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Abstract We investigate the growth of operator size in the Lindbladian Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model with q-body interaction terms and linear jump terms at finite dissipation strength. We compute the operator size as well as its distribution numerically at finite q and analytically at large q. With dissipative (productive) jump terms, the size converges to a value smaller (larger) than half the number of Majorana fermions. At weak dissipation, the evolution of operator size displays a quadratic-exponential-plateau behavior. The plateau value is determined by the ratios between the coupling of the interaction and the linear jump term in the large q limit. The operator size distribution remains localized in the finite size region even at late times, contrasting with the unitary case. Moreover, we also derived the time-independent orthogonal basis for operator expansion which exhibits the operator size concentration at finite dissipation. Finally, we observe that the uncertainty relation for operator size growth is saturated at large q, leading to classical dynamics of the operator size growth with dissipation.

Abstract Background A stent with characteristics of a hybrid design may have advantages in improving the patency of symptomatic iliofemoral vein obstruction. This study assessed the safety and effectiveness of the V-Mixtent Venous Stent in treating symptomatic iliofemoral outflow obstruction. Methods Eligible patients had a Clinical-Etiologic-Anatomic-Physiologic (CEAP) C classification of ≥ 3 or a Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) pain score of ≥ 2. The primary safety endpoint was the rate of major adverse events within 30 days. The primary effectiveness endpoint was the 12-month primary patency rate. Secondary endpoints included changes in VCSS from baseline to 6 and 12 months, alterations in CEAP C classification, Chronic Venous Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (CIVIQ-14) scores at 12 months, and stent durability measures. Results Between December 2020 and November 2021, 171 patients were enrolled across 15 institutions. A total of 185 endovenous stents were placed, with 91.81% of subjects receiving one stent and 8.19% receiving 2 stents. Within 30 days, only two major adverse events occurred (1.17%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14–4.16%), below the literature-defined performance goal of 11% (P

Abstract In the framework of double holography, we investigate the entanglement behavior of a subregion of the defect on the boundary of a CFT3. The entanglement entropy of this defect subregion is determined by the quantum extremal surface (QES) anchored at the two endpoints of the subregion from the brane perspective. We further analyze the entanglement entropy of the quantum matter within this QES, which can be extracted from the total entanglement entropy. We find there are two phases of the QES. To numerically distinguish these phases, we design a strategy for approaching the QES by progressively reducing the width of a semi-ellipse-like region within the CFT3, which is bounded by the defect. During this process, we discover an entanglement phase transition driven by the degree of freedom on the brane. In the shrinking phase, the entanglement wedge of the defect subregion sharply decreases to zero as the removal of the CFT3. In contrast, in the stable phase, the wedge almost remains constant. In this phase, the formulas of entanglement measures can be derived based on defect and CFT3 central charges in the semi-classical limit. For entanglement entropy, the classical geometry only contributes a subleading term with logarithmic divergence, but the matter entanglement exhibits a dominant linear divergence, even in the semi-classical limit. For the reflected entropy within the defect subregion, classical geometry contributes a leading term with logarithmic divergence, while the quantum matter within the entanglement wedge only contributes a finite term.

Abstract We investigate the evolution of entanglement within an open, strongly coupled system interacting with a heat bath as its environment, in the frameworks of both the doubly holographic model and the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model. Generally, the entanglement within the system initially increases as due to internal interactions; however, it eventually dissipates into the environment. In the doubly holographic setup, we consider an end-of-the-world brane in the bulk to represent an eternal black hole coupled with its radiation and the evolution of the global thermofield double (TFD) state. For small black holes, the reflected entropy between the bipartition exhibits a ramp-plateau-slump behavior, where the plateau arises due to the phase transition of the entanglement wedge cross-section before the Page time. Similarly, the mutual information between the bipartition displays a ramp-slop-stabilizing behavior. In quantum mechanics, we consider a double copy of the SYK-plus-bath system in a global TFD state, resembling an eternal black hole interacting with an environment. The Rényi mutual information within the double-copied SYK clusters exhibits a ramp-plateau-slope-stabilizing behavior. The dynamic behaviors of the entanglement quantities observed in these two models are attributable to the competition between the internal interaction of the system and the external interaction with the baths. Our study provides a fine-grained picture of the entanglement dynamics inside black holes before their Page time.

Abstract Terrestrial geothermal springs are physicochemically diverse and host abundant populations of Archaea. However, the diversity, functionality, and geological influences of these Archaea are not well understood. Here we explore the genomic diversity of Archaea in 152 metagenomes from 48 geothermal springs in Tengchong, China, collected from 2016 to 2021. Our dataset is comprised of 2949 archaeal metagenome-assembled genomes spanning 12 phyla and 392 newly identified species, which increases the known species diversity of Archaea by ~48.6%. The structures and potential functions of the archaeal communities are strongly influenced by temperature and pH, with high-temperature acidic and alkaline springs favoring archaeal abundance over Bacteria. Genome-resolved metagenomics and metatranscriptomics provide insights into the potential ecological niches of these Archaea and their potential roles in carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrogen metabolism. Furthermore, our findings illustrate the interplay of competition and cooperation among Archaea in biogeochemical cycles, possibly arising from overlapping functional niches and metabolic handoffs. Taken together, our study expands the genomic diversity of Archaea inhabiting geothermal springs and provides a foundation for more incisive study of biogeochemical processes mediated by Archaea in geothermal ecosystems.

Abstract Aims This study compared the prevalences of metabolic syndrome and of cardiac or kidney comorbidities among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease (MAFLD), chronic infection with hepatitis B or C virus (HBV or HCV), or the combination of MAFLD and chronic HBV infection. Methods Medical records were retrospectively analyzed for patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy between March 2013 and March 2023. Patients with HCC of different etiologies were compared in terms of their clinicodemographic characteristics and laboratory data before surgery. Results Of the 2422 patients, 1,822 (75.2%) were chronically infected with HBV without MAFLD and HCV, 415 (17.2%) had concurrent MAFLD and chronic HBV infection but no HCV infection, 121 (5.0%) had MAFLD without hepatitis virus infection, and 64 (2.6%) were chronically infected with HCV in the presence or absence of MAFLD and HBV infection. Compared to patients chronically infected with HBV without MAFLD and HCV, those with MAFLD but no hepatitis virus infection showed significantly lower prevalence of cirrhosis, ascites, portal hypertension, alpha-fetoprotein concentration ≥ 400 ng/mL, tumor size > 5 cm, multinodular tumors and microvascular invasion. Conversely, they showed significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity, history of cardiovascular disease, T-wave alterations, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia, as well as higher risk of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Compared to patients with MAFLD but no hepatitis virus infection, those with concurrent MAFLD and chronic infection with HBV showed significantly higher prevalence of cirrhosis, ascites and portal hypertension, but significantly lower prevalence of hypertension and history of cardiovascular disease. Compared to patients with other etiologies, those chronically infected with HCV in the presence or absence of MAFLD and HBV infection, showed significantly higher prevalence of cirrhosis, portal hypertension, ascites, and esophagogastric varices. Conclusion Patients with HCC associated with MAFLD tend to have a background of less severe liver disease than those with HCC of other etiologies, but they may be more likely to suffer metabolic syndrome or comorbidities affecting the heart or kidneys.

Abstract Background Postoperative hyper-inflammation is a frequent event in patients with acute Stanford type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) after surgical repair. This study's objective was to determine which inflammatory biomarkers could be used to make a better formula for identifying postoperative hyper-inflammation, and which risk factors were associated with hyper-inflammation. Methods A total of 405 patients were enrolled in this study from October 1, 2020 to April 1, 2023. Of these patients, 124 exhibited poor outcomes. In order to investigate the optimal cut-off values for poor outcomes, logistic and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed on the following parameters on the first postoperative day: procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII). These cut-off points were used to separate the patients into hyper-inflammatory (n = 52) and control (n = 353) groups. Finally, the logistic were used to find the risk factors of hyper-inflammatory. Results PCT, CRP, IL-6, and SII were independent risk factors of poor outcomes in the multivariate logistic model. Cut-off points of these biomarkers were 2.18 ng/ml, 49.76 mg/L, 301.88 pg/ml, 2509.96 × 109/L respectively. These points were used to define postoperative hyper-inflammation (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.35–6.53, P 180 min, and deep hypothermia circulatory arrest (DHCA) > 40 min were the independent risk factors for hyper-inflammation. Conclusions PCT > 2.18, CRP > 49.76, IL-6 > 301.88, and SII 180 min and DHCA > 40 min were separate risk factors for postoperative hyper-inflammation.

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the combined pathological risk factors (PRFs) to stratify low-risk (pT1-3N1) stage III colon cancer (CC), providing a basis for individualized treatment in the future. Patients and methods PRFs for low-risk stage III CC were identified using COX model. Low-risk stage III CC was risk-grouped combining with PRFs, and survival analysis were performed using Kaplan–Meier. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) databases was used for external validation. Results Nine hundred sixty-two stage III CC patients were included with 634 (65.9%) as low risk and 328 (34.1%) as high risk. Poor differentiation (OS: P = 0.048; DFS: P = 0.011), perineural invasion (OS: P = 0.003; DFS: P

Objective: In this study, we screened for therapeutic targets of the Xian-Lian-Jie-Du decoction (XLJDD) for colorectal cancer (CRC) and explored the underlying mechanisms using network pharmacology techniques. Methods: Genes associated with CRC were collected from the GeneCards database. The names of the active compounds of XLJDD were used as keywords in the “chemical name” in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database to search the targets. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.8.1. Gene Ontology functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to identify key target proteins. Results: A total of 234 XLJDD-related targets and 250 cross-targets between XLJDD and CRC were collected based on the TCMSP and HIT 2.0 databases. A PPI network constructed based on the STRING database revealed interactions for all 250 proteins. The network results revealed TP53, MYC, CCND1, AKT1, CASP3, and STAT3 as core potential targets. KEGG pathway analysis of the 250 potential XLJDD targets for CRC in the Metascape database was performed using RStudio software. The top 12 gene ratio aggregated analysis results were visualized in bubble charts. The interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway had the highest correlation with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway. Conclusions: XLJDD may be effective in ameliorating CRC by controlling inflammatory factors related to the IL-17 and TNF pathways and targeting proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, including MYC, CCND1, CTNNB1, and TP53.

Abstract Background Accompanying islet α- and β-cell dysregulation in type 2 diabetes (T2D) at the microscopic scale, alterations in body composition at the macroscopic scale may affect the pathogenesis of T2D. However, the connections between body composition and islet α-cell and β-cell functions in T2D have not been thoroughly explored. Methods For this cross-sectional study, we recruited a total of 729 Chinese Han patients with T2D in a consecutive manner. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure body composition, which included total bone-free mass, total fat and lean mass, trunk fat and lean mass and limb fat and lean mass. Every patient underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to simultaneously detect glucose, C-peptide and glucagon. The indices of islet α-cell function included fasting glucagon levels and the area under the curve of glucagon after a challenge (AUCglucagon), while the indices of β-cell function included the insulin sensitivity index derived from C-peptide (ISIC-peptide) and the area under the curve of C-peptide after a challenge (AUCC-peptide). Results Among all patients, fat mass, especially trunk fat mass, was significantly correlated with ISIC-peptide and AUCC-peptide levels (r = − 0.330 and 0.317, respectively, p

We investigate the spin-dependent spin-polarization and transport properties in altermagnet-based resonant tunneling junctions, in which the altermagnet has two symmetric orientations of spin-split Fermi surface. In the first model the Fermi surface is an ellipse with the major axes either parallel or perpendicular to the altermagnet/barrier interface, and the Fermi surface in the second one is also an ellipse but the major and the minor axes have the same angle relative to the altermagnet/barrier interface. Our findings reveal that the transport properties for spin-up and spin-down electrons are spin polarized and depend on the orientation of the altermagnet with respect to the interface. In contrast to conventional ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic splitting mechanisms, the transmission in our study exhibits spin splitting with an alternating sign. For the first model, the total spin-polarization is zero, indicating a lack of net magnetization due to the combined effects of spin and real-space symmetries, thereby reflecting normal metal properties. Conversely, in the second model, a discernible total spin-polarization emerges, indicative of ferromagnetism. These orientation-dependent transport properties exemplify the unique features of the altermagnetism. The anisotropic altermagnetic state in momentum space can be measured by the orientation-dependent conductance in these resonant tunneling junctions.

The ectonucleotidase CD39 has been regarded as a promising immune checkpoint in solid tumors. However, the expression of CD39 by tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells as well as their potential roles and clinical implications in human gastric cancer (GC) remain largely unknown. Here, we found that GC-infiltrating CD8+ T cells contained a fraction of CD39hi cells that constituted about 6.6% of total CD8+ T cells in tumors. These CD39hi cells enriched for GC-infiltrating CD8+ T cells with features of exhaustion in transcriptional, phenotypic, metabolic and functional profiles. Additionally, GC-infiltrating CD39hiCD8+ T cells were also identified for tumor-reactive T cells, as these cells expanded in vitro were able to recognize autologous tumor organoids and induced more tumor cell apoptosis than those of expanded their CD39int and CD39-CD8+ counterparts. Furthermore, CD39 enzymatic activity controlled GC-infiltrating CD39hiCD8+ T cell effector function, and blockade of CD39 efficiently enhanced their production of cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. Finally, high percentages of GC-infiltrating CD39hiCD8+ T cells correlated with tumor progression and independently predicted patients’ poor overall survival. These findings provide novel insights into the association of CD39 expression level on CD8+ T cells with their features and potential clinical implications in GC, and empowering those exhausted tumor-reactive CD39hiCD8+ T cells through CD39 inhibition to circumvent the suppressor program may be an attractive therapeutic strategy against GC.

Triadica sebifera (T. sebifera) has attracted much attention because of the high oil content in its seeds, but there are few systematic studies on the phenolic compounds of T. sebifera leaves (TSP). In this study, the extraction process of TSP was optimized by response surface methodology. The phenolic components of these extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, the effects of hot air drying (HD), vacuum drying (VD) and freeze drying (FD) on the antioxidant activity and characterization of T. sebifera leaf extract (TSLE) were evaluated. Under the conditions of ethanol concentration 39.8%, liquid–solid ratio (LSR) 52.1, extraction time 20.2 min and extraction temperature 50.6 °C, the maximum TSP yield was 111.46 mg GAE/g dw. The quantitative analysis and correlation analysis of eight compounds in TSP showed that the type and content of phenolic compounds had significant correlations with antioxidant activity, indicating that tannic acid, isoquercitrin and ellagic acid were the main components of antioxidant activities. In addition, through DPPH and ABTS determination, VD-TSLE and FD-TSLE showed strong scavenging ability, with IC50 values of 138.2 μg/mL and 135.5 μg/mL and 73.5 μg/mL and 74.3 μg/mL, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) infrared spectroscopy revealed small differences in the extracts of the three drying methods. This study lays a foundation for the effective extraction process and drying methods of phenolic antioxidants from T. sebifera leaves, and is of great significance for the utilization of T. sebifera leaves.