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Instruction following is one of the fundamental capabilities of large language models (LLMs). As the ability of LLMs is constantly improving, they have been increasingly applied to deal with complex human instructions in real-world scenarios. Therefore, how to evaluate the ability of complex instruction-following of LLMs has become a critical research problem. Existing benchmarks mainly focus on modeling different types of constraints in human instructions while neglecting the composition of different constraints, which is an indispensable constituent in complex instructions. To this end, we propose ComplexBench, a benchmark for comprehensively evaluating the ability of LLMs to follow complex instructions composed of multiple constraints. We propose a hierarchical taxonomy for complex instructions, including 4 constraint types, 19 constraint dimensions, and 4 composition types, and manually collect a high-quality dataset accordingly. To make the evaluation reliable, we augment LLM-based evaluators with rules to effectively verify whether generated texts can satisfy each constraint and composition. Furthermore, we obtain the final evaluation score based on the dependency structure determined by different composition types. ComplexBench identifies significant deficiencies in existing LLMs when dealing with complex instructions with multiple constraints composition., Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures

We consider the three-dimensional rotating motions of neutron stars blown by the "axion wind". Neutron star precession and spin can change from the magnetic moment coupling to the oscillating axion background field, in analogy to the gyroscope motions with a driving force and the laboratory Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) detections of the axion. This effect modulates the pulse arrival time of the pulsar timing arrays. It shows up as a signal on the timing residual and two-point correlation function on the recent data of Nanograv and PPTA. The current measurement of PTAs can thus cast constraints on the axion-nucleon coupling as g_{ann} ~ 10^{-12}{GeV}^{-1}., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures

Referring image segmentation (RIS) aims to locate the particular region corresponding to the language expression. Existing methods incorporate features from different modalities in a \emph{bottom-up} manner. This design may get some unnecessary image-text pairs, which leads to an inaccurate segmentation mask. In this paper, we propose a referring image segmentation method called HARIS, which introduces the Human-Like Attention mechanism and uses the parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) framework. To be specific, the Human-Like Attention gets a \emph{feedback} signal from multi-modal features, which makes the network center on the specific objects and discard the irrelevant image-text pairs. Besides, we introduce the PEFT framework to preserve the zero-shot ability of pre-trained encoders. Extensive experiments on three widely used RIS benchmarks and the PhraseCut dataset demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance and great zero-shot ability.

Recently, diffusion-based purification (DBP) has emerged as a promising approach for defending against adversarial attacks. However, previous studies have used questionable methods to evaluate the robustness of DBP models, their explanations of DBP robustness also lack experimental support. We re-examine DBP robustness using precise gradient, and discuss the impact of stochasticity on DBP robustness. To better explain DBP robustness, we assess DBP robustness under a novel attack setting, Deterministic White-box, and pinpoint stochasticity as the main factor in DBP robustness. Our results suggest that DBP models rely on stochasticity to evade the most effective attack direction, rather than directly countering adversarial perturbations. To improve the robustness of DBP models, we propose Adversarial Denoising Diffusion Training (ADDT). This technique uses Classifier-Guided Perturbation Optimization (CGPO) to generate adversarial perturbation through guidance from a pre-trained classifier, and uses Rank-Based Gaussian Mapping (RBGM) to convert adversarial pertubation into a normal Gaussian distribution. Empirical results show that ADDT improves the robustness of DBP models. Further experiments confirm that ADDT equips DBP models with the ability to directly counter adversarial perturbations.

Diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in generating high quality image and video data. More recently, they have also been used for image compression with high perceptual quality. In this paper, we present a novel approach to extreme video compression leveraging the predictive power of diffusion-based generative models at the decoder. The conditional diffusion model takes several neural compressed frames and generates subsequent frames. When the reconstruction quality drops below the desired level, new frames are encoded to restart prediction. The entire video is sequentially encoded to achieve a visually pleasing reconstruction, considering perceptual quality metrics such as the learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS) and the Frechet video distance (FVD), at bit rates as low as 0.02 bits per pixel (bpp). Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to standard codecs such as H.264 and H.265 in the low bpp regime. The results showcase the potential of exploiting the temporal relations in video data using generative models. Code is available at: https://github.com/ElesionKyrie/Extreme-Video-Compression-With-Prediction-Using-Pre-trainded-Diffusion-Models-

Referring image segmentation (RIS) aims to segment a particular region based on a language expression prompt. Existing methods incorporate linguistic features into visual features and obtain multi-modal features for mask decoding. However, these methods may segment the visually salient entity instead of the correct referring region, as the multi-modal features are dominated by the abundant visual context. In this paper, we propose MARIS, a referring image segmentation method that leverages the Segment Anything Model (SAM) and introduces a mutual-aware attention mechanism to enhance the cross-modal fusion via two parallel branches. Specifically, our mutual-aware attention mechanism consists of Vision-Guided Attention and Language-Guided Attention, which bidirectionally model the relationship between visual and linguistic features. Correspondingly, we design a Mask Decoder to enable explicit linguistic guidance for more consistent segmentation with the language expression. To this end, a multi-modal query token is proposed to integrate linguistic information and interact with visual information simultaneously. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art RIS methods. Our code will be publicly available.

This paper is to consider a general low-rank signal plus noise model in high dimensional settings. Specifically, we consider the noise with a general covariance structure and the signal to be at the same magnitude as the noise. Our study focuses on exploring various asymptotic properties related to the spiked eigenvalues and eigenvectors. As applications, we propose a new criterion to estimate the number of clusters, and investigate the properties of spectral clustering.

Several pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments such as NANOGrav and PPTA reported evidence of a gravitational wave background at the nano-Hz frequency band recently. This signal can originate from scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGW) generated by the enhanced curvature perturbation. Here we perform a joint likelihood inference on PTA datasets, and our results show that if the PTA signals were indeed of SIGW origin, the curvature perturbations amplitude required will produce primordial black holes (PBHs) in $[2 \times 10^{-5}, 2 \times 10^{-2}]\ m_\odot$ mass range. Mergers of these PBHs can leave a strong gravitational wave signature in the $[10^{-3}, 10^8]$ Hz frequency range, to be detectable at upcoming interferometers such as the Einstein Telescope, DECIGO and BBO, etc. This offers a multi-frequency opportunity to further scrutinize the source of the observed PTA signal., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures

Partial scan is a common approach to accelerate Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data acquisition in both 2D and 3D settings. However, accurately reconstructing images from partial scan data (i.e., incomplete k-space matrices) remains challenging due to lack of an effectively global receptive field in both spatial and k-space domains. To address this problem, we propose the following: (1) a novel convolutional operator called Faster Fourier Convolution (FasterFC) to replace the two consecutive convolution operations typically used in convolutional neural networks (e.g., U-Net, ResNet). Based on the spectral convolution theorem in Fourier theory, FasterFC employs alternating kernels of size 1 in 3D case) in different domains to extend the dual-domain receptive field to the global and achieves faster calculation speed than traditional Fast Fourier Convolution (FFC). (2) A 2D accelerated MRI method, FasterFC-End-to-End-VarNet, which uses FasterFC to improve the sensitivity maps and reconstruction quality. (3) A multi-stage 3D accelerated MRI method called FasterFC-based Single-to-group Network (FAS-Net) that utilizes a single-to-group algorithm to guide k-space domain reconstruction, followed by FasterFC-based cascaded convolutional neural networks to expand the effective receptive field in the dual-domain. Experimental results on the fastMRI and Stanford MRI Data datasets demonstrate that FasterFC improves the quality of both 2D and 3D reconstruction. Moreover, FAS-Net, as a 3D high-resolution multi-coil (eight) accelerated MRI method, achieves superior reconstruction performance in both qualitative and quantitative results compared with state-of-the-art 2D and 3D methods.

Gravitational waves can generate electromagnetic effects inside a strong electric or magnetic field within the Standard Model and general relativity. Here we propose using a quarterly split cavity and LC(inductor and capacitor)-resonance circuit to detect a high-frequency gravitational wave from 0.1 MHz to GHz. We perform a full 3D simulation of the cavity's signal for sensitivity estimate. Our sensitivity depends on the coherence time scale of the high-frequency gravitational wave sources and the volume size of the split cavity. We discuss the resonant measurement schemes for narrow-band gravitational wave sources and also a non-resonance scheme for broadband signals. For a meter-sized split cavity under a 14 Tesla magnetic field, the LC resonance enhanced sensitivity to the gravitational wave strain is expected to reach $h\sim 10^{-20}$ around $10$ MHz., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures. v2 added discussion and references.some natural units corrected,PRD version

In this paper, we use the dimensional reduction technique to study the central limit theory (CLT) random quadratic forms based on sample means and sample covariance matrices. Specifically, we use a matrix denoted by $U_{p\times q}$, to map $q$-dimensional sample vectors to a $p$ dimensional subspace, where $q\geq p$ or $q\gg p$. Under the condition of $p/n\rightarrow 0$ as $(p,n)\rightarrow \infty$, we obtain the CLT of random quadratic forms for the sample means and sample covariance matrices.

Magnetic resonance imaging plays an essential role in clinical diagnosis by acquiring the structural information of biological tissue. Recently, many multi-contrast MRI super-resolution networks achieve good effects. However, most studies ignore the impact of the inappropriate foreground scale and patch size of multi-contrast MRI, which probably leads to inappropriate feature alignment. To tackle this problem, we propose the Flexible Alignment Super-Resolution Network (FASR-Net) for multi-contrast MRI Super-Resolution. The Flexible Alignment module of FASR-Net consists of two modules for feature alignment. (1) The Single-Multi Pyramid Alignment(S-A) module solves the situation where low-resolution (LR) images and reference (Ref) images have different scales. (2) The Multi-Multi Pyramid Alignment(M-A) module solves the situation where LR and Ref images have the same scale. Besides, we propose the Cross-Hierarchical Progressive Fusion (CHPF) module aiming at fusing the features effectively, further improving the image quality. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, FASR-net achieves the most competitive results on FastMRI and IXI datasets. Our code will be available at \href{https://github.com/yimingliu123/FASR-Net}{https://github.com/yimingliu123/FASR-Net}.

In the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT), operators involving the top quark are generally difficult to probe, and can generate sizable loop contributions to the electroweak precision observables, measured by past and future lepton colliders. Could the high precision of the electroweak measurements compensate the loop suppression and provide competitive reaches on these operators? Would the inclusion of these contributions introduce too many additional parameters for a meaningful global electroweak analysis to be done? In this paper, we perform a detailed phenomenological study to address these two important questions. Focusing on eight dimension-6 operators that generate anomalous couplings between the electroweak gauge bosons and the third-generation quarks, we calculate their one loop contributions to the $e^+e^- \to f\bar{f}$ processes both on and off the Z-pole and the $e^-e^+ \to WW$ process. A global analysis is performed with these eight operators and the ones that contribute to the above processes at tree level, using the measurements at LEP, SLC and several low energy experiments. We find that, while the current electroweak precision measurements are sensitive to the one-loop effects of the top-quark operators, it is difficult to separate them from the operators that contribute at the tree level, making a global analysis rather challenging. Under more assumptions, competitive reaches could be obtained in a global fit. Another important finding of our study is that the two operators that generate dipole interactions of the bottom quark have significant impacts in the Z-pole measurements and should not be omitted. We also discuss the implication of the recently reported W-boson mass measurement at CDF to our results. Finally, we estimate the reaches of future lepton colliders in probing the top-quark operators with precision electroweak measurements., Comment: 38 pages, 14 figures

Intelligent edge network is maturing to enable smart and efficient transportation systems. In this letter, we consider unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted vehicular networks where UAVs provide caching and computing services in complement with base station (BS). One major challenge is that vehicles need to obtain timely situational awareness via orchestration of ubiquitous caching and computing resources. Note that cached data for vehicles' perception tasks contains time-varying context information, thus freshness of cached data should be considered in conjunction with task execution to guarantee timeliness of obtained status updates. To this end, we propose a two-stage performance metric to quantify the impact of cache refreshing and computation offloading decisions on the age of status updates. We formulate an energy minimization problem by jointly considering cache refreshing, computation offloading and aging of status updates. To facilitate online decision making, we propose a deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG)-based solution procedure and incorporate differentiated experience replay mechanism to accelerate convergence. Simulation results show that the performance of proposed solution is competitive in terms of energy consumption for obtaining fresh status updates.