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2. Soviet Planning: The Problem of Economic Balance
- Author
-
Leontief, W. W.
- Published
- 1946
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Red China's Five-Year Plan Reveals a Rice-Paper Tiger.
- Subjects
- *
FIVE year plans , *INDUSTRIAL productivity , *PRODUCTION (Economic theory) , *POPULATION ,ECONOMIC conditions in China -- 1949-1976 - Abstract
The author comments on Red China's Five-Year Plan. According to the plan, national output will have gone up by 51.1%, while industrial production has been ordered to increase by 98.3%. However, China, for all its 600 million people, is still far from being a first-class power even if every goal were reached exactly. There is a difference between having the power to oppress 600 million people and the power needed to convert latent energy into growth which marks a first-class power.
- Published
- 1956
4. Soviet Production.
- Subjects
FIVE year plans ,SOVIET economic policy ,PRODUCTION (Economic theory) ,DAIRY products industry ,ECONOMICS ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
The article presents a report from the Soviet State Planning Commission for the Soviet Union's Five-Year Plan from 1946-1950, which aims to rebuild and push production to 1940 levels and beyond, which revealed that twelve industrial ministries achieved its production goals in Soviet Union. It states that the Ministry of Meat & Dairy Products with 110% and the Ministry of Cellulose & Paper rated 109% both exceeded the targets. Moreover, consumer goods output exceeded 1945 level by 20%.
- Published
- 1947
5. THE INCENTIVE SYSTEM IN THE USSR: THE ABORTIVE REFORM OF 1965.
- Author
-
Adam, Jan
- Subjects
ECONOMIC policy ,LABOR incentives ,ECONOMIC reform ,EMPLOYEE motivation ,FIVE year plans ,INDUSTRIES ,LABOR productivity ,INDUSTRIAL relations - Abstract
There were many economic reforms initiated in the Soviet Union in the mid 1960s in an attempt to recentralize the planning system. The reforms initiated in 1965 failed to achieve their purpose, and the latest five-year plan represents a recentralization of planning and a return to several features of the incentive system that had existed prior to 1965. This paper analyzes these recent developments in the incentive system in Soviet industry. One of the important changes initiated in 1965 was an increased emphasis on profit as a source of employee bonuses. It was expected that giving greater scope for managers' initiative and providing more attractive incentives for both managers and workers would stimulate labor productivity. The size of this incentive fund was planned to be a varying percentage of the wage bill in each enterprise, depending on two success indicators that Soviet economists usually termed fundcreating indicators. It is remarked in the article that the significance of these changes, lies in their direction.
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. ON PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHOICE IN SOVIET INDUSTRY.
- Author
-
Granick, David
- Subjects
INDUSTRIALIZATION ,METAL industry ,SOVIET economic policy ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,FIVE year plans ,SHIFT systems ,ECONOMIC development ,NATIONAL income - Abstract
Early industrial development in Soviet Union means its development during the period of the first two Five Year Plans-is commonly acknowledged to have been extremely rapid by international standards. As such, it inevitably exerts a strong attraction on the governments of underdeveloped nations. There is a natural interest in seeing what lessons can be learned from it. This paper concentrates on one such lesson. In trying to explain this rapid rate of development, three different lines of explanation have been pushed by various Western scholars. The main explanation given is the high proportion of national income set aside for investment, and the fact that such investment was directed primarily into the expansion of directly-productive rather than social capital. This investment was accompanied by a large influx of labor into industry and construction, since this labor force was more pushed out of agriculture than pulled into industry, such relocation of human resources did not interfere with a program of restricting consumption to the advantage of investment.
- Published
- 1962
7. FAMILY PLANNING KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICE IN MALAYA.
- Author
-
Swee-Hock, Saw
- Subjects
BIRTH control ,FIVE year plans ,CONTRACEPTION ,SURVEYS ,HUMAN reproduction - Abstract
The article discusses that one of the principal objectives of the Malaysian Five-Year Plan, 1966-70 is to "lay the groundwork for less rapid population growth by instituting an effective programme of family planning." In consonance with this policy the Malaysian Government established an autonomous National Family Planning Board on June 10, 1966, under the Family Planning Act of 1966 passed by parliament. The planning and execution of the KAP Survey lasted about one full year from mid-1966 to mid-1967, while the fieldwork was held in two rounds. Very minor variation in the proportion reporting some acquaintance with birth control methods prevails with age and parity. The proportion increases gently with age up to the maximum at the 25-34 age group and then falls slightly toward the end of the reproductive age range. Since the poorer wives are most probably also very poorly educated, there is a positive correlation between income and knowledge of contraceptive method. The data tabulated by household income of wives shown confirm that the relationship not only existed but was rather strong.
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Soviets' Second Plan Promises Orders Tempting to Americans.
- Subjects
FIVE year plans ,INVESTMENTS ,ELECTRIFICATION ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,SOVIET Union-United States relations - Abstract
The article assesses the promises of the Second Five-Year Plan of Russia. Some significant items of the plan are presented which involve the doubling of investment, new electrification projects, and the world's largest copper-producing plant. Two interesting propositions are discussed including a visit by American bankers to Russia to investigate the possibilities of expanding trade, and a call for more attention to a two-way Russian business. Amtorg orders are examined in relation to questions regarding the non-admittance of Russian goods into the U.S.
- Published
- 1932
9. Decentralizing Russia's Economy.
- Subjects
REGIONAL planning ,FIVE year plans ,LABOR productivity ,SOVIET Union economy, 1955-1965 - Abstract
The article reports on Russian political leader Nikita Khrushchev's plans to decentralize Soviet Union's economy in 1957. He is taking up this measure to increase labour productivity and boost the efficiency of the Soviet economy by setting up regional economic councils. To take initiative he has proposed to delegate more authority to local and regional managers. This is said to be the greatest change since the first Five Year Plan in 1929.
- Published
- 1957
10. Rolling Miller.
- Subjects
FIVE year plans ,CENTRAL economic planning - Published
- 1931
11. TITO'S REVOLUTION IS UNIQUE.
- Author
-
Gervasi, Frank
- Subjects
INDUSTRIALIZATION ,AGRARIAN societies ,FIVE year plans ,YUGOSLAVIAN economy, 1945-1992 ,SOCIALISM & society ,COMMUNISM & society ,REVOLUTIONS ,WORLD War II ,PRIME ministers ,PEASANTS ,AGRICULTURAL policy ,TWENTIETH century ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
Focuses on plans of Yugoslavia to convert from a backward agrarian and mining country into a modern industrial nation. Discussion of the Five-Year Plan of Yugoslavia aimed at industrializing the Yugoslavian economy; Impact of totalitarian socialism and communism on the Yugoslavian society; Peculiarities of the Yugoslav revolution, which was unique among the Communist revolutions of postwar era; Impact of the Second World War on Yugoslavia; Report that it was simultaneously a war and a revolution which forged both the pattern of government and the basis for its popular support system already well established; Imposing of an economic blockade against Yugoslavia by the Soviet Union and its satellites, which deprived it of raw materials, carburant and machinery and obliged Yugoslavian Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito to solicit Western help; Changeover from private to state ownership of all industries and sources of natural wealth and the creation of socialized farm cooperatives as a result of Titoist socialism; Effectiveness of Tito's soft policy toward the peasantry; Result of Yugoslavia's solution of agrarian landlessness; Report that in Yugoslavia the state is omniscient and omnipotent.
- Published
- 1949
12. THE OUTLOOK FOR THE FIVE-YEAR PLAN.
- Author
-
Cross, Samuel H.
- Subjects
FIVE year plans ,SOVIET economic policy ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC reform ,SOVIET Union economy, 1917-1945 ,INDUSTRIAL efficiency ,EMPLOYMENT policy ,ECONOMIC expansion ,GOVERNMENT policy ,LABOR economics ,INDUSTRIAL priorities (Government) ,EVOLUTIONARY economics ,COMMUNIST countries - Abstract
The article focuses on the outlook for the Soviet Five-year Plan, which is an outgrowth of the New Economic Policy (NEP) adopted at Vladimir Ilich Lenin's instigation in March, 1921. The essential aims of the NEP from its inception are the industrialization of Russia and the subjection of the whole national economy to a coherent and unified evolutionary plan. The industrial progress realized under the Five-year Plan is examined, including details related to the burden of industrial expansion on the national budget and the inadequacies of the labor supply, labor efficiency and the quality of output.
- Published
- 1931
13. India: Heading for a Crisis Reds Will Love.
- Subjects
INDIAN economy, 1947- ,FIVE year plans ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,NEUTRALITY - Abstract
The article focuses on the economic crisis faced by India in 1954 as it entered the fourth year of its Five-Year Plan. It mentions that the country has been facing economic problems including unemployment, agriculture which has been stressed at the expense of the industry, the threat of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's policy of neutralism, and tipping sales. It notes that the economic crisis in the country is bound to affect the U.S. position in South Asia.
- Published
- 1954
14. What Business Might Be Like 10 Years From Today.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,FIVE year plans ,CHARTS, diagrams, etc. - Abstract
The article predicts the economic growth of the U.S. in 1960s. It explains how companies like Eastman Kodac Co. and Westinghouse Electric Corp. update their five year plans to adjust the current changes during planning. It also includes charts that lists data such as population, disposable personal income, and consumer expenditures, to show how McGraw-Hill Department of Economists look at U.S. growth potentials for 1961.
- Published
- 1952
15. Travels in Russia's Countryside: II.
- Author
-
L. K. E.
- Subjects
VILLAGES ,CITIES & towns ,COTTON ,FIVE year plans ,COST of living ,WATER supply - Abstract
Presents an account of the countryside of the Soviet Union. Information about the Cotton Research Institute near Gandja in the Caucasus region; Report that the Second Five Year Plan visualizes 100,000 hectares of cotton in Transcaucasia; Information that the Institute had sent recommendation to Moscow that they should undertake experiments with rotation of crops; Information that many of the families had built up such high standards of living and cultivation that they had been able in the past to employ laboring men and women in house and field; Comment that shortage of bathing facilities and water supplies makes it difficult for the Soviet Union to achieve independence of body parasites; Information on the tea growing industry of the Soviet Union.
- Published
- 1933
16. The Development of the Indian Economy. An Exercise in Economic Planning
- Author
-
Desai, Padma
- Published
- 1963
17. The Framework for Planning in Pakistan with Special Reference to the Third Five-Year Plan (1965-70)
- Author
-
Khan, Azizur Rahman
- Published
- 1966
18. A Critical Examination of India's Third Five-Year Plan
- Author
-
Little, I. M. D.
- Published
- 1962
19. The Fifth Five-Year Plan Model: A Comment
- Published
- 1973
20. India's Third Five Year Plan (Le troisième plan quinquennal de l'Inde) (El tercer plan quinquenal de la India)
- Author
-
Narasimham, M.
- Published
- 1962
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The Economy of Nepal (L'économie du Népal) (La economia de Nepal)
- Author
-
Consing, Arturo Y.
- Published
- 1963
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Economic Development with Stability
- Published
- 1954
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Economic Development in India: The First and Second Five Year Plans
- Author
-
Sarma, N. A.
- Published
- 1958
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. United Arab Republic: A Survey of Developments during the Five-Year Plan, 1960/61-1964/65 (République arabe unie: évolution de la situation pendant le premier Plan quinquennal, 1960/61-1964/65) (República Arabe Unida: Examen de lo acontecido durante el Primer Plan Quinquenal, 1960/61-1964/65)
- Author
-
Gerakis, Andreas S.
- Published
- 1967
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Will the Five-Year Plan Succeed?
- Author
-
Fischer, Louis
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,FIVE year plans ,SOVIET economy ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,FACTORIES ,DOWNSIZING of organizations - Abstract
At the turn of the year, after a January-to-December stay in the Soviet Union, the author permits himself a look backward to recapitulate and forward to anticipate. Fortunately, decisions adopted in Moscow, Russia, late in November and in December make it possible to speak of future policy with some degree of certainty. Nineteen thirty was a year of Socialist offensive. Nineteen thirty-one will be a year of retrenchment of shortening the line, and of less buoyant progress. Construction efforts will be concentrated on a limited number of giant industrial plants and on fewer small factories. The pace of heavy industrialization will be slackened and more attention will be paid to the immediate needs of the population.
- Published
- 1931
26. RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC STRENGTH TODAY.
- Author
-
Scholz, Karl
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,AGRICULTURAL economics ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,FIVE year plans - Abstract
The article compares the current economic strength of the Soviet Union with the U.S. The figures for production and expenditure is seldom given on absolute terms and mostly as comparisons. Thus the U.S. and Soviet economists present a comparison of two figures. The Soviet Union is still very largely an agrarian economy, in spite of the emphasis on industrialization under the several Five-Year Plans. Production of petroleum, iron and steel, products in 1949 lagged far behind the same items in the U.S. The production of such consumers goods as cotton and woolen cloth and leather shoes was less than half that of the U.S.
- Published
- 1950
27. Selling the Five Year Plan.
- Author
-
Laidler, Harry W.
- Subjects
PROPAGANDA ,FIVE year plans ,COMMUNISM ,TEXTILE industry ,JURISDICTION ,ELECTRIFICATION ,SOCIALISM - Abstract
Focuses on the features of the Five Year Plan of Soviet Union. Comments on the propaganda of Communism; Information about the loan offered by the government at a good rate of interest; Claims that Soviet Union is working out its initial plan of electrification and the development of heavy industry; Spirit of Five Year Plan in the textile factory; Information about the Park of Culture and Rest in the Soviet center; Claims that the Five Year Plan as far as farming is concerned is sold daily to hundreds of peasants; Jurisdiction of the State Planning Commission in Moscow; Comments on courses on Marxism and Leninism and Stalinism; Claims that the Plan is being pushed in the Red Army, with its 6,000 regimental and squadron newspapers, its cinemas and radios and lecture courses; Comments on the pure methods of propaganda.
- Published
- 1931
28. Russia Marches up a Mountain.
- Author
-
Bliven, Bruce
- Subjects
CHARTS, diagrams, etc. ,ECONOMISTS ,SOVIET Union politics & government ,DEATH rate ,SUFFRAGE ,FIVE year plans ,CENTRAL economic planning - Abstract
Discusses the collection of charts dealing with the past, present and future of Soviet Russia by the economist Albert Johnson. Reliability of the figures; Composition of the government; Details of the various parts of the five year plan; Birth and death rates for the country; Comparison of the country to the U.S.; Description of a typical chart; Proportion of the people deprived of the right to vote.
- Published
- 1931
29. Forced Labor in Russia.
- Author
-
Mussey, Henry Raymond
- Subjects
FORCED labor ,CRIMES against humanity ,PRODUCTION (Economic theory) ,LABOR unions ,FIVE year plans ,INTERNATIONAL law - Abstract
There is forced labor in Soviet Union-plenty of it. It is seen in factories, where union groups and shop committees are getting together after working hours and demanding savagely of one another why they are not meeting the impossibilities of the Five-Year Plan in Four, or in two and a half. Trade unions are eagerly studying ways of increasing the productiveness of their members. Shop committees and workers' organizations of every kind within the factory are criticizing one another for not being up to schedule and are hunting for ways of speeding up production.
- Published
- 1931
30. India Makes Bid for U.S. Capital.
- Subjects
FOREIGN investments ,SUBSIDIARY corporations ,CAPITAL movements ,FIVE year plans - Abstract
The article focuses on the foreign private investment opportunities in India and the optimism being shown by it in attracting the U.S. capital for its second Five-Year Plan and future economic needs. It mentions various signs that indicate a good investment climate in India including the over-subscription of stock issues of new companies, and the plans of the U.S. companies to set up Indian subsidiaries. It discusses the three deals arranged by Tata Ltd. that involve foreign companies.
- Published
- 1958
31. IS STALIN WEAKENING OR THE SOVIETS?
- Author
-
Trotsky, Leon
- Subjects
SOVIET Union economic policy, 1928-1932 ,TROTSKYISM ,FIVE year plans ,SOVIET Union politics & government, 1917-1936 ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,COLLECTIVE farming - Abstract
A reprint of the article "Is Stalin Weakening or the Soviets?" by Leon Trotsky, which appeared in the July 1932 issue, is presented. Topics include the opposition to purported Trotskyism in the Soviet Union by political leader Joseph Stalin, the control of Stalin over the Soviet Politbureau, and disagreements regarding Soviet economic policy regarding industrialization and collectivization in the context of a five year plan.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. A DYNAMIC FIVE-SECTOR MODEL FOR TURKEY, 1967-82.
- Author
-
Blitzer, Charles R., Çetin, Hikmet, and Manne, Alan S.
- Subjects
CENTRAL economic planning ,MACROECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC conditions in Turkey ,FIVE year plans ,MATHEMATICAL models ,MODELS & modelmaking ,ECONOMIC sectors ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) - Abstract
The article reports upon a dynamic extension of the macro-model originally constructed as a consistency check upon the Second Five-Year Plan of Turkey. Authors of the article addresses plan formulation, a task that is comparatively free of ideological elements. Authors do not attempt a diagnosis of the existing structure of the Turkish economy, nor does they spell out the policy instruments needed in order to steer the economy along the planned future trajectories. Given the information base accumulated for the original consistency model, the dynamic extension turned out to be comparatively easy. No new data were collected and only minor modifications were made in technological norms. No more than a few man-mouths were needed in order to convert the original five-sector, inter-industry system into a model which could in turn be used to identify, areas where it would be fruitful to disaggregate further and to accumulate additional data. The ease of conversion is at least partially attributable to the formulation in terms of a "gradualist" consumption path.
- Published
- 1970
33. THE STRATEGY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN COMMUNIST CHINA.
- Author
-
Eckstein, Alexander
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in China ,ECONOMIC conditions in China -- 1949-1976 ,COMMUNIST strategy ,ECONOMIC development ,COMMUNES (China) ,STRATEGIC planning ,COMMUNISM ,GOVERNMENT policy ,ECONOMIC expansion ,FIVE year plans ,CENTRAL economic planning ,ECONOMIC policy ,COLLECTIVE farming ,AGRICULTURAL policy ,ACCOUNTING - Abstract
The article highlights that during the first five-year plan period from 1953-57, Chinese Communist policymakers pursued the Soviet Union strategy as practiced by general secretary of the communist party Joseph Stalin for economic development with local adaptations. However, given the vastly different factor endowments of Mainland China in the fifties as compared to the Soviet Union of the twenties, Chinese planners were forced to modify significantly their original approach. They thus evolved a new strategy for the second five-year plan from 1958-62, based on intensive utilization of underemployed labor combined with promotion of technological dualism, as a means of maximizing the rate of economic growth. The new model comprised of communes that extended to incorporate the notion of rapid development of a national economy. According to this concept, the state would concentrate the preponderant bulk of its investment resources on the development of the modern sector. This is a sector with a high reinvestment quotient, with practically all of this reinvestment to be channeled into continuing growth of itself. At the same time, the diversion of output from the modern to the rural sector is to be minimized. Therefore, the expansion of the rural sector was to be made a function of its own output and investment.
- Published
- 1961
34. Recent Activities of Soviet Economists.
- Author
-
Schwartz, Harry
- Subjects
ECONOMISTS ,SOVIET economy ,WORLD War II ,FINANCE ,BUSINESS ,FIVE year plans - Abstract
During years of World War II, Soviet economists, like their colleagues in the U.S. and Great Britain, concentrated the great bulk of their energies upon problems connected with different aspects of the war effort. This activity encompassed not only all aspects of the internal economy of the U.S.S.R., but was also directed at understanding developments in economies of all major foreign nations, with some particular stress in the last two years upon efforts being made to secure international cooperation in various economic fields such as finance, trade, agriculture and labor. During the past two years, Soviet economists concentrating upon problems of the internal development of the U.S.S.R. have been engaged primarily in planning the restoration of devastated areas in the U.S.S.R. and charting the future economic development of their country. Much of this work has been done by personnel of Gosplan and the Institut Ekonomiki, as well as by economics attached to various other governmental organs. The most important results of this activity were embodied in the Fourth Five Year Plan adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. in March, 1946. Considerable research and planning have apparently also been done on the longer range economic development of the U.S.S.R.
- Published
- 1946
35. WITHIN FAMILY PLANNING--KOREA.
- Author
-
Ross, John A. and Finnigan III, Oliver D.
- Subjects
BIRTH control ,POPULATION ,FIVE year plans ,HUMAN fertility ,MARRIED people - Abstract
The article focuses on the family planning program in Korea. The Korean family planning program has often been cited as the world's leading success in fertility control. In a 48-month period it recruited over one-third of all married couples of child-bearing age in the country. It has consistently set high goals and met them; it maintains a large and well-dispersed force of workers; it embraces a strong private arm; and it has produced evidence of a definite fertility decline. The presentation gives a general description of the Korean program--which may be passed over by those already familiar with it--surveys its main accomplishments, and goes on to identify the principal features of "family planning" in the Korean case. Equal attention is given to approaches used and not used both to clarify just how the Korean achievements have come about and to show that the potential of family planning, i.e. of the administrative structures already operating, is as yet undemonstrated. The program and its goals are written into, and are basic to, the Five-Year Plans. Over 10 years starting in January, 1962, population growth is to be reduced from about 3 percent to 2 percent by the end of 1971.
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. APPLIED MARXISM IN SOVIET RUSSIA.
- Author
-
Tuckerman Jr., Gustavus
- Subjects
COMMUNISM ,SOVIET economic policy ,GOVERNMENT policy ,SOVIET economy ,ECONOMIC policy ,LABOR productivity ,FIVE year plans - Abstract
This article focuses on applied marxism in Soviet Union. The fact that Marxian genetic principles serve as the basis for Soviet Russian policy is increasingly evident. It is the purpose of this article to exhibit the use of these principles by Vladimir I. Lenin and Joseph Stalin, political leaders of Soviet Union, in adopting policies looking toward the foundation of a classless Socialist State in the U.S.S.R. It will be shown that the principal function of the economic policies adopted and applied during each of two periods--that of the New Economic Policy from 1920-1921 to 1927-1928; and that of the Piatiletkas from 1928-1929 to date-has not been to plan the Russian economy or to increase the national income. Rather, it has been to supply a technological basis for the cultivation of collectivistic forms of behavior. In the industrial sections of the country this meant the rebuilding and extension of the machine technique. In the agricultural sections it meant the undertaking of a great experiment in mechanization. The Marxian theories implicit in this program are, chiefly, three. The law of the concentration of capital points to the need not only of a complex, interdependent machine technique, but also, therewith, of a subordination of labor in the productive process.
- Published
- 1933
37. THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOVIET TRADE UNIONS.
- Author
-
Hewes, Amy
- Subjects
LABOR unions ,PRODUCTION (Economic theory) ,WAGES ,OCCUPATIONAL mobility ,LABOR laws ,LABOR market ,FIVE year plans - Abstract
Expansion in membership and marked changes in the scope of their activity have characterized the development of trade unions in Soviet Union. It has become evident that their role in a centrally managed national economy has required the surrender of their earlier claims to control over production. State organs have taken from them the determination of wage rates and have instituted schemes for increasing production and reducing labor turnover which the trade unions are forced to carry out. The trade unions' freedom to negotiate the basic conditions of pay has disappeared with the increase of wage regulation by the state organs. The state-employer has the upper hand and is able to determine wage and production programs. The Soviet government's determination to reduce labor turnover as one of the obstacles to the speedy realization of the Five-Year plan has resulted in a number of regulations which put unusual restrictions upon the workers' freedom of movement. The trade unions have retained little responsibility for labor protection or social insurance. This change has been endorsed by the labor press which, instead of defending the standards of the Labor Code, has argued for setting them aside in the interest of production.
- Published
- 1932
38. THE STAGNATION OF INDIAN EXPORTS, 1951-1961.
- Author
-
Cohen, Benjamin I.
- Subjects
EXPORTS ,FOREIGN exchange ,INTERNATIONAL finance ,WAGES ,FIVE year plans ,CENTRAL economic planning - Abstract
The article focuses on the stagnation of Indian exports during 1951 to 1971. The foreign exchange problems of many of the underdeveloped countries have attracted attention to their relatively stagnant export earnings. Some observers feel this stagnation is mainly the result of slowly expanding world markets for these countries' traditional exports, which are mainly primary products. Other analysts argue that a relatively inelastic supply of exports, as a result of slowly expanding domestic output and rapidly expanding domestic demand has been an important and perhaps the primary, cause for the export stagnation. An examination of India's export performance over the last decade is of interest both as a test of these two alternative hypotheses and because of India's general importance. India was third only to Venezuela and Brazil in 1961 as an exporter among the underdeveloped countries and India's export earnings during her Second Five Year Plan were only 2 per cent greater than her export earnings during her First Five Year Plan.
- Published
- 1964
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. REFLECTIONS OF INDIA'S DEVELOPMENT PLAN.
- Author
-
Nurkse, Ragnar
- Subjects
ECONOMIC policy ,FIVE year plans ,CENTRAL economic planning ,UNEMPLOYMENT - Abstract
The article presents information on India's development policies. The First Five Year Plan placed the emphasis on agriculture. The Second Plan, which came into effect in April 1956, seeks to promote an expansion of small-scale village industries for the production of consumer goods. At the same time it calls for a big increase in steel production and engineering capacity. Concern with the problem of unemployment is paramount in current Indian thinking. Professor P. C. Mahalanobis, one of the chief planners, regards this as the most pressing problem. This emphasis may seem surprising, perhaps even incomprehensible, to some economists outside India. What are the facts? There is first a certain amount of open unemployment, mostly in urban centers, which is said to have increased in the years 1952-55 and is estimated at somewhere between five and ten million persons. India has rightly been proud of her success in expanding production since 1951 without any price inflation, at any rate up to the end of 1955. In fact, the general level of prices showed a slightly downward tendency during that period, despite a considerable increase in the money supply. This was possible not only because of the increase in crop yields and production generally, but also because of the progressive extension of the monetary sector of the economy.
- Published
- 1957
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. A CLOSE-UP OF THE SOVIET FOURTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN.
- Author
-
Jasny, Naum
- Subjects
CENTRAL economic planning ,FIVE year plans ,ECONOMIC policy ,DICTATORSHIP ,GOVERNMENT policy ,DEMOCRACY - Abstract
The article discusses the functioning of Soviet planning with especial focus on the Fourth Five-Year Plan (FYP). If by a plan is meant a well integrated combination of goals for all, or at least all major, economic sectors and factors, the Law on the Five-Year Plan of Restoration and Development of the National Economy of the USSR in 1946-50, hereafter referred to as the Fourth FYP Law, was not a real plan. It was actually an incomplete collection of poorly integrated or entirely unintegrated plans for individual sectors of the Soviet economy. The fragmentary nature and lack of proper tie-ins of the fourth FYP may have been due to insufficient time for its preparation. But the fourth FYP may also have been a step away from the comprehensive, fully tied-in long-range plan which was believed necessary at the inauguration of the FYP's. A subtle implement like good planning is incompatible with dictatorship, with its secrecy, its prosecution of free thought, its encouragement of parrot faculties and other accessories of Soviet "democracy."
- Published
- 1952
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. SOVIET NATIONAL INCOME AND PRODUCT IN 1937. PART I: NATIONAL ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS IN CURRENT RUBLES.
- Author
-
Bergson, Abram
- Subjects
SOVIET Union economy, 1917-1945 ,GROSS national product ,NATIONAL income ,FIVE year plans ,REAL income ,AGRICULTURAL development ,INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) - Abstract
The article discusses issues related to the national income and product of the Soviet Union in 1937. It attempts to accomplish two related tasks. The first is to set up for the Soviet Union a series of national economic accounts and second task involves a methodological question on which national income literature does not seem entirely clear but for which it may be permissible momentarily to assume a common understanding. These two tasks, needless to say, add up to a sizeable project, and it is restricted to one particular year of 1937. In general 1937 was a prosperous year by Soviet standards. The Second Five Year Plan, which ended in that year, had met with very real success in every sphere; not only in heavy industries, which of course had first priority, but also in agriculture and consumers goods industries. The expansion of heavy industries continued after 1937, but consumer prosperity was brought to a close when after Munich the Russians shifted their defense preparations into high-gear. As of 1937, the collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union had been practically completed.
- Published
- 1950
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. CHANGES IN INDIAN INDUSTRIAL LOCATION.
- Author
-
Karan, Pradyumna P.
- Subjects
INDUSTRIALIZATION ,MANUFACTURING industries ,EMPLOYMENT ,ECONOMIC development ,FIVE year plans - Abstract
The purpose of this article is to analyze the pattern of industrial expansion in the major Indian manufacturing regions and to describe changes in the locational pattern of six principal industries during 1950s. The study involves a comparison, on a distinct basis, of the number of persons employed in manufacturing in 1950 with the persons employed in 1960. The year 1950 preceded the launching of India's first Five Year Plan of economic development and 1960 is the latest year for which industrial employment data are available.
- Published
- 1964
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Ideology and Indian Planning.
- Author
-
Price, Ralph B.
- Subjects
INDIAN economic policy ,FIVE year plans ,CENTRAL economic planning ,HINDUISM ,SOCIALISM - Abstract
The Congress Party of India is noted for the strong ideological position of its pre and post-independence leadership and for its adoption of the goal of building a "socialist pattern of society." Many of the spokesmen for the party have maintained that this goal best fits the philosophical foundations of Hinduism. This article considers some of the ideological background of planning, some of the alleged peculiarities of Hinduism, and some of the implications of development policies in the second and third five-year plans. In order to maximize growth in India, development plans would have to be devoted to the encouragement of the growth of the maximum number of entrepreneurs, to the building of a viable market system, to providing adequate relative price incentives for farmers and to teaching them to react to them, to encouraging private capital formation wherever feasible, and to confining government investment largely to those infrastructure items which facilitate development and growth. Such an approach to planning would be pragmatic rather than doctrinaire, practical rather than ideological, and would utilize the latent entrepreneurial energy in developing a growing, mixed, dynamic system. There are those who claim to see such a pattern still as an emerging possibility in India, but to assess its reality is impossible at this time.
- Published
- 1967
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. A Song of Fish & Potatoes.
- Subjects
FIVE year plans ,GERMANY-Russia relations - Published
- 1947
45. "Decades of Effort".
- Subjects
CAPITALISM ,FIVE year plans ,CHINA-Russia relations - Published
- 1955
46. INTERNATIONAL OUTLOOK.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,CIVIL war ,FIVE year plans ,PROPAGANDA - Abstract
The article forecasts the global political conditions in 1948. It projects that an East-West decisive showdown will likely to happen due to the April 18 elections in Italy, which would knock the country out of the European Recovery Program and would put the U.S. on the spot of the civil war. It also cites the home propaganda of the Soviet Union against the U.S. and the progress of the 75% cutback scheme of President Juan Domingo Peron on Argentina's Five Year Plan.
- Published
- 1948
47. Russia Discards from Strength.
- Subjects
SOVIET economic policy ,COMMUNISTS ,FIVE year plans ,COMMUNISM ,ECONOMIES of scale ,INDUSTRIAL costs ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
Focuses on the new economic policy for the Soviet Union as proposed by Joseph Stalin, general secretary of the Communist party of the Soviet Union. Invitation for the participation of non-Communists in the working out of the Five Year Plan; Abandonment of communism in the Five Year Plan; Demobilization of the war spirit in which the Communists have been carrying out their plans; Increase in the cost of production within the Soviet Union, taking into account the economies of large-scale production.
- Published
- 1931
48. From Breadline to Millionaire.
- Subjects
UNITED States economy, 1918-1945 ,FIVE year plans ,ECONOMIC policy ,NEWSPAPERS ,JOURNALISM ,POVERTY ,POOR people - Abstract
Focuses on various aspects of the Five Year Plan in the U.S. Publication of articles about the Plan by The New York Evening Post and The New York Times by people who have recently been in the Soviet Union; Views of the writers of these articles on the Soviet Union; Impact of execution of men who were made scapegoats for the shortcomings of the plan; Comments on an editorial called "Land of Multimillions," which deals with the issue of poverty very casually.
- Published
- 1930
49. If the Soviet Should Fall.
- Author
-
Fischer, Louis
- Subjects
INDUSTRIALIZATION ,FIVE year plans ,COMMUNISM ,CAPITALIST societies ,SOCIALISTS - Abstract
The article discusses about the rapid industrial growth in Soviet Union. Rapid industrial growth is not peculiar to a socialist state. The Five-Year Plan, has demonstrated that communism is capable of construction as well as destruction. Before the Soviet Government can be credited with any unique distinction, it is necessary, however, to show that the idea and execution of the Five-Year Plan differ basically and qualitatively from industrialization processes which have preceded it in capitalist countries. Planning is distinguishing and anti-individualist characteristic of Bolshevik economy.
- Published
- 1932
50. Will India falter after Nehru?
- Subjects
FIVE year plans ,AGRICULTURE - Abstract
The article focuses on future of India after losing its prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru. It states that Gulzarilal Nanda, the acting prime minister is expected to see politician Lal Bahadur Shastri and former finance minister Morarji Desai as possible contenders for the post. It mentions that whoever comes to the power will have to face social and economic issues like poverty. It highlights that India is far behind its five years plan for industrialization and is not focusing on agriculture.
- Published
- 1964
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