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Two weeks after starting the oral contraceptive pill, a 16-year-old girl developed increasingly violent chorea and an evolving psychosis with prominent hallucinations, ideas of reference, and paranoia. An erythematous skin rash subsequently developed and Sydenham's chorea (SC) was diagnosed. Following neuroleptic medication and steroids, her chorea and psychosis subsided. This case illustrates that severe psychotic features can occur in SC. It is recommended that antistreptolysin O titres and antibasal ganglia antibodies are checked early in patients with evolving movement disorders and prominent neuropsychiatric features, as the window for modifying the course of this immune-mediated disorder may be narrow.

The 21st Century Catch Toolkit is a product of the INTERREG IVa 2 Seas project GIFS (Geography of Inshore Fishing and Sustainability). Work on the GIFS project was completed between January 2012 and September 2014 and was undertaken by a collaboration of six partners from four European countries bordering the Southern North Sea and English Channel. GIFS aimed to understand and capture the social, economic and cultural importance of inshore fishing to better inform fisheries policy, coastal regeneration strategies and sustainable community development. The project has involved a range of research projects, regeneration activities and case studies across southern England, northern France, Flanders and the southern Netherlands. GIFS partners have worked with local stakeholders and communities to explore the geographical diversity and similarities of fishing ports, harbours and people along the Channel and Southern North Sea. This toolkit is a product of that collaboration which provides useful findings and advice on how to value the social, economic and cultural importance of inshore fishing today.

The "21st Century Catch: Practical approaches for sustainable inshore fishing communities" Toolkit is a product of the INTERREG IVa 2 Seas project GIFS (Geography of Inshore Fishing and Sustainability). The partners have worked with local stakeholders and communities to explore the geographical diversity and similarities of fishing ports, harbours and people along the Channel and southern North Sea. This toolkit is a product of the collaboration and provides a set of methods to help assess the economic, social and cultural importance of inshore fishing while also describing practical approaches for the regeneration of coastal towns. These tools can be used at a range of spatial scales from the local community level to regional or national levels and draw on examples from empirical research, practical applications and creative arts. It describes the rationale behind each method used and gives guidance about where and in what circumstances they might be applicable. Advice is given on how to use the tools, their applicability at different spatial scales, what they can be used for and practical issues such as the resources to implement them (e.g. time and money). It has been developed for anyone interested in the way that inshore fishing is valued economically, socially, culturally and environmentally, and its role for sustainable community development., Le toolkit "21st Century Catch: Practical approaches for sustainable inshore fishing communities" est un produit du projet INTERREG IVa 2 Mers GIFS (Geographie, pêche maritime et durabilité). Les partenaires ont collaboré avec les parties prenantes locales et les communautés pour documenter la diversité géographique, mais aussi les ressemblances entre les ports de pêche et les villages de pêcheurs dans la Manche et dans le Sud de la Mer du Nord. Ce toolkit est un produit qui résulte de cette collaboration, et elle procure quelques méthodes pour la compréhension de l’importance économique, sociale et culturelle de la pêche maritime, ainsi que des méthodes pour la description de quelques approches pratiques pour la régénération des villages de pêcheurs. Les outils peuvent être utilisés à travers une large gamme de niveaux spatiaux: au niveau local, jusqu’au niveau régional et même national. Les outils se fondent sur des exemples issus de recherches empiriques, des applications pratiques et des arts créatifs. Nous décrivons l’idée sous-jacente de chaque méthode, et nous donnons un avis pour savoir comment et dans quelles conditions les outils s’appliquent. Nous conseillons donc comment il convient de les utiliser, et nous en expliquons l’applicabilité sur les différentes échelles spatiales. Nous expliquons aussi les démarches dans lesquelles les méthodes s’appliquent, et nous informons en outre sur les questions pratiques telles que les sources requises (la période, les frais). Le toolkit a été développé pour toute personne s’intéressant à la manière dont la pêche maritime se valorise sur le plan économique, social, culturel et environnemental, ou pour toute personne s’intéressant au rôle de la pêche maritime dans le développement de communautés durables.

Key findings:\ud \ud Finding 1: Shared values resulting from deliberative, group-based valuation are different from individual values. Case study evidence suggests that they are more informed, considered, confident and reflective of participants’ deeper-held, transcendental values. Deliberated, group-based monetary values may be a better reflection of real welfare impacts than non-deliberated individual values, if derived through a carefully designed and managed process. Although more research is needed to expand the currently small evidence base on deliberative monetary methods, group deliberation has the potential to significantly enhance elicitation of values.\ud \ud Finding 2: The ethical, moral and justice dimensions of many environmental issues necessitate approaches that allow for the elicitation of shared and plural values. Key ethical concerns include: 1) providing a space and opportunity for people to identify values that they may find difficult to articulate (e.g. spiritual, identity); 2) recognising that some values cannot be traded without discussion and negotiation (e.g. the legal or felt rights of local people, intrinsic values of other species); and 3) understanding that it is often difficult to isolate valuation from decision-making processes because people feel there are strong ethical or moral issues at stake that need to be debated (e.g. the justice of the process, fairness in the distribution of benefits or disbenefits, responsibility, and issues of sustainability and future generations).\ud \ud Finding 3: Catalyst and/or conflict points can play a key role in the emergence and articulation of values at a societal or community level that have not previously been outwardly or explicitly articulated. Catalyst and conflict points can be symbolic and are often linked to wider contested issues and meanings about who is involved in decision-making, whose voice counts and who receives the benefits or disbenefits of environmental change. These catalyst points can potentially be connected to feelings of powerlessness that give rise to concern and protest. By recognising transcendental societal and communal values (the deeper-held and overarching values held by society and communities), it becomes possible to make these values explicit and incorporate them in decision-making to better anticipate and manage conflicts.\ud \ud Finding 4: There is a diversity of ways in which shared, plural, cultural and social values are used, but they are rarely conceptualised. The UK NEAFO provides a clear theoretical framework that distinguishes and categorises different dimensions and types of shared values. The proposed range of value types was both identifiable and distinguishable within case study results. This suggests that the framework provides a useful basis for operationalizing shared values for decision-making.\ud \ud Finding 5: Shared and social values in the sense of value to society is conceptualised very differently by conventional economics and other disciplines. Neoclassical economists have generally undertaken valuation by equating social value with the aggregate of individual values. They consider values as fundamentally commensurable. In contrast, literature from other disciplines consistently considers values as plural, not just in the sense that multiple things have value, but also that there are multiple dimensions to value that cannot necessarily be captured in a single metric. Within mainstream economics, the difficulties associated with commensurability and aggregating values have long been recognised, but have also been neglected. An interesting area for future debate between economic and non-economic views on values may be the normative nature of value-aggregation.\ud \ud Finding 6: A mixed method approach is required to elicit the multiple dimensions of shared values and to translate deeper-held, transcendental values into contextual values and preferences. Monetary valuation is limited to quantifying values. Other methods are needed to understand their meaning or content, and the communal, societal and transcendental values that underpin them. Psychometric, non-analytical and interpretive methods (e.g. storytelling) can reveal those shared values. They can be combined with deliberative-analytical methods (e.g. deliberative monetary valuation and multi-criteria analysis) to provide a comprehensive valuation that can quantify values, understand their individual and shared meanings and significance, and better include ethical dimensions.\ud \ud Finding 7: Deliberative and social learning processes help people to understand the values held by others; they can lead to increased sharing of values and/or to greater acceptance of the decisions emerging from such processes. Deliberation clearly affects what values participants express compared to non-deliberated processes. There is also a growing body of theoretical and empirical research suggesting that deliberation has the potential to affect how people understand and shape the values of others. Although rarely considered in the economic literature, the concept of social learning helps to explain some of the processes involved in deliberation. The extent to which deliberation or social learning helps participants express and shape values will depend upon the frequency and depth of interactions and the timescale over which interactions occur. Only a shift in cultural values (e.g. less emphasis on material wealth), reflected in other societal institutions (e.g. changes in the indicators used to measure national progress) is likely to achieve sustainable outcomes in the long-term.\ud \ud Finding 8: Media analysis is a promising avenue for characterising different types of shared values at a large scale, as well as assessing the conflicts between the communal values of different sectors of society. There has been a marked increase in public interest in environmental issues over the last decade, which is reflected in their increased media coverage. Media content and discourse analysis is able to distinguish and characterise the plurality of cultural, societal and transcendental values and their interrelationships, and can offer a picture of the self- and other-regarding values that underpin environmental issues and conflicts. Social media can provide a further forum for understanding societal and communal values surrounding environmental issues.\ud \ud Finding 9: Aesthetic and spiritual values of ecosystems have a strong non-instrumental component. While they benefit human well-being, they should not simply be classified as just ‘services’ or ‘benefits’. Many spiritual discourses about nature resist talk of consequentialist benefits and economic analysis. These discourses counter assertions of the disenchantment of the world, which is associated with an instrumental environmental ethic and the commodification of nature. Allowing the possibility of enchantment can be a richer way of understanding our experience of nature and alerts us to the limitations of using economic models for valuation and informing decisions about these profound cultural ecosystem ‘services’. Faith communities have experience of using these non-utilitarian values in their own decision-making and provide models that could be adapted for use in environmental decision-making.\ud \ud Finding 10: Subjective well-being measures provide a useful means of assessing ‘intangible’ cultural ecosystem services and their benefits. Different user groups associate common elements of subjective well-being with environmental settings, providing opportunities for development of standardised measures. In the UK NEAFO, key facets of well-being associated with places in nature across different user groups included: engagement with nature (incorporating elements of connectedness, getting to know nature and the beauty of nature, and taking care of a place); therapeutic benefits (including physical and mental aspects of health); place identity (including a sense of place and belonging); spiritual value (in the sense of feeling connected or responsible to something larger than oneself); social bonding with others; and transformative and memorable experiences. Further empirical work with different user groups and environmental settings would allow for the continued development of a standardised tool for large-scale non-monetary assessment of cultural ecosystem services.

Aquest article resumeix el desenvolupament del programa INTERREG i la cooperació a la frontera franc-britànica en els últims vint anys. Això és seguit per una anàlisi de la forma transfronterera cooperació pot entendre recorrent a les discussions conceptuals de canviar la governança europea i les relacions de poder entre els diferents nivells de govern. Aquestes idees conceptuals proporcionen un context per a un examen en profunditat de la iniciativa INTERREG IIIA, a la frontera franc-britànica que es destaquen alguns dels principals problemes i les contradiccions de la cooperació transfronterera. This paper summarise the development of the INTERREG programme and co-operation on the Franco-British border over the last twenty years. This is followed by a consideration of how cross-border co-operation can be understood by drawing on conceptual discussions of changing European governance and the power relations between different tiers of government. These conceptual ideas provide a context for an in depth consideration of the INTERREG IIIA initiative on the Franco-British border which highlights some of the key problems and contradictions of cross border co-operation.

The purpose of this research is to learn how city governments, human services departments, and community organizations can reduce the impact to human health from summer heat waves in U.S. cities. The city of Chicago developed its Extreme Weather Operations Plan to reduce the impact of heat waves after the tragedy experienced in 1995 when over 500 people died from excessive heat exposure (heat stroke). Another U.S. city, Philadelphia, developed a heat warning system, the Philadelphia Hot Weather Health Watch/Warning System, which used climate data and human mortality data to identify hazardous air masses (heat waves) that have the potential to elevate human mortality within the city. For this research, the case studies conducted on Chicago and Philadelphia will focus on the meteorological characteristics of a past heat wave such as length of time (days/weeks), high temperatures, low temperatures, heat index, and dew point temperatures. Then for each case study the impact on human health will be assessed. This study will be looking at heat wave mortality from exposure to excessive heat as well as mortality from other illnesses further complicated by exposure to excessive heat. Finally, this study will focus on how the heat warning systems used in Chicago and Philadelphia were able to reduce the impact to human health during heat waves and how these systems can be improved and used in other U.S. cities.

Simultaneous and precursory signals in sea surface temperature (SST) associated with anomalous precipitation over North, Central and South America are examined with seasonal mean data. The relationships are documented for SST variations in three regions: the equatorial Pacific (NIÑO3), the tropical North Atlantic (NATL), and the tropical South Atlantic (SATL). These area definitions are based on the distributions of variance explained by the leading modes of SST variability in each ocean basin. The analyses reveal that when SSTs are warmer than average in the NIÑO3 region, increased rainfall in the Caribbean Islands and southern Central America occurs. Precipitation also increases over the central US while it decreases over portions of Columbia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana as well as the Nordeste region of South America. When NATL SSTs are warmer than average, large areas of the north central US as well as northeast Brazil experience decreased precipitation. When changes in SATL SSTs are considered, positive correlations with precipitation over the Nordeste and subtropical plains regions of South America are highly significant. Several long-lead relationships between SST and anomalous precipitation are identified. Changes in NINO3 SST during boreal summer are significantly correlated with rainfall anomalies over northern South America and southern North America six months later. Similarly, changes in both NATL and SATL SSTs are found to precede inter-American precipitation anomalies by six to nine months.

We analyzed CO measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere via infrared spectroscopy using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer that was flown aboard two aircraft, a NASA DC8 and NCAR Sabreliner. Measurements were made between 1978-1992. Measurements of stratospheric CO can aid in understanding transport in the lower stratosphere. Calculated reference spectra were generated to analyze the observed spectra produced by the spectrometer using standard temperature and mixing ratio profiles and molecular line parameters. Nonlinear least squares fitting were used to match calculated reference spectra with observed spectra. The CO amount in the best-fit reference spectrum was assigned to the observed spectrum. CO column was corrected to be the amount above the 200mb pressure surface because column varies rapidly with aircraft altitude. CO column was plotted against latitude and then divided into seasons to observe any seasonal variations. Higher columns occurred near the equator while lower columns occurred near the poles. This characteristic was consistent in the seasonal plots, indicating little seasonal variations. Higher CO column near the equator is explained by presence of tropospheric air that has a higher density of CO and CO entering the stratosphere at the equator. Lower CO column near the poles is due to presence of only stratospheric air that has less CO. The observed column was similar in both hemispheres near the poles, where the observation is wholly stratospheric, but asymmetric about 20 because of the large interhemispheric gradient in tropospheric CO.

Aerosols modify climate directly by reflecting incoming solar and absorbing outgoing longwave radiation and indirectly by altering the microphysical properties of clouds, influencing how clouds reflect solar radiation. If aerosols also modify the larger scale physical properties of clouds, this could cause changes in their radiative properties at are not accounted for in present day climate models. Using measurements of aerosol concentration (A) collected onboard the NCAR C130 during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), clouds were classified as pristine (A1500cm⁻³). Then using nadir airborne lidar data, measured cloud top heights in polluted air masses were found to be 897m±190m, and in pristine are masses 1223m± 405m, a difference of only 27%. Statistics assembled on the geometric properties of the aerosol layers show that multiple aerosol layers occur more frequently in polluted regions than in transition regions, with virtually no discernible aerosol layers in pristine regions. It was also determined that when multiple layers are present, their uppermost layers are lower in height than when only one thick aerosol layer is present.

Several previous studies have established statistical relationships between tornadic weather and environmental conditions by associating severe weather reports with rawinsonde observations. Here, we seek (1) to determine weather similar relationships hold when severe weather reports are associated with gridded short -term numerical forecasts, and (2) to develop and demonstrate a probabilistic model to forecast the likelihood a thunderstorm will be tornadic. Severe weather reports and lightning network data from 1 January 1999 through 29 June 1999 were used to classifY the weather at a set of Rapid-Update Cycle (RUC-2) grid points into the mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events representing increasing severity to the weather. The events were no significant weather, thunderstorms, severe thunderstorms, or tornadoes. RUC-2 forecast convectively available potential energy (CAPE), helicity, and 0-6 km wind shear from these same dates were associated with this gridded classification 0 the weather. We generally found similar relationships between environmental parameters and storm severity as others have previously documented. Our Bayesian probabilistic model forecasts the likelihood of that a thunderstorm will be tornadic given a certain value of CAPE and helicity (or CAPE and wind shear). This model is shown to do a reasonable job of locating high-threat areas many hours in advance ofthe severe weather and may be of use as a forecast tool.