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The article considers a variety of reasons for the rising strengths of national currencies from Russia, Brazil, and South Africa in international monetary exchanges with the U.S. dollar. Topics include the perceived stability of China's economy, the rise of interest rates by the U.S. Federal Reserve, trade surplus and emerging markets.

The article discusses the allegation made by U.S. President Donald Trump that some foreign governments are manipulating foreign exchange rates. According to Trump, these governments buy U.S. debt in order to keep the dollar pricey and their own currencies cheap. He claims that the technique provides the countries a competitive edge by increasing their trade surpluses and the U.S. trade deficit.

The article looks at economic policy in China, focusing on the country's exchange rate policy for the yuan. It offers figures on net investment outflows, or capital flight, and on the country's foreign trade balance. Other topics include capital controls and the likely extent of the impact of allowing the yuan to depreciate on Chinese exports.

The article discusses the European Union's trade deficit with China and growing concerns among Europeans regarding Chinese trade practices and exchange rate policy. China's opinion of Europe is reportedly ambiguous in spite of their status as the country's biggest trading partner. Details of China's interactions with European countries and the United States are offered in context.

The article focuses on American discontent with Chinese currency, which may be found to be unfairly manipulated by the American Treasury. America ran a trade deficit of $202 billion with China last year, but a rise in the yuan would fail to dent America's trade deficit. Imposing tariffs on Chinese goods, as America has threatened, would hurt America's economy by more than China's.

The article presents charts and graphs, as well as an overview of economic and financial indicators. America's trade deficit in goods and services narrowed to $55.3 billion in May, from $56.9 billion in April. The performance of the euro area's industries is still mixed. In Germany, industrial production expanded by 0.8% in the year to May. But it fell at an annual rate of 0.8% in the last three months of that period. In Italy, production shrank by 2.1% in the year to May. French industry regained some ground, growing by 0.3% in May, after falling by 0.3% the month before. But production is still 0.2% lower than a year ago. Britain's trade deficit in goods and services narrowed in May to £3.47 billion ($6.3 billion) from £3.7 billion the month before. INSET: New Zealand.

The article presents economic and financial indicators as of March 13, 2004. America's trade deficit in goods and services widened to a record $43.1 billion in January. The deficit in goods rose to a record $48.4 billion and the politically sensitive trade deficit with China increased from 9.9 billion in December to $11.5 billion. The outlook for exports also remains bright following an unexpectedly big current-account surplus of &165; 1,054 billion in January, over double the surplus a year before. Worries about imbalances in the British economy came to the fore as the trade deficit in goods and services widened from £ 3.1 billion in December to a record deficit of £ 4.6 billion in January.

The author claims that Asian central banks have prevented the U.S. dollar from falling even more dramatically than it has in recent months, but warns that Asian banks may seek to diversify their holdings. The dollar did pop up briefly on December 9th, after the Bank of Japan apparently intervened to stop the yen rising, but the Japanese central bank has already spent some $168 billion on dollars this year, and the yen has climbed by 11% against the American currency. Perhaps the yen would have risen by more had the Bank of Japan spent less: this week the euro was up by 42% from its lowest point against the dollar and sterling was at its highest since being ejected from Europe's exchange-rate mechanism in 1992. The dollar has been weakening even as America's economy has been picking up sharply. The health of the economy may now be part of the dollar's problem. Americans save so little that their spending must be financed by foreigners, which is why the country's current-account deficit has been rising so swiftly, to half a trillion dollars or so. Until recently, this foreign investment was largely of a private nature; however, as concerns about the scale of the deficit have mounted, private flows have dried up somewhat and central banks have been topping up the stream. Jim O'Neill, Goldman's chief economist, thinks that central banks will increasingly wake up to the benefits of diversification.

Presents economic and financial data as of July 1991. Output, demand and job; Prices and wages; Daily food intake; Commodity Price Index; Money and interest rates; Current-account balance; Trade, exchange rates and reserves.

Presents several charts and graphs used to illustrate the economic conditions of several countries. Output, demand and jobs; Commodity price index; Prices and wages; Business confidence; Foreign investment in Latin America; World bourses; Money and interest rates; Trade, exchange rates and reserves.

The article focuses on the 20th anniversary of the Big Mac Index, which compares the cost of a McDonald's Big Mac, which is produced in around 120 countries, in various currencies. The Economist's Big Mac index is based on one of the oldest concepts in international economics: the theory of purchasing-power parity (PPP), which argues that in the long run, exchange rates should move towards levels that would equalise the prices of an identical basket of goods and services in any two countries.

The article presents financial news from around the world. Despite all the foreign-direct investment it attracts, China is not an easy place to do business, coming 50th out of 82 economies ranked by the Economist Intelligence Unit. Brazil's industrial output expanded by 5.4% in the year to February.

The article reports economic indicators for emerging markets. China's trade surplus widened to $38.4 billion in the 12 months to January, up from $26.8 billion a year earlier. The inflation rate in Turkey fell to 9.2% in January, down from 16.2% a year earlier. But the country's current-account deficit widened to a record $15.6 billion in 2004. In January, the 12-month rate of inflation fell to 0.5% in Taiwan and to 2.2% in Chile. Since the beginning of 2004, every currency in the exchange-rate chart rose against the dollar, except for the Indonesian rupiah, which slid by nearly 9%.

The article discusses the impact of China's exchange rate on the United States' trade deficit. Many western policy makers and businessmen hope that there will be new thinking in Beijing to revalue the Chinese yuan, which is pegged to the falling dollar. The yuan is grossly undervalued and represents the biggest obstacle to a reduction in the U.S. current-account deficit. A revaluation of the yuan would have little impact on America's deficit, and the more that foreigners pressure China to act, the harder it is for China do so. China accounts for only 10% of America's total trade, so a 10% revaluation would reduce the dollar's trade-weighted value by a mere 1%. The American government needs to borrow less and households must save more and spend less. Li Ruogu, the deputy governor of the central bank, made clear that China would adopt a more flexible exchange rate, but in its own time, not under pressure.

The prime minister of China, Wen Jiabao, will meet with U.S. President George Bush at a time when there is a quarrel over trade, new tensions across the Taiwan Strait and a nuclear confrontation on the Korean peninsula. Wen and President Hu Jintao have been trying to remould the image of Chinese leaders. At home they are wooing the poor and marginalised. Abroad, they are trying to appear more engaged in resolving the world's problems. This makeover, and Mr Wen's amenable disposition, could help to ease relations with an America facing an election in which its $120 billion trade deficit with China will be a sensitive issue. Chinese leaders worry that a president seeking re-election might be tempted to hit out at China's exports to pacify those who accuse China of destroying American jobs by selling products made artificially cheap by a deliberately undervalued currency. In Washington, Mr Wen is expected to stick to China's line that a big readjustment of its exchange rate, or removal of the currency's peg with the dollar, could destabilise its economy. Mr Wen will also want to discuss Taiwan, which passed a referendum bill. Taiwan's president, Chen Shui-bian, has suggested that China's missile build-up on the coast facing the island warrants a referendum on unspecified "national security issues". China fears this could be a step towards the island's declaring formal independence from the mainland.

Presents information on financial indicators for December 12, 1998. Chart showing the performance of the world's stock markets; Chart of money and interest rates; Graph of the return on foreign assets; Chart of trade, exchange rates and reserves.

Several charts are presented that show the values of financial indicators worldwide, including money supply, interest rates, trade balance and exchange rates.

Several charts are presented that show values of financial indicators including interest rates, money supply, trade balance and exchange rates.

Several charts are presented that show the values of financial indicators worldwide, including money supply, interest rates, trade balance and exchange rates.

The article discusses the economic conditions of various countries as of 1994. Stock price indexes in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Italy, Japan, Sweden and the U.S. have increased based on the December 1993 benchmark. The U.S. Federal Reserve has increased the federal funds rate to 3.5%. The trade surplus of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Spain and the U.S. decreased in a yearly basis. Trade weighted currency value of the U.S. dollar and British sterling declined for the past decade, while trade-weighted value of the Japanese yen has increased by 80% since 1985.

Several charts are presented showing values of financial indicators worldwide, including money supply, interest rates, trade balance and exchange rates.

Cites a new study which asserts that the "international adjustment mechanism," that is the link between the exchange rate and the GNP deficit, is working well. Mention of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank meeting in Bangkok on October 11, 1991; Ways in which the mechanism is affecting the American economy; Discussion of the research by Paul Krugman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) concerning the international adjustment mechanism and theories to account for the broken link between exchange rates and trade balances.

Presents an overview of the level of trade, exchange rates and reserves in several countries in 1991. Trade surplus; Trade balance; Current-account balance; Foreign reserves.