814 results on '"LABOR supply"'
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2. Drivers of Training Participation in Low Skilled Jobs: The Role of 'Voice', Technology, Innovation and Labor Shortages in German Companies
- Author
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Wotschack, Philip
- Abstract
This article investigates the role of 'voice', technology, innovation (of products, services, or processes) and labor shortages in the training participation of low skilled workers in German companies. By building on the key findings of previous research, hypotheses on drivers of training participation are derived from filter theory and the concept of social embeddedness. Regression and cluster analysis based on the German IAB Establishment Panel (wave 2011) show evidence that training participation is shaped by 'voice'-related institutional company characteristics such as employee representation or formalized HR practices. Both characteristics often cluster together. Regression analyses confirm that companies in this cluster train a higher share of their low-skilled workforce. The share is particularly high when companies in this cluster face labor shortages. Apart from that, advanced technology and recent innovations at the company level are not related to higher rates of training participation among low skilled workers.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The Aggregate National Supply of Job Openings and Firms' Procedures for Filling Positions. IAB Labour Market Research Topics.
- Author
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Institute of Employment Research, Nurenberg (Germany)., Magvas, Emil, and Spitznagel, Eugen
- Abstract
Surveys by the Institut fur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) of German firms' job openings have been combined with job registry data from the Bundesanstalt fur Arbeit on an annual basis since 1989 in order to determine the scope and structure of the aggregate national supply of job openings. The surveys also indicated problems encountered by companies in filling positions, highlighted company responses to such problems, and provided additional knowledge related to barriers to economic activities of companies. Results of the surveys confirmed the widespread conjecture that only a minor portion of all available job openings are registered with job exchanges--about 1/3 of the total supply. Additional findings included these: (1) eastern German registry offices were more involved in the efforts of firms to recruit staff; (2) job openings at western German firms were more affected by economic shifts; and (3) the demand for white-collar workers rose in western Germany. It was concluded that apart from stated complaints from firms, most companies were relatively unaffected by a labor shortage. Different measures to alleviate the problem were used by those affected, such as overtime and special shifts, streamlining, and hiring temporary workers. (There are two figures. The bibliography lists eight references.) (AJ)
- Published
- 2002
4. From Guests to Permanent Stayers? From the German 'Guestworker' Programmes of the Sixties to the Current 'Green Card' Initiative for IT Specialists. IAB Labour Market Research Topics No. 43.
- Author
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Institute of Employment Research, Nurenberg (Germany). and Werner, Heinz
- Abstract
In the 1960s, German industry experienced a greater need for labor. Recruitment agreements for "guestworkers" were concluded with a number of Mediterranean countries, with the opinion at the time being that temporary immigration would be in the interests of all involved: German firms would get cheap labor, the "guestworkers" could earn money and return to their home countries with their savings, and the countries of origin would benefit from the remittances sent from abroad by their workers and from the know-how these workers brought back. This ideal turned out to be an illusion as stays lengthened, families joined workers, and children were born in Germany. After the oil price shock of 1973, a recruitment ban on workers from non-European Union countries was adopted in principle, and restrictive regulations were put in place. However, because of traditions of family reunification and European conventions of providing asylum, as well as for other reasons, the number of foreign workers continued to increase. By the year 2000, improving labor markets and shortages of skilled labor created new allowances for 10,000 to 20,000 foreign information technology (IT) specialists to come to Germany to work for up to 5 years. As a result of these changing needs, German immigration policy has often been incoherent. Lessons learned through the experiences of the past include the following: (1) immigration policy should be rational and transparent in order to discourage evasion and allow both employers and workers to plan their lives; (2) immigration must be geared toward local and regional needs; (3) employers should be encouraged to look more extensively for domestic workers before importing foreign workers; and (4) the short- and long-term consequences of immigration should be considered in order to develop a desirable and workable immigration policy. (Contains 54 references.) (KC)
- Published
- 2001
5. Course 2010. The Future of Work in Europe.
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Inter Nationes, Bonn (Germany)., Lehari, Elga, Stehr, Christoph, and Lemmer, Ruth
- Abstract
These three articles come from the series "Course 2010--A Decade in View" published in the Handelsblatt (Duesseldorf and Frankfurt/Main), an influential German business newspaper. "The Labor Market: With Flexibility into the Service Society" (Elga Lehari) states that the key to more employment in future is a service society with an industrial base. It foresees constant development in the size of the labor force up to 2010, followed by a shortage of labor across the labor market from 2010-2020, and a drop in the labor force almost to the present level by 2040. It recommends more flexible work instruments, globally oriented flexibility, and provision of services for working women. "Organization of Work: Supreme Authority Rests with the Team" (Christoph Stehr) focuses on the "Oticon system," named for a Danish hearing aid manufacturer. It discusses the manufacturer's innovative management style that proves business objectives can be achieved by "soft" changes, e.g. in the way work is organized. It describes the open-plan office that provides for no fixed workplace (no desk) and self-organized work. "Working Hours: Change Begins in the Mind" (Ruth Lemmer) addresses flexibility in the workplace. It discusses the Augel model of a construction firm where all workers receive a fixed monthly salary: they stipulate the number of hours they wish to be paid for each month, with extra hours booked into an account. Common models of flexible working hours are described: flexitime, part-time work, job sharing, and time accounts to save time for a sabbatical or early retirement. (YLB)
- Published
- 1999
6. Labour Market Trends and Active Labour Market Policy in the Eastern German Transformation Process 1990-1997. IAB Labour Market Research Topics no. 29.
- Author
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Institute of Employment Research, Nurenberg (Germany)., Bach, Hans-Uwe, Blaschke, Dieter, Blien, Uwe, Brinkmann, Christian, Fuchs, Johann, Gutsche, Matthias, Moeller, Ulrich, Kuhl, Jurgen, Spitznagel, Eugen, Steckel, Werner, Wiedemann, Eberhard, and Wolfinger, Claudia
- Abstract
After German unification in 1990, more than 3 million jobs disappeared in eastern Germany and the obsolescence of eastern German capital stock became apparent. Further escalation of mass unemployment was successfully held in check; however, it soon became clear that labor market policies appropriate for western Germany were not, in and of themselves, enough to solve the employment problems in eastern Germany. Although it was clear that the main priorities in resolving eastern Germany's labor market problems after unification were to restructure the infirm economy, replace dilapidated infrastructure, and overcome the shock of unification, the details of the reconstruction and "catching-up" processes required by the eastern German economy were harder to define. The first step in the "catch-up" process was to institute East-West transfer payments. Other measures that have proved successful include the following: job creation measures designed to reach specific target groups; lump sum wage cost subsidies; provision of training to meet industry's needs; and establishment of labor promotion and structural development enterprises in eastern Germany. Training and qualifications have been deemed especially important because they are considered major incentives for development of more sophisticated jobs. (Twenty tables/figures and 73 references are included.) (MN)
- Published
- 1998
7. Forecasting Sectors, Occupational Activities and Qualifications in the Federal Republic of Germany. A Survey on Research Activities and Recent Findings.
- Author
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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Thessaloniki (Greece). and Tessaring, Manfr
- Abstract
In view of German reunification, the 1992-94 recession, and ongoing demographic, technological, organizational, and social changes, alternative projections of labor market and employment structures provide policy makers with needed information. The Institut fur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) structural labor projection (1989) forecasted continued growth of the service sector and corresponding decline of primary and secondary sectors. An update in 1993 showed quite similar results. Labor market projections are also based on econometric models. The IAB System for Simulation and Forecasting takes into account many different types of interdependencies in the economy. Results show the level of employment will increase, whereas the labor force potential should expand less rapidly. The Industrial Forecasting Germany model finds that labor productivity increase will exceed economic growth until 2000 causing employment to fall consistently. A 1994 projection of the structure of labor demand closely follows IAB forecasts. Service occupations will expand; demand for unskilled people will fall in all occupations. Results of supply projections prepared by the German Joint Commission of Federation and Lander for Education Planning and the Promotion of Research (1994) indicate that the supply of unskilled workers will exceed demand, and demand for skilled workers will exceed supply. (The report contains information on statistical sources and classifications and 36 references.) (YLB)
- Published
- 1997
8. Trends in the Structure of Qualifications for Occupations Relating to Computer Networks.
- Author
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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Berlin (Germany).
- Abstract
A 1993 study compared trends in the structure of qualifications for occupations related to the installation, management, and maintenance of computer networks in Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the United Kingdom. Staff involved in networks required specialized new skills related to feasibility and design, installation, management, help for users and assistance, and monitoring and maintenance. Initial training was essential only when staff had not participated in setting up and installing the network. Specific, supplementary, continuing training almost always followed. The very diversified and changing nature of techniques related to computer networks made informal experience particularly important. Differences in the recognition of qualifications probably related to such factors as the certification and the degree of sophistication of the certification system. The tasks identified in the six countries were generally the same although the scope of such activities varied. In all countries, there was a more or less formal recognition of the tasks of network manager and network maintenance. Three conclusions were reached: the computer network sector was one of the most dynamic in the European economy; interfaces and high quality specialists were needed; and there was a gap between company needs and skills taught by training organizations. (YLB)
- Published
- 1994
9. School-to-Work Transition and High Performance: The German Approach. Paper No. 44.
- Author
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Hannover Chamber of Industry and Commerce (Germany). and Prewo, Wilfri
- Abstract
Job training is a powerful tool for growth, but only if embedded in a climate of pro-growth policies that it complements. To attract capital to create growth and jobs, a country has to offer favorable supply side conditions. A skilled labor force is one of several important supply side categories, whose growth effects are strongest when the other supply side conditions are favorable as well. Four reasons for paying special attention to human capital are as follows: trying to be as good as the best; higher wages justified by higher productivity; capital-intensive, labor-saving, technology-intensive production processes that require highly skilled labor; and an educational continuum for those willing to work for lower wages and the academically trained high achievers and everyone in between. German vocational training is a mass apprenticeship system run by the private sector within a public-private partnership. Trainees in all sectors of the economy usually begin training right after leaving school. Youth training is the best unemployment insurance and the best weapon against youth unemployment. It works best when it is work-based, performance-oriented, structured learning. The vocational system must not foreclose the option of apprentices to go to college. Germany is currently building a new system that combines academic and practical training and fills the gap between traditional vocational training and the university--the Berufsakademie (professional academy). A variant is already practiced in Singapore. (Eleven tables are appended.) (YLB)
- Published
- 1994
10. Real Apprenticeships: Creating a Revolution in English Skills. Research by The Boston Consulting Group for the Sutton Trust
- Author
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Sutton Trust (England), Nash, Ian, and Jones, Sue
- Abstract
This research by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) for Sutton Trust examined the English education system and its apprenticeship programs. BCG reported that the UK is failing nearly half its young people by providing inadequate vocational opportunities. BSG presents key findings that include: (1) more than four in ten people have only low level qualifications with little value in the labour market; (2) the UK system of vocational education and training is far more complex than in any of the other leading economies and creates a state of confusion and bewilderment among students, parents and employers; (3) the UK needs to create between 150,000 and 300,000 quality apprenticeships each year. These should include a mix of new jobs for young people aged 16-24 who are at school, at college, or entering the labour market. These should be offered directly by employers or be innovative apprenticeships linked to small firms and training providers; and (4) apprenticeships are of low quality, lasting only one year, compared with other leading economies, where three years is the norm. The BCG offered a host of recommendations that, if followed, would see the apprenticeship program make vast improvements. The report also includes the appendix: Benefits to the economy.
- Published
- 2013
11. Learning and Work in the Risk Society: Lessons for the Labour Markets of Europe from Eastern Germany. Anglo-German Foundation Series.
- Author
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Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society, London (England)., Evans, Karen, Behrens, Martina, Kaluza, Jens, Evans, Karen, Behrens, Martina, Kaluza, Jens, and Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society, London (England).
- Abstract
The education-to-labor market transitions experienced by young people in England and in eastern and western Germany were compared. The eastern German portion of the study was based on a 1996 study that included a survey of 100 trainers and 1,000 apprentices in 12 companies; in-depth interviews with 18 trainers, career advisers, and others; and interviews with 12 young eastern Germans who had experienced relatively smooth education-to-work transitions and 12 young eastern Germans whose education-to-work transitions had not been smooth. The findings were compared with those of earlier interviews with 12 western German and 12 English youths who had recently completed the education-to-labor market transition. The analysis of transition behaviors and experiences in eastern Germany revealed considerable resonances with the problems and contradictions that have beset British education and training policy in recent decades. It was concluded that the erosion of the dual system of vocational education and training (employer-sponsor apprenticeships and government-sponsored vocational schools) documented in eastern Germany might portend future trends in western Germany. (Twenty tables/figures are included. The following items are appended: chronicle of events in 1989-1990; information about Leipzig's school system; diagrams illustrating school-to-work trajectories in West Germany and England; and a report on a study of transitions, careers, and destinations in West Germany and England. The bibliography lists 107 references.) (MN)
- Published
- 2000
12. Wages and Labour Mobility; A Report by a Group of Independent Experts on the Relation between Changes in Wage Differentials and the Pattern of Employment with a Foreword on the Implications of the Study for Income Policy.
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris (France). and deWolff, Pieter
- Abstract
To determine the relationship between wage structure and employment patterns available evidence on changes in relative earnings and in relative numbers employed were surveyed for periods up to 15 years in 10 countries: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Some findings were: (1) Industrial, occupational, regional wage rankings and wage differentials have been quite stable over relatively long periods of time, (2) Job turnover rates tend to be high where pay is low, and vice versa, and (3) Industry earnings averages appear to be related to the degree of concentration and profitability. Some implications were: (1) Wages should not be interpreted as having a causal relationship with a changing pattern of employment, (2) A period of rising wages puts pressure on declining industries and occupations to release workers, and (3) Substantial wage raises are necessary to remedy the position of workers who are recognized as underpaid in their occupation. Changes in relative earnings may improve allocative efficiency in (1) attracting labor to remote regions, (2) reducing labor turnover, (3) preventing attrition of employees for which long training periods are required, and (4) attracting qualified people in newly emerging professional occupations. (DM)
- Published
- 1965
13. Problems of Manpower in Agriculture. OECD Documentation in Food and Agriculture.
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris (France).
- Abstract
Problems related to rapid reduction of the agricultural labor force were examined in the 21 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. The size and changes of the agricultural labor force, economic forces tending towards change, technical requirements for labor in agriculture, and obstacles hindering economic adjustment of agricultural labor were scrutinized. Some conclusions were: (1) The exodus from agriculture has recently accelerated, (2) The highest rate of decrease was in the United States, (3) The outflow of agricultural labor has contributed to the nonfarm labor supply, (4) There is a decreased percentage of young adults in agriculture, (5) The agricultural exodus can primarily be explained by unfavorable incomes, and (6) Agricultural exodus is a normal part of economic change leading toward higher levels of living for all groups in a society. It was recommended that: (1) the trend towards fewer agricultural workers be recognized as a normal part of modern economic development, (2) mobility of manpower be recognized as beneficial to economic growth, (3) rural education be similar to that in the urban areas, and (4) economic activity be encouraged in areas threatened with de-population. The report contains separate chapters on Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, and the United States. (DM)
- Published
- 1965
14. School-to-Work Transition: Cross-National Comparison of Approaches.
- Author
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Mulder, Martin
- Abstract
Highlights cross-national differences in school-to-work systems in Germany, the Netherlands, England, Wales, and the United States. Suggests that the root of many transition problems is the disconnections and tensions between the vocational education and training system and the labor market. (SK)
- Published
- 1997
15. Employment Promotion Companies in Eastern Germany: Emergency Measures or a Basis for Structural Reform?
- Author
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Wiedemeyer, Michael
- Abstract
Explores the impact of employment promotion companies initially intended to bridge job shortages and help German workers find unsubsidized employment. Considers whether they contributed to labor market restructuring or distorted competition with private companies. (SK)
- Published
- 1993
16. Forecasting the Output from the European Education System.
- Author
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Pearson, Richard
- Abstract
Short-term forecasting methods for assessing the number of students finishing schooling in France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are reviewed. Types of data that are available for each country are discussed, as well as suggestions for data that need to be collected for more efficient forecasting. (Author/IS)
- Published
- 1983
17. A relational perspective on supervisor‐initiated turnover: Implications for human resource management based on a multi‐method investigation of leader–member exchange relationships.
- Author
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Becker, Laura, Ertz, Elias, and Büttgen, Marion
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EMPLOYEE psychology ,PILOT projects ,WORK environment ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,RESEARCH ,PSYCHOLOGICAL burnout ,RESEARCH evaluation ,RESEARCH methodology ,LEADERSHIP ,LEADERS ,DISCRIMINANT analysis ,PSYCHOLOGY ,COOPERATIVENESS ,LABOR turnover ,LABOR supply ,DECISION making ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,FACTOR analysis ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,THEORY ,SUPERVISION of employees ,COMMITMENT (Psychology) ,INTENTION ,THEMATIC analysis ,PERSONNEL management ,EMPLOYEE retention - Abstract
Despite the great emphasis organizations and human resource management (HRM) research place on turnover issues, one turnover phenomenon has received only limited attention so far: joint leader–member turnover. This research examines supervisor‐initiated turnover (SIT) (i.e., employees' decision to quit their employer to follow a former supervisor to a new organization) and develops a comprehensive model of the SIT decision process, grounded on conservation of resources (COR) theory, that delineates the resource evaluation, conservation and investment deliberations of employees. We take a relational perspective and particularly focus on the leader–member relationship as an important antecedent of SIT and thereby respond to the call for more critical investigations of leader–member exchange (LMX) and corresponding HRM implications. Our three studies (survey, scenario experiment, and dyadic interview study) demonstrate that LMX positively affects SIT intentions (SITI) and that supervisor commitment represents an important mediating mechanism of the LMX–SITI relationship. Our interview study with 46 leader–member dyads identifies relational factors that promote or hinder SIT beyond the leader–member relationship. We discuss the theoretical contributions and practical implications for HRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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18. Synthesis and validation algorithm followed by a weighting procedure to create a detailed anthropometric dataset for the German working-age population.
- Author
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Ackermann, Alexander, Bonin, Dominik, Jaitner, Thomas, Peters, Markus, Radke, Dörte, and Wischniewski, Sascha
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DATABASE management ,ERGONOMICS ,RESEARCH funding ,SYSTEMS development ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,PUBLIC health ,ALGORITHMS ,LABOR supply - Abstract
For the German working-age population no publicly available and detailed anthropometric raw dataset exists, although several studies have collected anthropometric datasets. Unfortunately, the publication of raw data may be restricted by data usage regulations. This study presents a synthesis and validation algorithm to create a virtual copy of an already existing dataset. A detailed anthropometric dataset from a regional epidemiological public-health study in Germany was used for the synthesis and validation algorithm. Results revealed only minor deviations within the validation process. Compared to the original dataset, the virtual dataset was statistically almost identical. In a next step, the virtual dataset was weighted to approximate nationally representative values. In summary, the computed unweighted and weighted virtual data can be published without restrictions and used for ergonomic designing. Furthermore, the synthesis and validation algorithm is suitable for the generation of virtual copies and can be applied to other detailed anthropometric datasets. Data usage regulations may restrict the publication of anthropometric datasets. A synthesis and validation algorithm was developed which can be applied to existing anthropometric datasets to create a virtual copy that is almost identical and can be published. In the current study this algorithm was used for data from Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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19. Seasonal workers wanted! Germany's seasonal labour migration regime and the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Author
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Biaback Anong, Dorothea
- Subjects
- *
COVID-19 pandemic , *DIFFERENTIAL inclusions , *MAGNIFYING glasses , *MIGRANT labor , *LABOR supply - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic publicly exposed the urgent need for seasonal workers in agriculture. In Germany, an entry ban and entry quotas for seasonal workers at the beginning of the pandemic caused major attention. Taking this moment as magnifying glass, the article asks how the German seasonal labour migration regime is constructed (legally) and legitimated (discursively), and in how far the pandemic has caused shifts within this regime. Based on an analysis of the legal framework and the political discourse around seasonal work from 2018 to 2020 in Germany, the seasonal labour migration regime is characterised as just-in-time migration tailored to the needs of agricultural business, where migrants' work force is not absorbed homogenously by precarious labour sectors, but rather specific groups of migrant workers are integrated differently through mechanisms of differential inclusion. Within this regime, seasonal workers function as outsourced labour, whose reproduction costs remain abroad. On the discursive level, the article shows how seasonal workers are produced as 'wanted migrants' by linking seasonal migration to the interests of the 'homeland'. While the pandemic momentarily caused some shifts on the discoursively level, the article shows that the seasonal labour regime as a whole remains rather stable in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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20. Subjective Job Insecurity and the Rise of the Precariat: Evidence from the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States.
- Author
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Manning, Alan and Mazeine, Graham
- Subjects
JOB security ,LABOR supply ,ROBUST control ,SECURITY systems - Abstract
There is a widespread belief that work is less secure than in the past, that an increasing share of workers are part of the "precariat." It is hard to find much evidence for this in objective measures of job security, but perhaps subjective measures show different trends. This paper shows that in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, workers feel as secure as they ever have in the past 30 years. This is partly because job insecurity is very cyclical and (pre-COVID) unemployment rates very low, but there is also no clear underlying trend towards increased subjective measures of job insecurity. This conclusion seems robust to controlling for the changing mix of the labor force, and it is true for specific subsets of workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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21. Regional decomposition in age-group unemployment dynamics in Germany.
- Author
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Ochsen, Carsten
- Subjects
LABOR supply ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,AGE groups ,ACTIVITY-based costing - Abstract
This article analyzes age-group-related differences in the risk of losing a job and the chance to find new employment using regional administrative data for Germany. I also consider flows between inactivity (out of the labor force) and unemployment to examine the relative contributions of labor market flows to different age-group unemployment dynamics. Inactivity and activity flows account for about 23% (and 83% for the youth) of unemployment dynamics, and contributions of separation (11%-50%) and job finding (5%-30%) vary with age-groups. Counties with a larger share of the labor force youth have high dynamics and very low unemployment rates. In contrast, regions with a smaller percentage of youth experience twice as large unemployment rates. Overall, the results provide strong evidence for decreasing regional labor market dynamics when the share of older workers increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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22. Physician assistants in the German inpatient care: barriers and enablers of integration.
- Author
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Ringel, Laura and Fouda, Ayman
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PHYSICIANS' assistants ,MEDICAL quality control ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,MEDICAL care ,INTERVIEWING ,STATISTICAL sampling ,HOSPITAL patients ,PATIENT care ,LABOR demand ,RESEARCH methodology ,EMPLOYEE recruitment ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,LABOR supply - Abstract
Purpose: Various health systems are challenged by a multifaceted crisis of increased service demand and workforce shortages. The effects are devastating and may end up in decreased access to care, poor quality of patient care and extreme demands on the workforce. The introduction of the physician assistant (PA) profession provided an avenue to address such challenges in several countries. In Germany, the integration of PAs has been proceeding slowly. Design/methodology/approach: To understand the integration of the profession in Germany, we conducted 15 expert interviews to reveal how the PA profession is perceived among healthcare experts as well as the barriers and facilitators of integration in inpatient care. Findings: Our results highlight a generally positive perception of PAs, particularly in terms of workload relief and bridging the gap between healthcare professionals. Nonetheless, barriers include resistance from healthcare workers unfamiliar with the PA role, while workforce shortages and collaborative teamwork facilitate integration. Originality/value: These findings lay the groundwork for potential integration-enhancing strategies in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Does inequality migrate? The development of income inequality across German states.
- Author
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Badunenko, Oleg and Popova, Maria
- Subjects
- *
INCOME inequality , *SOCIAL attitudes , *MIGRANT labor , *MASS migrations , *LABOR supply ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
This study analyzes the evolution of educational and occupational patterns among migrants and natives, as well as income inequality in Germany from 1985 to 2015. We show that despite migrants catching up in education, employment, and income with their native counterparts, unfavorable societal attitudes toward them have remained virtually unchanged, which can be attributed to Bourdieu's conceptualization of cultural inheritance. We find that while income inequality has increased significantly over the 30‐year period, this trend varied considerably by the federal state and that migration did nothing to add to inequality. Since both the German economy and society rely on migrants, there is a strong need for the narratives toward migrants to be based on empirical evidence. The findings of this study hold migrant‐related policy implications not only for Germany but also for other developed nations that rely on migrants as a labor force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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24. Estimating regional unemployment with mobile network data for Functional Urban Areas in Germany.
- Author
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Hadam, Sandra, Würz, Nora, Kreutzmann, Ann-Kristin, and Schmid, Timo
- Subjects
CITIES & towns ,LABOR supply ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,ESTIMATION bias ,UNEMPLOYMENT statistics - Abstract
The ongoing growth of cities due to better job opportunities is leading to increased labour-related commuter flows in several countries. On the one hand, an increasing number of people commute and move to the cities, but on the other hand, the labour market indicates higher unemployment rates in urban areas than in the surrounding areas. We investigate this phenomenon on regional level by an alternative definition of unemployment rates in which commuting behaviour is integrated. We combine data from the Labour Force Survey with dynamic mobile network data by small area models for the federal state North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. From a methodical perspective, we use a transformed Fay–Herriot model with bias correction for the estimation of unemployment rates and propose a parametric bootstrap for the mean squared error estimation that includes the bias correction. The performance of the proposed methodology is evaluated in a case study based on official data and in model-based simulations. The results in the application show that unemployment rates (adjusted by commuters) in German cities are lower than traditional official unemployment rates indicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Which Duration of Unemployment Benefits is Perceived as Being Just for Which Groups? Results from a Factorial Survey Experiment in Germany.
- Author
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Osiander, Christopher, Senghaas, Monika, Stephan, Gesine, Struck, Olaf, and Wolff, Richard
- Subjects
FACTORIAL experiment designs ,UNEMPLOYMENT insurance ,WELFARE state ,LABOR supply ,FICTIONAL characters ,UNEMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Welfare states allocate and redistribute resources across different groups. For the social legitimacy of welfare states, public support of redistributive processes and outcomes is crucial. An important aspect in this context is the deservingness or non-deservingness of benefit recipients from the perspective of those who both financially contribute to the system and potentially benefit from it. We invited a random sample of the German labour force to participate in an online-survey. Using a factorial survey experiment, we described fictitious unemployed persons with different attributes and asked survey participants on the just maximum benefit duration for each particular case. Judgements regarding just benefit durations vary along the criteria of reciprocity, control, attitude and need: Respondents grant longer unemployment benefits to older jobseekers, as well as to jobseekers who became involuntarily unemployed, had stable employment careers, have to care for the elderly or are sole earners in the household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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26. Editorial.
- Author
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Schulz-Schaeffer, Ingo
- Subjects
BASIC income ,LABOR supply ,ADULTS ,PAYMENT ,MOTIVATION (Psychology) - Abstract
Copyright of Soziologische Revue is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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27. Are female-dominated occupations a secure option? Occupational gender segregation, accompanied occupational characteristics, and the risk of becoming unemployed.
- Author
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Bächmann, Ann-Christin
- Subjects
UNEMPLOYED people ,LABOR market ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,LABOR supply - Abstract
In the German labour market, research hints towards a reversal in gender-specific risk of becoming unemployed: While women previously faced higher risk than men, in recent years, they have consistently lower risk. This paper analyses this reversal by focusing on the role of occupational gender segregation. I discuss theoretical differences in the labour supply and demand structure and thus in the unemployment risk of male- and female-dominated occupations caused by crowding and technological and sectoral change. Using the German National Educational Panel Study combined with occupation level data, I analyse the transition to unemployment over three decades. The results confirm gender-specific trends over time: While women faced higher risk of becoming unemployed in the 1980s, they face significantly lower risk than men in the 21st century. A Karlson-Holm-Breen decomposition shows that the lower risk of women in the newest decade under observation is mediated by the unequal distribution of men and women over the occupational structure. Yet, the higher risk of women in the 1980s cannot be traced back to differences in male- and female-dominated occupations. On the contrary, the results suggest that women were more likely to become unemployed in that decade independent of their occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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28. Das WSI-Erwerbspersonenpanel Hintergründe, Befunde, ausblick.
- Author
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EMMLER, HELGE
- Subjects
LABOR supply ,TRUST ,STATISTICAL sampling ,PRESS releases ,ELECTRONIC data processing - Abstract
Copyright of Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut Mitteilungen is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Repräsentation von Migrant*innen in Betriebsräten.
- Author
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BEHRENS, MARTIN, BREHMER, WOLFRAM, and POHLMEYER, MERLE
- Subjects
WORKS councils ,EMPLOYEE reviews ,LABOR supply ,EMPLOYMENT ,IMMIGRANTS - Abstract
Copyright of Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut Mitteilungen is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Neoliberalizam njemačkih demokršćanskih stranaka u politici državljanstva od 1990. do danas.
- Author
-
Mađarević, Elizabeta
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT policy ,RELIGIOUS groups ,POLITICAL refugees ,LABOR supply ,POLITICAL parties ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,COALITION governments ,ETHNICITY - Abstract
Copyright of Obnovljeni zivot is the property of University of Zagreb, Society of Jesus and Faculty of Philosophy & Religious Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. One way or another? An international comparison of expatriate performance management in multinational companies.
- Author
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Bader, Anna Katharina, Bader, Benjamin, Froese, Fabian Jintae, and Sekiguchi, Tomoki
- Subjects
ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,PROFESSIONAL practice ,INSTITUTIONAL cooperation ,WORK environment ,STATISTICS ,STRATEGIC planning ,DEBATE ,PROFESSIONAL employee training ,MATHEMATICAL models ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,EXECUTIVES ,CULTURAL pluralism ,LABOR supply ,COMPARATIVE studies ,WAGES ,THEORY ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,ANALYSIS of covariance ,CHI-squared test ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,JOB performance ,WORKING hours ,DATA analysis ,ETHNIC groups ,EMPLOYEE reviews ,GOAL (Psychology) ,PERSONNEL management - Abstract
Due to the high costs and strategic importance of expatriate assignments, expatriate performance management (EPM) plays an increasingly important role for multinational enterprises (MNEs). However, research on EPM is still in its infancy. Drawing from the convergence/divergence debate in international human resource management, this study investigates and compares EPM strategies and practices across MNEs from three different country clusters to better understand whether EPM practices tend to converge, diverge, or crossverge (i.e., show aspects of both). Results from surveying 132 Anglo‐Saxon, Germanic, and Japanese MNEs reveal prominent differences (divergence) at the EPM strategic level such that Japanese MNEs tend to pursue more ethnocentric staffing strategies and design EPM systems specifically tailored to expatriates. On the practice level, we found both commonalities and differences between Japanese and Anglo‐Saxon and Germanic MNEs, pointing toward crossvergence. Theoretical and practical implications of our results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The Extension of Late Working Life in Germany: Trends, Inequalities, and the East-West Divide.
- Author
-
Dudel, Christian, Loichinger, Elke, Klüsener, Sebastian, Sulak, Harun, and Myrskylä, Mikko
- Subjects
LIFE course approach ,LIFE expectancy ,QUALITY of work life ,POPULATION geography ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,SURVEYS ,COMPARATIVE studies ,SEX distribution ,LABOR supply ,EMPLOYMENT ,SOCIOECONOMIC disparities in health ,AGING ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,RETIREMENT ,LONGITUDINAL method - Abstract
The extension of late working life has been proposed as a potential remedy for the challenges of aging societies. For Germany, surprisingly little is known about trends and social inequalities in the length of late working life. We use data from the German Microcensus to estimate working life expectancy from age 55 onward for the 1941-1955 birth cohorts. We adjust our calculations of working life expectancy for working hours and present results for western and eastern Germany by gender, education, and occupation. While working life expectancy has increased across cohorts, we find strong regional and socioeconomic disparities. Decomposition analyses show that among males, socioeconomic differences are predominantly driven by variation in employment rates; among women, variation in both employment rates and working hours are highly relevant. Older eastern German women have longer working lives than older western German women, which is likely attributable to the German Democratic Republic legacy of high female employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Trends in cancer-free working life expectancy based on health insurance data from Germany–Is the increase as strong as in working life expectancy?
- Author
-
Tetzlaff, Fabian, Nowossadeck, Enno, Epping, Jelena, di Lego, Vanessa, Muszynska-Spielauer, Magdalena, Beller, Johannes, Sperlich, Stefanie, and Tetzlaff, Juliane
- Subjects
- *
PRODUCTIVE life span , *HEALTH expectancy , *HEALTH insurance , *OLDER men , *LABOR supply - Abstract
Background: Against the backdrop of population ageing, governments are facing the need to raise the statutory retirement age. In this context, the question arises whether these extra years added to working life would be spent in good health. As cancer represents a main contributor to premature retirement this study focuses on time trends and educational inequalities in cancer-free working life expectancy (WLE). Methods: The analyses are based on the data of a large German health insurer covering annually about 2 million individuals. Cancer-free WLE is calculated based on multistate life tables and reported for three periods: 2006–2008, 2011–2013, and 2016–2018. Educational inequalities in 2011–2013 were assessed by two educational levels (8 to 11 years and 12 to 13 years of schooling). Results: While labour force participation increased, cancer incidence rates decreased over time. Cancer-free WLE at age 18 increased by 2.5 years in men and 6.3 years in women (age 50: 1.3 years in men, 2.4 years in women) between the first and third period while increases in WLE after a cancer diagnosis remained limited. Furthermore, educational inequalities are substantial, with lower groups having lower cancer-free WLE. The proportion of cancer-free WLE in total WLE remained constant in women and younger men, while it decreased in men at higher working age. Conclusion: The increase in WLE is accompanied by an increase in cancer-free WLE. However, the subgroups considered have not benefitted equally from this positive development. Among men at higher working age, WLE increased at a faster pace than cancer-free WLE. Particular attention should be paid to individuals with lower education and older men, as the general level and time trends in cancer-free WLE are less favourable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Job quality trajectories among baby-boomers in Germany and their consequences for the motivation to work – results from the lidA cohort study.
- Author
-
Stiller, Michael, Garthe, Nina, and Hasselhorn, Hans Martin
- Subjects
- *
WORK environment , *LABOR mobility , *STATISTICS , *ANALYSIS of variance , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *JOB descriptions , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *LABOR supply , *PSYCHOSOCIAL factors , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *CHI-squared test , *RESEARCH funding , *BABY boom generation , *RETIREMENT , *STATISTICAL sampling , *ODDS ratio , *DATA analysis , *LONGITUDINAL method , *OLD age - Abstract
In light of a large proportion of older workers leaving the German labour market in the near future, policy makers aim to extend working lives to ensure sustainability of the social security system. In this context, safe and healthy working conditions are considered a precondition for encouraging employment participation. To understand better the role of the work environment in pre-retirement years, we draw upon an established model of five job quality profiles for the German ageing workforce. We explored seven-year profile development and linked selected manual and non-manual job quality trajectories to the motivation to work (MTW) using data from the 2011, 2014 and 2018 assessments of the lidA cohort study (valid N = 2,863). We found that older workers shifted to physically less-demanding profiles. Individual profile stability was prevalent among one-third of the workers. In 2018, there was a higher MTW when job quality remained favourable or improved early, while later improvements were associated with lower MTW. Early deterioration of job quality was associated with lower MTW levels among workers with non-manual trajectories only. The results highlight the dynamic job quality situation of the older German workforce and the importance of adopting a person-centred perspective when investigating working conditions and its effects. They further underline the need to consider quality of work when designing and implementing strategies to extend working lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Flexible Use of the Large-Scale Short-Time Work Scheme in Germany during the Pandemic: Dynamic Labour Demand Models Estimation with High-Frequency Establishment Data.
- Author
-
Bellmann, Lisa, Bellmann, Lutz, and Kölling, Arnd
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,PANDEMICS ,PANEL analysis ,RESEARCH institutes ,LABOR supply - Abstract
Our study uses 24 waves of the survey Establishments in the COVID-19 crisis (BeCOVID), a high-frequency dataset collected at monthly intervals by the Institute for Employment Research during the COVID-19 pandemic, to investigate the behaviour of establishments with respect to the dynamics of their employment, in particular their use of short-time work. Due to the high-frequency intervals, the present data are considerably better suited than annual panel surveys to investigate adjustment processes. This is especially true for the role of short-time work, which is seen as a particularly fast adjustment option and thus reduces adjustment costs rapidly. Our estimations reveal a much faster overall workforce adjustment process compared with previous studies, which rely on annual panel surveys. In addition, our empirical results show that the employment adjustment in establishments using short-time work during the COVID-19 crisis occurred almost immediately within one month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Reforms of an early retirement pathway in Germany and their labor market effects.
- Author
-
Riphahn, Regina T. and Schrader, Rebecca
- Subjects
EARLY retirement ,LABOR market ,RETIREMENT age ,LABOR supply ,ADMINISTRATIVE reform - Abstract
We study causal effects of two early retirement reforms. Reform 1 increased normal retirement age stepwise from 60 to 63. Simultaneously, it became possible to use early retirement with benefit discounts. Reform 2 increased the age of early retirement stepwise from 60 to 63. We investigate behavioral responses to the reforms using administrative data and difference-in-differences strategies. We find strong and significant causal effects of both reforms. Individuals postponed retirement, stayed employed longer, postponed unemployment, and shifted to alternative pathways into retirement. The overall use of the retirement system declined by about 1.5 and 2 months per person after each of the two reforms. Individuals with low pension wealth and those who were affected immediately by the reform responded more strongly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Institutional Reforms of 2006 and the Dramatic Rise in Old-Age Employment in Germany.
- Author
-
Riphahn, Regina T. and Schrader, Rebecca
- Subjects
EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR supply ,UNEMPLOYMENT insurance ,LABOR market ,JOB evaluation - Abstract
The authors investigate whether a cut in unemployment benefit payout periods enacted in Germany in 2006 affected older workers' labor market transitions. The authors use rich administrative data and exploit a difference-in-differences approach. During 2004–2007, using monthly observations, they compare a reference group of 40–44 year olds with constant benefit payout periods to older treatment groups with reduced payout durations. Compared to the reference group, those groups with reduced payout periods had lower job exit rates, higher rates of finding a job, higher propensity to remain employed, and lower propensity to remain unemployed. These patterns suggest that the reform may have contributed to the recent rise in old-age employment in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Linking employer branding orientation and firm performance: Testing a dual mediation route of recruitment efficiency and positive affective climate.
- Author
-
Tumasjan, Andranik, Kunze, Florian, Bruch, Heike, and Welpe, Isabell M.
- Subjects
ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,BENCHMARKING (Management) ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,CORPORATE culture ,EMPLOYEE recruitment ,LABOR productivity ,LABOR supply ,MANAGEMENT ,MARKETING ,ORGANIZATIONAL effectiveness ,PERSONNEL management ,REGRESSION analysis ,SURVEYS ,WORK environment ,STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,DATA analysis software - Abstract
Faced with competitive labor markets, firms increasingly use employer branding to build a qualified workforce and engage their employees. However, our understanding of the impact of employer branding orientation on firm performance and the theoretical firm‐level mechanisms underlying this potential impact is very limited. To address this gap, we integrate brand marketing theory with human resource management (HRM) research to develop a model explicating how employer branding orientation is linked to firm performance through a dual route by enhancing both recruitment efficiency (i.e., external route: applicants) and positive affective climate (i.e., internal route: incumbent employees). The results of a multisource study (i.e., top management, human resource managers, employees) with 93 firms show employer branding orientation is positively related to firm performance through positive affective climate but not recruitment efficiency. Using a brand equity approach to HRM, our results advance the literature by demonstrating the generalizability of employer branding effects independent of concrete brand attributes and explaining the firm‐level mediating mechanisms linking it to firm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Do Start-ups Provide Employment Opportunities for Disadvantaged Workers?
- Author
-
Fackler, Daniel, Fuchs, Michaela, Hölscher, Lisa, and Schnabel, Claus
- Subjects
JOB vacancies ,LABOR supply ,EMPLOYEES ,PLANT shutdowns ,QUALITY of work life - Abstract
This article compares the hiring patterns of start-ups and incumbent firms to analyze whether start-ups offer relatively more job opportunities to disadvantaged workers. Using administrative linked employer–employee data for Germany that provide the complete employment biographies of newly hired workers, the authors show that young firms are more likely than incumbents to hire applicants who are older, foreign, or unemployed, or who have unstable employment histories, arrive from outside the labor force, or were affected by a plant closure. Analysis of entry wages shows that penalties for these disadvantaged workers, however, are higher in start-ups than in incumbent firms. Therefore, even if start-ups provide employment opportunities for certain groups of disadvantaged workers, the quality of these jobs in terms of initial remuneration appears to be low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Local attributes and migration balance – evidence for different age and skill groups from a machine learning approach.
- Author
-
Meister, Moritz, Niebuhr, Annekatrin, Peters, Jan Cornelius, and Stiller, Johannes
- Subjects
AGE groups ,MACHINE learning ,URBAN density ,LABOR supply ,YOUNG workers ,HUMAN capital - Abstract
Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Voluntary labour supply by birth cohort: empirical evidence from Germany.
- Author
-
Dittrich, Marcus and Mey, Bianka
- Subjects
LABOR supply ,COHORT analysis ,VOLUNTEER service ,TIME series analysis ,SOCIAL capital - Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between the volunteer labour supply as a component of social capital accumulation and birth cohorts. Using cross-sectional data from Germany, we apply pseudo time series and panel methods to study the connection between volunteering, active membership status, and public and private good motivations to capture an apparently changing perception of volunteer work. Our results suggest that volunteering establishes itself as a stable behaviour. Active membership and motives to volunteer to do something for a common good have predictive power. The results suggest that the volunteer labour supply is associated with some kind of institutionalised structures and a public good orientation rather than 'just having a good time'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Mothers' regrets of having (or not having) returned to work after childbirth: Longitudinal relationships with organizational commitment.
- Author
-
Wiese, Bettina S. and Stertz, Anna M.
- Subjects
- *
CHILDBIRTH , *PSYCHOLOGY of mothers , *LABOR supply , *HYPOTHESIS , *PUERPERIUM , *EMPLOYMENT reentry , *STAY-at-home orders , *CORPORATE culture , *LONGITUDINAL method - Abstract
Postpartum mothers have to decide whether to leave the workforce for some time and, if so, when to return to paid work. Two kinds of regrets might evolve as a result of women's leave‐related decisions: stay‐at‐home and return‐to‐work regrets. The present research investigates how these forms of regrets are associated with women's affective organizational commitment. We conducted a four‐wave longitudinal study with female participants mostly living in Switzerland (61%) and Germany (37%). The first measurement occasion took place during pregnancy (N = 294), and the subsequent three postnatal measurement points were at 6 (n = 281), 12 (n = 254), and 24 months (n = 230) after childbirth. As expected, higher organizational commitment during pregnancy predicted stronger stay‐at‐home regrets. By contrast, women's prenatal organizational commitment did not turn out to be predictive for lowered return‐to‐work regrets. We further assumed cross‐lagged associations between post‐birth organizational commitment and return‐to‐work regrets. Our results suggest that return‐to‐work regrets are predictive of decreases in affective organizational commitment. Reversed causation, that is, effects from postnatal organizational commitment to return‐to‐work regrets, could not be confirmed. Results are discussed regarding theoretical, methodological, and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The expansion of early childcare and transitions to first and second birth in Germany.
- Author
-
Schuss, Eric and Azaouagh, Mohammed
- Subjects
CHILD care ,INCOME distribution ,INTERNAL migration ,LABOR supply ,FERTILITY - Abstract
We use quasi‐experimental expansion of publicly funded childcare slots for children under the age of three from Germany and exploit regional variations of this large‐scale expansion to account for endogenous and selective fertility decisions. To account for left and right censoring, we implement this quasi‐experimental framework into the setting of the semiparametric Cox hazard model. By using spatial data on childcare provision at the level of counties and microdata from the German Socio‐Economic Panel (SOEP) from 1998 to 2012, we find a significant increase in the transition probability to first birth by 11.9% for native childless couples who were in the labor force before childbearing. With regard to transition to the second birth, however, no significant effect is found from the increase in childcare slots. With a particular focus on the transition to first birth, the effects are demonstrated not to be driven by selective residency choices and internal migration patterns. Furthermore, a large set of robustness checks is applied to show that highly educated mothers react the most, while effects are not attributable to the upper decile of income distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Neue Ideen und neue Technik für den Gartenbau.
- Author
-
Joseph, Marco
- Subjects
HORTICULTURE ,LABOR supply ,DATA analysis ,ENVIRONMENTAL engineering - Abstract
The article explores emerging trends in the German horticulture industry in response to changing production conditions. It highlights multiple key trends, including the rise of agricultural robots to address labor shortages, the increasing use of sensor technology for plant monitoring and data analysis, advancements in climate control techniques and closed greenhouse systems, and the growing popularity of vertical farming to maximize space and efficiency.
- Published
- 2023
45. Settlers, target‐earners, young professionals. Distinct migrant types, distinct integration trajectories?
- Author
-
Spanner, Franziska and Diehl, Claudia
- Subjects
- *
TURKS , *IMMIGRANTS , *LABOR supply , *PROFESSIONAL employees - Abstract
In this article, we start out from theoretical concepts about different types of migrants that feature prominently in the immigration literature. By applying latent class analysis to a unique 'mini‐panel' data set on recent Polish and Turkish immigrants in Germany, we identify two types of migrants that are in line with the literature, namely settlers and target‐earners. We label a third group that is best described as educational target‐earners: 'young learners/professionals'. Regarding variation in these groups' early sociocultural integration patterns, results suggest that they reflect primarily differences in migrants' intention to stay, individual resources such as education, and opportunities for integration related to newcomers' involvement in the educational system or labour force. In sum, migrant types – though certainly more intuitively appealing and vivid than single 'variables' – seem to have limited explanatory power when it comes to predicting newcomers' early integration trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Maternal employment effects of paid parental leave.
- Author
-
Bergemann, Annette and Riphahn, Regina T.
- Subjects
- *
PARENTAL leave , *LABOR supply , *EMPLOYMENT , *LABOR market , *SOCIAL norms - Abstract
We study the short-, medium-, and long-run employment effects of a substantial change in Germany's parental leave benefit program. In 2007, a means-tested parental leave transfer program that paid benefits for up to 2 years was replaced with an earnings-related transfer that paid benefits for up to 1 year. The reform changed the regulation for prior benefit recipients and added benefits for those who were not eligible before. Although long-run labor force participation did not change substantially—the reform sped up mothers' labor market return after their benefits expired. Likely pathways for this substantial reform effect are changes in social norms and in mothers' preferences for economic independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Neues Rekordhoch.
- Author
-
STIPPLER, SIBYLLE, WERNER, DIRK, and BARDT, HUBERTUS
- Subjects
LABOR supply ,BABY boom generation ,LABOR market ,SKILLED labor ,DEMOGRAPHIC transition ,JOB vacancies - Abstract
Copyright of Die Politische Meinung is the property of Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
48. Unverzichtbar.
- Author
-
HANNACK, ELKE
- Subjects
WOMEN'S employment ,SKILLED labor ,CONFEDERATION of states ,LABOR supply ,PARTICIPATION ,GENDER inequality - Abstract
Copyright of Die Politische Meinung is the property of Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
49. A Home for the 'Wandering Aramean'—In Germany?
- Author
-
Speliopoulos, Elke B.
- Subjects
- *
LABOR supply , *COMMUNITIES , *PERSECUTION , *OTHER (Philosophy) - Abstract
Migration to Germany has been a fact of life for the average German since the 1960s. Immigrants started arriving from countries like Turkey, Spain, Greece, or Italy as a post-war labor force was invited to Germany to address workforce shortages. Many of these immigrants ultimately brought their families to live in Germany. One group of these newcomers was Aramean families of Syriac Orthodox faith, forced to flee the Tur Abdin region in southeast Turkey via Syria, Lebanon, and Northern Iraq. This paper will discuss the background and impetus for moving to the West for this immigrant group in detail. It will review the impacts on the life of devout Syriac Orthodox families while living in Germany, a secular country. It will also take an initial look at whether evangelical communities in Germany can come alongside this group, still suffering from a different kind of persecution: the "otherness" of living in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. A cross-sectional survey of German PA employment and workforce entry.
- Author
-
Heistermann, Peter, Günther, Hans-Joachim, Heilmann, Claudia, Meyer-Treschan, Tanja, Sesselmann, Stefan, Schneke, Andre, Mihatsch, Lorenz, Lang, Tamika, and Mihatsch, Walter
- Subjects
CONFIDENCE intervals ,JOB qualifications ,CROSS-sectional method ,AGE distribution ,LABOR supply ,NURSING practice ,INCOME ,EMPLOYMENT ,JOB satisfaction ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,DATA analysis software ,EDUCATIONAL attainment - Abstract
Objective: The contribution of physician assistants (PAs) to the German healthcare workforce has increased significantly since their introduction in 2005. From five training programs, the number has increased to the current 18, with 560 PAs awarded the PA bachelor of science degree as of 2020. Despite the growth, researchers lack systemic and reliable empirical data that provide insight into the German PA educational and professional profile. The German University Association Physician Assistant (DHPA) undertook the first nationwide cross-sectional survey on PAs in Germany to understand the German PA movement. This survey aimed to describe German PAs' entry into the profession and PA educational and job satisfaction. Methods: PA alumni of all universities affiliated with the DHPA and all subscribers of the Facebook online social media platform PA Blog were invited to complete an online questionnaire. Results: Of the 282 PAs who completed the survey, 77% were female and under age 25 years. Almost all (94%) were employed, predominantly as PAs (91%, 241 of 265), although some held other positions. Most worked full time (87%), with some citing child-care needs as reasons for part-time employment (n = 21). Few reported unemployment (1.4%, 4 of 282). Eighty-two percent said they would probably or very likely choose the same course of study again. Most employed participants found the inclusion of frequent rotations between didactic and clinical training in PA programs beneficial. However, a small number of participants (26.8%) agreed that German PA programs' didactic and clinical teaching objectives were well aligned. Conclusions: German PAs have a high level of satisfaction with their profession and report low unemployment. Improvement in the alignment of didactic and clinical educational objectives to improve academic qualifications and satisfaction emerged as an area of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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