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Using the newspaper circulation data collected through the Alliance for Audited Media (n = 1,925 across five years), this study provides the first empirical spatial analysis of newspaper circulation in the US, employing the theoretical framework of communication geography and the analytical tool of spatial econometrics. From 2018 to 2022, a steady decline (at an average of 24.1% per year) in newspaper circulation was observed in most of the counties in the dataset, after controlling for spatial and temporal random effects. A positive and significant spatial autocorrelation was found across the US. The local indicators of spatial association results identified four types of spatial clusters that offer a more nuanced understanding of the local spatial distribution of newspaper circulation: news deserts, news oases, news islands, and the fringe of news deserts. The study also used Bayesian spatiotemporal modeling to pinpoint the regions that are more sensitive to the spatial structure regarding the decline of newspaper circulation.

If I The Sunday Paper i is, as the authors write, "an argument for shifting the topography of journalism and newspaper history and placing it more squarely within media history" (p. 4), then we need to know that "topography." Paul Moore and Sandra Gabriele explain how this happened in I The Sunday Paper: A Media History i by charting the ways in which the Sunday newspaper continually reinvented itself with new inserts and sections and the adoption of technologies that attracted and engaged readers. For most of the twentieth century, the distinctive "thud" of the Sunday newspaper hitting the doorstep (if the paperboy had accurate aim) was the sound of journalism. [Extracted from the article]

The provincial Liberal government, then led by McCullagh's good friend Premier Mitchell Hepburn, quickly moved to oppose the action and the I Globe and Mail i soon became a gramophone strongly supporting Hepburn's attack on the UAW. The McCullagh-King relationship Bourrie describes was not positive, with the wily King thinking McCullagh hopelessly naïve and the restless McCullagh convinced that King was too cautious and yesterday's man. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Educational Sciences / Odgojne Znanosti is the property of Uciteljski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses newspaper readership surveys and evaluates the possibilities for improving readership studies. The author advocates newspaper studies which measure the most popular articles and the most interesting articles. The theory is that by tracking this data and sharing the results with the readers, the chances of increasing circulation and profits rise. Newspapers can succeed with both advertisers and readers by supporting the advertisements which best fulfill the needs of the readers.

The article focuses on an investigation conducted by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to know the reasons for the increase in the price of newsprint paper in the country during the year 1916. The results of the investigation were submitted to the U.S. Senate on March 3, 1917 and June 13, 1917. It was found that the domestic consumption of newsprint paper in the year 1915 was about 1,575,000 tons and it increased to 1,774,000 tons in the year 1916. An increase in the volume of advertising forced newspaper publishers to increase the number of printed pages of each issue. The circulation of newspapers also increased which resulted in a substantial increase in the consumption of newsprint.

The circulation of newspapers that have both a "paper version" and a "free digital" version is analysed to determine whether there is a relationship between the two kinds of circulation. If there is an existing relationship we want to know how it works, what the overall effects are, and if these effects create some form of "cannibalization". We studied the leading "free digital" publications in Spain for general information (El mundo), sports (Marca), and economics (Expansión). Sources for extracting data are Introl, OJD and OJD Interactiva. Data analysis was based on a descriptive statistics methodology and monthly series over 10 years, starting in June 1998, the first available date for electronic editions of these three newspapapers. The last month analysed is December 2008 because OJD Interactiva modified its measurement methods in January 2009 and this change could have affected the study results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the historical development of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and "Socialist Worker" newspaper in Great Britain. It states that while the newspaper has failed to realize its goal to reach a mass readership within the working class, it became an influential publication. It adds that its strong attachment to Leninist principles has provided them the flexibility to the changing environment from the early 1960s to the current period of recession and mass unemployment.

This comparison of Thomson papers with comparable newspapers indicates they lost more revenue and circulation during 1980s when high profit goals were set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the beginning of 1947 Kingsley Martin published his vision of the press as it was and as it should be in The Press the Public Wants. Whoever wanted the tiny papers of the late 1940s? No one, it would seem, least of all the newspapers themselves who complained they could not function in the way they should, due to the inadequate supply of newsprint. Newsprint rationing seems to have been even more controversial in the Netherlands than in Britain. This article probes the similarities and differences between the situation of the daily press in Britain and the Netherlands, after World War II with particular reference to the scarcity of newsprint, in order to understand some of the dynamics of media structure. An important explanatory factor in the matter of a response to the newsprint restrictions may have been the degree of commercialization of the press as a whole, and of particular newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction to the collection of articles published in MIA to mark 50 years of The Australian offers a critical assessment of the literature on The Australian. It covers the miracle of the paper's conception, its struggle to survive amid widespread doubts that it could, and the conditions that enabled it to flourish at various times. It discusses the paper's original vision as well as its early reception, some of the market research and the changing profile of its readers. It examines arguments and evidence about The Australian's coverage of elections, notes the contention over its positions on other issues and lists a large number of studies that have explored various aspects of its journalism. It also situates The Australian in relation to other parts of News Limited and scrutinises claims about the paper's influence on other publishers and other media. Finally, it offers an outline of the articles in this theme section - four from industry and three from the academy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a research paper on the images of Japan that readers of U.S. newspapers may create and the images of the U.S. that readers of Japanese newspapers might develop. It states that citizens of both countries would unlikely to reach accommodation on mutual conflicts if the potential for the development of equivalent images does not exist in both the U.S. and Japanese newspapers. It discusses systematic content analysis and impressionistic description of news in selected newspapers from the U.S. and Japan. It adds that readers from both countries are likely to gain different mental images on U.S.-Japan political and economic relations.

The article discusses the evolution of newspaper publishing with posh Sundays at its titles since 1956. The posh Sunday publications experienced a counter-revolution in 1990 due to changes of ownership, the stylistic innovations in reporting and presentation of daily papers, and changes in the Sunday rituals of the industry. The posh Sunday papers have been softened and trending downwards as reflected in the circulation statistics between 1990 and 2008.

The article presents a study with regards to newspapers' editorial decision-making (D-M) process in the U.S. The study uses a questionnaire containing 31 items and were distributed to 267 newspapers in the U.S. It says that out of the 267 questionnaires, only 107 were returned and with only 100 reusable returned questionnaires. Furthermore, it states that in order of importance, the people responsible for editorial D-M process are publisher, editor, and editorial page editor. It adds that the American newspapers have small numbers of editorial writers due to editorial influence's decline and on the ubiquitous columnists.

This article presents an analysis of newspaper readers in Beijing, China. Categorization of readers clarifies the characteristics of different newspapers. With workers as its target audience, the "Worker's Daily," for example, attributed 62.8 percent of its readership to workers. Similarly, 88.9 percent of the readers of the "Chinese Peasant," are peasants. With individual characteristics, each newspaper has to confront its own group of readers. However, readers' interests vary widely and, when one is not totally satisfied with one paper, he turns to another. A reader, therefore, is usually reading more than one paper. According to the data, of 1,966 readers, 8.1 percent read one paper. 14.5 percent read two papers, 18.8 percent read three papers, 18.5 percent read four papers, and 37.8 percent read five papers. A majority of readers read newspapers during their noon and evening spare time. According to a survey of 1,200 urban staff and workers conducted by the Beijing Statistics Bureau, their average spare time per day is only three-and-a-half hours. Since evenings are also TV time, there is not much time for newspaper reading, and therefore newspaper editors and reporters should keep their readers in mind by supplying brief news items.

This paper examines evidence concerning the existence of organizational buffers, which insulate an organization from environmental disturbances, and transformational shields, which insulate an organization from the risk of failure due to transformation. It proposes that interorganizational linkages in particular can (1) buffer organizations from failure, (2) affect the likelihood of organizational transformation, and (3) modify the effect of organizational transformation on failure. These propositions are examined using event-history analysis of data on approximately 1,000 Finnish newspapers over a 200-year period. In this population, linkages reduced failure, increased organizational transformations, and altered the chances for failure after transformation. More generally, the findings support the existence of organizational buffers and transformational shields, suggesting further work on their role in population dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses newspaper advertising test runs. The idea of testing ads in low to medium circulation newspapers is addressed. Factors impacting total returns include audience size, product appeal, interested market, and advertisement size. The willingness of certain newspapers to accept ads of 300 characters or less is discussed. A graph tracking total return of an ad in comparison to newspaper circulation size is presented. All test runs were conducted in the "New York Daily Mirror" and advertised a laxative product.

The article focuses on growth and development of the newspaper advertising industry. In the early years, newspapers simply sold space on a page and anyone could print whatever they chose. This period, the space era, was followed by the circulation era, reader-interest era and now the market coverage era. The Audit Bureau of Circulation's formation in 1914 played a role in standardizing readership and circulation figures. The critical newspaper market research topics are addressed. To move the industry forward, the author suggests improved research of the paper itself, distribution facilities, competitors' products, circulation characteristics, popular sections and readership data.

The article explores the smaller circulations of papers in Great Britain which are produced by small socialist organizations. It states that the newspapers including "Black Dwarf" and "Red Republican" have emerged as the mouthpiece of militant sections of the working class. It also points out that the success of the journalism in the country happened from 1923 to 1924.

The article focuses on the decline of British national newspapers. It says that the main factors affecting the decline are the actions made by the proprietors, unions and the government. It states that unreasonable pricing, market positioning, unreliable image because of strikes, and worsening distribution networks were among contributors to the deteriorating condition of the industry. It offers several actions and recommendations that proprietors should adopt in order to save the industry, which includes cutting of production and operating costs, persuading the unions to accept full automation, and moving some or all of the papers to one or more printing plants in England. It mentions the idea of entering to a joint operating agreements to keep the papers.

Free daily newspapers, first introduced in Sweden in 1995, have proved to be much more than a passing phenomenon. By 2002, 80 free daily newspapers were introduced in 26 countries, 60 of them still exist. In thirteen countries free papers are responsible for more than ten percent of the total daily weekday circulation. The total circulation of the 60 free papers is almost 10 million copies, every day more than 20 million people read these papers. Vie success of the free papers is the result of their efficient cost structure and their ability to reach a new and relatively young audience. When looking more closely at the firms that publish these free newspapers two different models emerge; first, the entrepreneur entering a new market, and second the local or national newspaper firm. In the second model, free papers are launched to prevent other firms entering the market or to counter new firms already in the market. In the long run these obstructive tactics may develop into more positive strategies. Most readers are former ‘non-readers’ or people who read paid and free newspapers. Existing firms are developing strategies to benefit from the growing readership of newspapers created by free papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the beliefs of noted Spanish journalist Juan Luis Cebrián. According to Cebrián, newspapers have stopped playing a role in the socialization of information. He also discusses the role of the Internet in the transmission of information. According to him, if he had to found a newspaper like "El País," he would have made it available online first and then adapted it to a paper format. He also talks about the controversy surrounding whether or not "El País" has a larger readership online than another Madrid-based periodical, "El Mundo."

The article presents a study that examined the performance of New Orleans newspapers in covering the Mexican War in 1846-1848. An 1847 poem published in "Delta" entitled "The Newsboy," is referred, which describes the variation of news that the competitive New Orleans newspapers used to good advantage throughout the Mexican War. The article also cites that during the war, New Orleans had at least 30 papers published in four different languages including French, Spanish, German and English. It also explores competition of several English-published newspaper that focused on reporting and transmitting news about the war. Moreover, the article discusses how the news on the Mexican War were being transmitted.

For a generation, the U.S. newspaper industry has suffered from stagnant circulation performance and declining penetration, but some papers manage to maintain healthy penetration. This project investigated whether content mix could account for the variance in penetration among papers in a national sample, but found content does not have a significant impact on circulation variance after controlling for the influence of market characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a 1958 report by the Central Office of Information, the British public buys more newspapers per person than does the public of any other country in the world. In that year the 16 million families in Great Britain bought over 16 million national morning newspapers, about 2½ million London evening papers, about 27 million national Sunday papers, as well as huge quantities of weekly and monthly publications and over 9 million provincial morning and evening newspapers. There was then, and there is now, an enormous circulation of newspapers and magazines. Even so, the circulation figures for the national publications have, for several years, declined, as of September 1, 1961. By newspaper standards that decline is serious. It is serious because it means much more than a loss in revenue from sales or a declining service to readers. It means a loss in advertising revenue at a time when production costs are extremely high. It is understandable that the press should look for a cause. One of the things that pressmen and others have seen is that this period of decline coincided with a period in which the proportion of homes with television sets in them was still rapidly growing. This comparison constitutes part of the case for a fairly widespread view that television is responsible for declining circulation figures. This case has the support of an appealing argument that if people are spending their time watching television they will have less time for reading papers and that if papers go unread for a long period they will cease to be bought. This is, in fact, a large part of the case for suggesting that television is responsible.

The paper considers the impact of theatre critics on the West End's main theatres in 2003. The model takes account of the newspapers' circulations, the proportion of readers who are theatergoers, the nature of the different reviews and the size of theatres in question. Using a sample of 32 productions with open-ended runs, the net financial influence of the reviews in 2003 is estimated at £18.7 million, equivalent to 6.3% of the Society of London Theatre's box office takings for the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trabajos y Comunicaciones is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on publishing of newspapers in Great Britain and their competition with rival newspapers to remain in the market while mentioning established newspapers' efforts to neutralize image of fresh entrants and engaging in price wars to improve circulations.

Attempts to illustrate the allocation of resources in newspapers and how different factors influence decisions to allocate space, employees and financial resources. Factor which determines the number of pages to be included in a given issue of a newspaper; Element that influences the structure of the allocation instruments; Results of a study of outcomes of allocation decisions in newspapers; Difference between primary and secondary newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the impact of digital technologies on Chinese newspapers. The diffusion of the smartphone has precipitated severe economic problems for the printed press. There have been falls in both readership and advertising revenues, which have had an effect on the structure of provincial-level press groups. The decline in economic viability has been felt most acutely by the commercially-oriented titles, while the more politically-oriented papers have led the way in finding new sources of funding. These sources tend to tie journalism more tightly to political and economic power, and lead to commercial goals replacing journalistic ones. This shifting balance of economic power has important consequences for the possibility of independent and critical journalism. The empirical material is specific to China, but it highlights more general theoretical questions as to the political economy of the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the changing pattern of the newspaper publishing industry. The newspaper supplies the average American with entertainment and information, and helps him to buy intelligently. The cost of newspaper publishing has risen steadily and still higher costs appear in prospect. Competing media has siphoned off advertising revenues. The number of daily newspapers has declined rather persistently since 1909 as a result of mergers and suspensions. With a strong, free press so important to the preservation of democracy, it appears of paramount importance to obtain a clear understanding of the economic problems of newspaper publishing and of the economic trends which have caused these profound changes in the industry. In general, the metropolitan newspaper has only two things to sell, namely, advertising and circulation. The principal operating expenditures of the newspaper fall into four groups labor, raw material, equipment and news and other services. Improved transportation has widened the competitive area of most papers, but this in turn has probably been a factor in reducing the number of papers published in the United States.

Paid dailies in Europe have seen their circulation decline by 14 million between 1995 and 2006. During the same period circulation of free daily newspapers has increased by more than 28 million. This article maps the development of paid and free circulation newspapers in Europe. It then analyses the relation between the two developments to assess whether free newspapers are substituted for paid dailies. The study focuses on all European markets with substantial market shares of free dailies and paid circulation before and after the introduction of free papers is compared. Data from countries without free papers are used to assess how markets without free dailies are affected. Substitution, however, seems to be moderate. The rise of free dailies is better explained by economic factors while the decline of paid circulation is probably related to the availability of other (media) alternatives for new generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the launch of "London Metro" at London Underground stations in England. It says that the paper's circulation has topped a million in 2005, and nominated for Newspaper of the Year in the British Press Awards. It indicates that the newspaper has grown worldwide and is excellent at presenting the information that is made available to them by various news agencies.

Many journalists and journalism scholars contend that the profit motive of commercial media companies conflicts with the supply of high quality journalism. However, media companies should supply high quality news if quality yields sufficiently greater revenues. Quality journalism may not increase audience either because of a lemons problem or because consumers do not value the product dimensions that journalists do. The authors test whether news quality matters in a cross-section of U.S. newspapers. Newspapers winning Pulitzer Prizes in recent years have significantly higher circulation, even when controlling for the economic, demographic, and media characteristics of their markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The late nineteenth century American mass circulation press developed a style of ‘new journalism’ that gave rise to celebrity journalism. It is widely accepted that this new approach to reporting replaced news values with entertainment as a consequence of the need to cater to the tastes of a mass readership and this is seen to explain the incredible innovations that occurred in the press in the US at the time (Ponce de Leon; Roggenkamp; Tebbel; Turner; Schudson Discovering the News). This article questions this version of American press history by arguing that those papers also had to appeal to the politics of poor immigrants and the working class and that the conventions associated with celebrity overlapped and often coincided with a ‘radical’ populist campaigning style of reporting that was as important (and at times, more important) to building and sustaining mass readerships. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The London Daily Express proclaimed the maxim 'No War this Year' on its front pages as late as 7 August 1939. Newspaper historian Stephen Koss has suggested that the 'no war' slogan was a 'delusion' on the part of the proprietor, Lord Beaverbrook. Berlin chief correspondent, R. Selkirk Panton, was instrumental in ensuring that the policy line was observed through both his news stories and opinion pieces throughout 1938 and 1939. This paper aims to explore the extent to which Panton shared his employer's views, as well as tracing the divergent path of the Express from the rest of Fleet Street and Panton's position as a political outsider within the 'foreign press colony' of Berlin. Through the examination of several key stories during the last year before the outbreak of war, in his copy and personal correspondence, a critical evaluation of how Panton negotiated the space between the policy of the paper and the European crises on which he reported can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The president and found of the Boomer Project has the answer to newspaper circulation problems: "For the last 10 or so years, as the internet has become a major part of daily life, newspapers in the United States have been struggling with the loss of the young adult reader - those 18 to 34 year olds. Paper after paper, large and small, urban and rural, have tried to address the strategic imperative issued from on high: Attract more young adult readers! Our advice to newspapers is the opposite. Don't worry about young adults, worry about Baby Boomers, those adults ages 41 to 60." While recognising the difference between U.S. and UK markets, Thornhill produces statistics to show that papers should be chasing Boomers: "In the United States today, according to the Census Bureau, one out of every three adults over the age of 21 are Baby Boomers. Those 78 million post-WWII babies are a population bubble that is still a long way from bursting. If Boomers comprise such a large portion of the total potential audience for newspapers, ignoring them seems foolish. According to the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, consumption of newspapers in the U.S. by Boomers has withstood the birth of new media fairly well." And targeting Boomers will work in Britain, he suggests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information about the "Morning Herald" newspaper in London and the story of its editors Reverend Henry Bate, Alexander Chalmers and Charles Newby. As a West End paper providing coverage of domestic and foreign news, theatre news, parliamentary debates, and a healthy dose of gossip and scandal, the "Morning Herald" was a successful paper that remained in circulation until 1869. The coverage of the Parliamentary proceedings distinguished the "Morning Herald" as one of the first newspapers to give liberal space for the reporting of Parliament. The letter in the newspaper was written by Bate that leads to his imprisonment at the King's Bench Prison and his editorial responsibilities was turned over to Alexander Chalmers. Bate's retirement as an editor made lots of controversy over the rival newspaper at the time.

This paper examines the shortlived success of the "Sunday Australian" as a quality newspaper, in the context of changing readership expectations in both Australia and Great Britain and in relation to the success of new British publications like the "Sunday Times." This study offers a valuable snapshot of News Ltd.’s expansionist strategies during the early 1970's, not least its Sydney-based competition with the established Fairfax Group Ltd. As a national daily newspaper rather than a state-based publication in an industry dominated by the latter, the "Sunday Australian" promised a wider view of politics, foreign affairs and the arts but faltered in the mid-1960's amid rumor of its impending closure. Struggling for circulation with daily sales falling as low as 60,000 the weekday Australian had relocated to Sydney, where Rupert Murdoch had already purchased the ailing "DailyMirror" and local Cumberland newspapers. The launch of the "Sunday Australian" amid a blitz of promotion in Sydney was designed to build on the inroads made by the daily Australian. Importantly for Murdoch in the 1970's, the success of the "Sunday Australian" promised to increase his standing in political and investment circles, while simultaneously encroaching on Fairfax’s circulations and advertising revenue.

This paper explores how Turkish journalists and newspapers constructed discoursive practices in their newspapers in response to the influx of Syrian immigrants. Distinct from other research on Turkish discoursive practices about Syrian immigrants, this paper selects an important time period in recent Turkish history, with the army's intervention into Syria and the ballooning number of refugees, and analyzes the discourses regarding representations of those immigrants in the three highest circulation mainstream newspapers, representative of a heterodox of ideological perspectives. Through an application of critical discourse analysis to news items, the study finds various discoursive structures that are employed to otherize the Syrian immigrants, that is to view and treat Syrian immigrants as intrinsically different from Turks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical modeling is recognized as a powerful tool for planning business operations. The purpose of this paper is to present a mathematical model for simulating a newspaper financial system. The model was developed from actual newspaper industry data and includes the effects of advertising and circulation. The use of the model to predict advertising linage as a function of population, income and advertising rate is included in the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of grocery store advertising and the process of selecting between a city's two primary newspapers in which to advertise. The article's definition of 'grocery products' is provided. A multiple regression analysis is provided which considers newspaper circulation and retailer preference. Charts are presented which track the 'grocery product linage' for twenty U.S. cities' leading newspapers. The final results find newspaper circulation and retailer preference are the primary decision making factors influencing media advertising.

This article presents information on the success of the provincial newspaper called "Guardian." It is opined that the above mentioned newspaper is the first national quality daily of Great Britain which has won a young and affluent readership. It is informed that both the Guardian and The Times have made their papers available to a wider audience by sharpening their news columns and providing many more feature articles with a broader range of interests. Both of them still amply cover and comment on political and economic news, yet they could go little further towards popularization without impairing their traditional high quality.

This article presents an analysis of newspaper "Renmin ribao," readers in Beijing, China. The reading public of "Renmin ribao," is characterized by the following: in terms of sex, there are more male than female readers; in terms of age, those between 36 and 60 make up almost half of the total readers; in terms of educational level, most of the readers are high school graduates; in terms of occupation, state cadres are far ahead; and in terms of residence, urban readers are a dominant majority. The survey of the sixteen newspapers has proved that, apart from Beijing local newspapers, "Renmin ribao," has the largest reader group among all national newspapers. The statistics unmistakably indicate that a government employees, teachers, and scientists and reading "Renmin ribao," and that workers, peasants must not be ignored because of the large number of readers among them, though the proportion is yet low. "Renmin ribao," therefore, ought to make an effort to combine the needs of its enthusiastic readers of government employees, teachers, scientists and technicians with those of a majority of workers, peasants, and salespersons.

This article presents an analysis of the readership of the newspaper "China Youth Daily," in Beijing, China. Among the 2,423 subjects surveyed, 939 were aged 14-28, of whom 132 did not read any newspapers while 807 were newspaper readers. Of the 2,423 subjects 711 were readers of "China Youth Daily." Of them, 481 fell into the age groups of 14 to 28, or 67.7 percent of the paper's total readership. 59.6 percent of the 807 total younger readers read the "China Youth Daily," while 40.4 percent don't. The latter, who have the ability to read as well as the habit of reading, are exactly the target readers the "China Youth Daily," should work to include. The front page of "China Youth Daily," is not very attractive, as is shown in the above analysis that relatively few readers devote their attention first to the front page, whereas the front page of the "Renmin ribao," draws 58.8 percent and that of "Worker's Daily," gets 35.5 percent of their respective readership. Regarded as "a window" or "a showcase," the front page is essential to the entire paper, hence tremendous efforts ought to be taken in handling both its contents and its form.

This article examines with a searching eye the time-honored newspaper dictum that rosy headlines sell papers, and, in the process, uncovers findings which bring that old saw into question. In three important respects, indeed, headline writers are free agents, they select the communique from which to draw their head, they choose the aspect of the communique they wish to feature, and they fashion the final wording with all its subtle connotations. A glance at the newsstand will show that editors do not always select the same communique, nor choose the same aspect for emphasis, and no two ever have identically the same wording. The varied versions have strikingly different psychological effects. The eleven previous weeks contained plenty of grim communiques from the Solomons, from the Stalingrad front, and from the submarine zone. Few editors, we feel, would defend their cheery headlines on the grounds of the preponderance of happy events during the period under discussion. Some might argue that optimistic headlines make people feel gayer, raise morale. About this point we will have more to say later. Perhaps the hard-headed editor may say simply that the Pollyanna headline is "good business," and there let the matter rest. Let us see whether the hard-headed editor is correct.

Women are underrepresented in politics. In this paper, we test one of the potential explanations for this situation: gender biases from voters. We use a natural experiment during French local elections in 2015: for the first time in this country, candidates had to run in pairs, which had to be gender-balanced. We argue that this reform confused some voters, who might have assumed that the first name on the ballot represented the 'main' candidate. Since the order of the candidates on the ballot was determined by their alphabetical order, the order of appearance of male and female candidates was as-good-as-random and this setting allows us to isolate gender biases from selection effects. Our main result is that there exists a negative gender bias affecting right-wing candidates, whose vote shares were lower by 1.5 percentage points when the female candidate appeared first on the ballot. The missing votes prevented some pairs of candidates from proceeding to the second round of voting. Using data on newspaper circulation and additional institutional features of the election—namely the fact that candidates can (but do not have to) report additional information about themselves on the ballot—we show that higher levels of information decrease discrimination. We argue that the discrimination we identify is, therefore, likely to be statistical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yearbook of History of Polish Press is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)