which appears increasingly skeptical of U.S. influence in the world. This report may be updated as needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]