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The article examines various aspects of human reproduction and reproductive health, including the processes necessary for the development of male gametophytes, the role of the scrotum, contraceptive methods, and embryonic development in humans. It also discusses various types of pollination, the functions of reproductive organs, and different reproductive technologies and methods for avoiding sexually transmitted diseases.

Caroline Gargett, a biologist at the Hudson Institute of Medical Research, has been studying adult stem cells in the endometrium for the past twenty years. Her research focuses on understanding the functions of these stem cells and their role in gynecological conditions like endometriosis. The discovery of these cells has provided valuable insights into endometrial regeneration and repair, and their potential use in treating diseases that affect women's health. Gargett is also investigating the use of endometrial stem cells in developing new treatments for pelvic organ prolapse. Researchers have developed a mesh coated with gelatin and seeded with human endometrial stem cells, which has shown promising results in promoting wound repair and reducing inflammation in rats. Additionally, studies on female sheep have revealed similarities between their vaginal wall muscles and those of women who have given birth, making them a useful model for studying pelvic organ prolapse. The researchers are also exploring the potential of endometrial stem cells in diagnosing and treating conditions such as implantation failure, recurrent pregnancy loss, uterine scarring, and endometriosis. [Extracted from the article]

A quiz concerning reproductive biology covers testes function, ovule ploidy levels, and assisted reproduction techniques like GIFT, focusing on gamete dynamics and fertilization mechanisms in plants and humans.

The article presents a quiz tailored for medical entrance exam preparation, offering unitwise question bank on topics include dicot embryo formation, pollen structure, and hormonal control of menstrual cycle.

The article presents a quiz on botany covering various topics such as plant tissue identification, photorespiration location, flower symmetry, parasitism examples, enzyme types, taxonomic classification, root types, ecological pyramids, and biodiversity hotspots.

The article provides a comprehensive overview of the human reproductive system, highlighting sexual dimorphism, secondary sexual characters, and the formation of gametes. It delves into the anatomy of the male reproductive system, describing structures like the scrotum, testes, accessory ducts, and glands, along with the process of spermatogenesis. It discusses major reproductive events such as placentation, gametogenesis, organogenesis, fertilization, and parturition.

The article focuses on various topics related to biology, including questions on botany and zoology. Botanical topics covered include questions about cellular structures lacking nuclear membranes, genetic processes like transcription and glycolysis, plant anatomy, genetics, and taxonomy and Zoological topics cover areas such as blood group classification, respiratory physiology, reproductive biology, and anatomy of different animal groups, among others.

The article provides an overview of the process of conception and pregnancy in humans, emphasizing the pre-fertilization events and the physical and chemical events of fertilization. It covers the arrival of sperm, transport of the ovum and sperm, capacitation of sperm, acrosomal reaction, cortical reaction, sperm entry, and karyogamy, highlighting the essential factors and mechanisms involved in the successful fertilization process.

The article discusses the potential of endometrial organoids as a biomedical tool to study the poorly understood aspects of menstruation. Topics include a description of the organoids as studied by Massachusetts Institute of Technology reproductive biologist Nihan Kilinc, how the scientists made the endometrial organoids, the problem with the process of menstruation in the animal kingdom, and a brief background on menstruation research on animal models conducted by scientists in the 1940s.

A 54-year-old woman experienced a skin allergic reaction to spironolactone and prolonged vaginal bleeding while taking eplerenone for primary aldosteronism. Her medical history included polycystic ovarian syndrome and hypertension. Despite various treatments and adjustments, including switching medications and dosage changes, she continued to experience complications. Ultimately, she was recommended for adrenalectomy due to persistent hypertension and side effects from the medications. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a case study of a 70-year-old patient with postmenopausal bleeding diagnosed with a rare primary transitional cell carcinoma of the endometrium, highlighting its diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Topics discussed include the tumor's histopathological characteristics, immunohistochemical profile, and the clinical presentation.

The article focuses on a monthly test to assess the understanding of reproductive events and concepts, including the correct sequence of events leading to parturition, the path of sperm through the male reproductive system, and knowledge of contraception and reproductive anatomy.

A recent study conducted by researchers at Changchun University of Chinese Medicine explored the relationship between anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and endometriosis. Using a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization approach, the researchers analyzed genetic data and found that there is a significant correlation between genetic predisposition to depression and neuroticism and an increased risk of developing endometriosis. However, no causative link was found between genetic susceptibility to anxiety and the occurrence of endometriosis. The study suggests that enhancing mental health treatment could be considered a preventive measure against endometriosis. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital in Tamil Nadu, India, have published a report on a case of morular metaplasia of the endometrium. The report describes a 46-year-old woman who presented with amenorrhea and abdominal pain. Ultrasonography revealed heteroechoic lesions, and a clinical diagnosis of uterine fibroids was made. Histopathological examination showed fragments of endometrial tissue with extensive morules of squamous metaplasia, but no hyperplasia or malignancy. The study provides insights into this rare pathological condition. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the IVI Foundation in Valencia, Spain, explores the impact of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions on the endometrium and reproductive outcomes. The research highlights the importance of a healthy endometrial state for successful pregnancy and identifies certain pathologies, such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, chronic endometritis, antiphospholipid syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, and other conditions related to glucose and gluten metabolism, that can disrupt the endometrial immune populations and hinder reproductive success. The study emphasizes the need for appropriate management and therapeutic approaches to improve patients' prospects, including antibiotic treatment, hormonal treatments, and dietary changes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children at Sichuan University explores the relationship between the endometrium and protein glycosylation. The research highlights the importance of glycosylation in endometrial receptivity and its potential role in diseases such as endometriosis and endometrial cancer. The study suggests that protein glycosylation could serve as a marker for diagnosing and treating these conditions. The findings provide valuable insights into the embryo-maternal endometrial dialogue and offer a new clinical approach to addressing related diseases. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center explored the impact of clomiphene citrate (CC) and gonadotropins (Gn) on endometrial thickness (EMT) in patients with female infertility. The study found that CC resulted in a thinner EMT compared to Gn within the same patient. Additionally, a thinner endometrium was associated with decreased ongoing pregnancy rates in CC cycles, while no such association was observed in Gn cycles. These findings suggest that the choice of medication may have implications for pregnancy outcomes in intrauterine insemination cycles. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Damascus University in Syria investigated the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) infusion for refractory thin endometrium in infertile patients. The study found that patients showed significant improvement in endometrial thickness after PRP injection, leading to successful implantation and pregnancy. The research also suggested that higher ovarian reserve, as indicated by antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels, may reduce the need for repeated PRP treatments. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings in larger and more diverse populations and to explore long-term reproductive success rates post-PRP treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Hebei University of Engineering in Handan, China, examined the effects of early pregnancy on the expression of NOD-like receptors (NLRs) in the ovine endometrium. The researchers collected endometrial tissues from pregnant and nonpregnant ewes and analyzed the expression of various NLRs. They found that the expression levels of certain NLRs decreased during early pregnancy, while the expression level of NLRP7 increased. The study suggests that these changes in NLR expression may play a role in conceptus-endometrial interactions and immune homeostasis at the maternal-fetal interface. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Michigan State University examined the effects of high-fat diets on the reproductive health of female mice. The researchers compared the effects of a 45% high-fat diet (HFD) and a 60% HFD on the uterine estrous cycle of nulligravid C57BL/6J mice. Both diets resulted in significant weight gain, glucose intolerance, fatty liver, and adipocyte hypertrophy. Mice fed the 60% HFD also displayed hyperphagia and had a longer estrous cycle length. The study suggests that careful consideration is needed when selecting a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model for research on female reproductive health. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of Science and Technology China (USTC) explores the use of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs) in tissue engineering to improve thin endometrium (TE) and fertility. The study investigates the role of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 in regulating MenSCs' regenerative capabilities and its interaction with the Wnt signaling pathway. The research findings suggest that MALAT1 modulates TCF4 expression through interaction with miR-7-5p, enhancing MenSCs-mediated improvement of TE and fertility. This comprehensive study provides evidence supporting the potential of MenSCs in addressing fertility challenges related to TE. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Giessen in Germany has shed new light on the development of endometriosis. The study compared the gene expression profiles of the eutopic (normal) and ectopic (abnormal) endometrium in patients with and without endometriosis. The findings suggest that the changes in the eutopic endometrium are subtle at the beginning of the disease and most differences occur after implantation into ectopic locations. This research provides valuable insights into the understanding of endometriosis and its progression. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the Polish Academy of Sciences explores the role of noradrenaline and adrenoreceptors in the regulation of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) production in the porcine endometrium after inflammation. The researchers found that noradrenaline increases the abundance of PGIS protein and the release of PGI2 in the endometrium, particularly in the presence of Escherichia coli-induced inflammation. The study suggests that noradrenaline may indirectly affect processes regulated by PGI2 in the inflamed uterus. This research provides valuable insights into the understanding of endometritis, a common disease in animals that disrupts reproductive processes and causes economic losses. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by the University of Kansas Medical Center explores the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the composition of the endometrial microbiota in infertile women. The study found that obese women had a significantly higher prevalence of pathogenic endometrium compared to women of normal weight. The research suggests a possible association between obesity and the endometrial microbiome. This information may be useful for individuals researching infertility and women's health. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Beijing University of Agriculture in China has found that exosomal miR-433, a type of RNA molecule, plays a role in the development of endometritis in dairy cows. Endometritis is a common reproductive system disease in cows that can lead to infertility. The study found that the expression of miR-433 was significantly lower in the uterine tissues of cows with endometritis compared to healthy cows. This suggests that miR-433 may regulate the secretion of inflammatory factors in the endometrium, contributing to the development of endometritis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the Medical University of Lublin in Poland discusses the findings of a study on adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), a malignant tumor that originates from the adrenal cortex. ACC is a highly aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. The primary treatment method for ACC is complete surgical resection of the tumor, but regional recurrences or distant metastases are detected in up to 90% of patients. Adjuvant therapy, such as mitotane, is recommended to improve outcomes. The study focused on the effect of mitotane therapy on the endometrium and its clinical consequences in menstruating women. It found that menorrhagia, or heavy uterine bleeding during menstruation, may be expected during adjuvant mitotane therapy of ACC in menstruating women. The likely mechanism for heavy menstrual bleeding is complex and may be due to the toxic effect of mitotane or long-term treatment leading to relative hypoestrogenism resulting in endometrial hyperplasia. The study suggests that continuous gestagen therapy can be helpful in treating these disorders. However, the researchers note that after over 60 years of experience with mitotane usage, knowledge about it is still insufficient, and further studies are required. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the PSG Institute of Advanced Studies in Coimbatore, India, discusses the use of a biomolecule-functionalized scaffold for the attachment and proliferation of human endometrial stromal cells. The researchers found that this scaffold, made of polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan composite nanofibers, supported the growth of these cells and the secretion of extracellular matrix. The study suggests that this scaffold could be used for endometrial tissue regeneration. The research was funded by Sons' Charities fellowship and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University focused on neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) originating from the endometrium. The study aimed to provide guidance for clinical practice by analyzing the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of 11 patients with endometrial NEC. The median age of the patients was 55 years, and irregular vaginal bleeding was the most common symptom observed. Surgery was the primary approach for managing endometrial NEC, with multimodal treatment being recommended. The study concluded that NECs originating from the endometrium may not be affected by metabolic disorders. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Chung Shan Medical University in Taiwan conducted a prospective case-control study to evaluate the effect of intrauterine infusion and hysteroscopic injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in patients with a persistent thin endometrium undergoing euploid frozen embryo transfer (EFET) cycles. The study included 116 infertile women with thin endometrium who underwent hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for EFET. The primary outcomes were the implantation rate (IR) and clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) after EFET. The results showed that both intrauterine infusion and hysteroscopic injection of PRP increased endometrial thickness and improved IR, CPR, and live birth rate compared to the control group. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Polish Academy of Sciences have conducted a study on the relationship between noradrenaline (NA), adrenoreceptors (ARs), and the production of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) in the inflamed endometrium of pigs. The study found that NA increases the abundance of PGF synthase (PGFS) and PG 9-ketoreductase/carbonyl reductase (CBR1) proteins, as well as the secretion of PGF2 alpha. The findings suggest that NA may indirectly affect the regulation of PGF2 alpha by influencing its production and secretion. This research could potentially lead to the development of new drugs to regulate inflammation and improve uterine and ovarian functions. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Al-Quds University discusses the unusual spread of cervical adenocarcinoma to the endometrium and left fallopian tube. The researchers highlight that the incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma in situ is increasing, particularly among younger women. The case study presented involves a 60-year-old woman who was initially misdiagnosed with endometrial adenocarcinoma but was later found to have cervical adenocarcinoma with endometrial and left fallopian tube extension. Accurate diagnosis and distinguishing between cervical adenocarcinoma and endometrial adenocarcinoma are crucial for determining appropriate treatment options. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Air Force Medical University in Xi'an, China, has explored a potential treatment for intrauterine adhesion (IUA), a condition characterized by the formation of scar tissue in the uterus that can lead to infertility. The researchers developed a novel approach using TSG6-modified exosomes (Exos) and an injectable thermosensitive hydrogel (CS/GP) to reduce endometrium fibrosis and inhibit macrophage activation. The study found that this approach effectively mitigated the occurrence and progression of IUA in a mouse model. The research holds promise for the treatment of IUA and offers new insights into the role of macrophages in endometrium fibrosis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital in Karnataka, India, examined the expression of Bcl-2 and Ki-67 in endometrial hyperplasia and disordered endometrium. Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition that affects both premenopausal and postmenopausal women and can range from mild glandular proliferations to precursors of cancer. The study found that the overexpression of Bcl-2 in endometrial hyperplasia indicates progression towards malignancy, while Ki-67, a proliferation marker, is used to determine the progression of endometrial hyperplasia to carcinoma. This research provides valuable insights into the biomarkers and diagnostic tools for endometrial hyperplasia. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of New Mexico has reported on a rare disease called malakoplakia, which typically affects the urinary bladder but can also occur in the gynecologic tract. The disease is characterized by an impaired ability of certain cells to kill and digest bacteria. The study describes the case of a 60-year-old woman who presented with recurrent pelvic infections and postmenopausal bleeding, leading to concerns about endometrial malignancy. However, further examination revealed malakoplakia in the endometrium and right ovary. The study highlights the clinicopathologic findings of previously published cases of endometrial malakoplakia. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Capital Medical University in Beijing, China have published new findings on the treatment of thin endometrium (TE) in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology. TE is defined as a mid-luteal endometrial thickness of 7mm or less and can negatively impact embryo implantation rates and clinical pregnancy rates. The causes of TE are multifactorial, including age-related thinning of the endometrium, uterine cavity factors, and certain medications. The study explores various therapeutic strategies for TE, including pharmacological, regenerative medicine, and complementary alternative therapies. The researchers hope that these approaches will improve treatment outcomes and help couples struggling with infertility. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the University Indonesia focused on the role of the cytokine chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) in endometriosis. The study aimed to understand the impact of epigenetic modifications, specifically DNA methylation, on CXCL16. The researchers found that the mRNA expression of CXCL16 in menstrual blood was higher in subjects with endometriosis compared to the control group. Additionally, the DNA methylation analysis showed lower methylation levels of CXCL16 in the menstrual blood of endometriosis subjects, indicating hypomethylation. The study suggests that increased mRNA expression and hypomethylation of CXCL16 in menstrual blood could potentially serve as a direct marker for diagnosing endometriosis, but further research is needed to validate these findings and explore the potential of CXCL16 as a diagnostic tool. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology focused on postmenopausal bleeding and its potential connection to cancer. The study found that while malignancies in postmenopausal bleeding are not very common, it is still important to evaluate the causes and implement appropriate treatment strategies. The research emphasized the need for early detection of benign, premalignant, or malignant cases to improve management, prevent cancer development, and enhance prognosis. The study analyzed the clinical significance of postmenopausal bleeding, including associated risk factors and various endometrial pathologies. The majority of cases were found to be benign, but thorough evaluation is still necessary to prevent the progression of premalignant cases to endometrial cancer. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Swansea University Medical School has provided new data on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The research focused on the disruption of the decidualization process in women with PCOS, which can lead to complications with pregnancy and infertility. The study found that the transcription factor Wilms tumour suppressor 1 (WT1) is a key regulator of decidualization and is reduced in patients with PCOS. The research also identified dysregulation of genes important for decidualization pathways in PCOS endometrium due to competitive binding between WT1 and the androgen receptor (AR). This study sheds light on the epigenetic alterations and consequences of AR disruption in PCOS endometrium. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Szeged in Hungary aimed to analyze the association between endometrium development, hormone levels, embryo quality, clinical pregnancy, anamnestic parameters, and body mass index (BMI) in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. The study included 537 participants divided into four BMI-based groups. The results showed that there was no convincing correlation between endometrial thickness development and BMI. However, FSH and LH levels exhibited a surprising decreasing trend with increasing BMI, suggesting a role of nutritional status in reproductive capability. The study also used a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model to predict potential pregnancies based on medical data, achieving an average accuracy of 61.71%. Further optimization is needed to confidently predict the outcome of embryo transfer. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Chulalongkorn University have published new data on tissue engineering in the journal Scientific Reports. The study aimed to develop an in vitro 3D endometrial tissue (3D-ET) that closely mimics the in vivo endometrial structure. The researchers successfully constructed a 3D-ET using a collagen-based scaffold and found that it displayed gland-like structures positive for the endometrial gland marker FOXA2. The 3D-ET also expressed the secretory protein MUC1 and responded to LPS challenge by upregulating the expression of the interleukin-6 (IL6) and prostaglandin F synthase (PGFS) genes. This culture system can be used to study both normal physiology and pathological processes of the equine endometrium. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Wuhan University in Hubei, China, explores the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in pregnancy and tumor biology. EVs are small membrane-bound particles that facilitate communication between cells by transporting biomolecules. The study draws parallels between tumor biology and pregnancy, highlighting the importance of intercellular communication in both processes. The researchers discuss the effects of placenta-derived EVs on the fetal-maternal interface, as well as the role of endometrium-derived EVs in embryo-endometrial communication. The study aims to deepen understanding of EVs in reproductive biology and encourages further investigation in this field. [Extracted from the article]

A 56-year-old transgender man developed poorly-differentiated endometrial carcinoma while undergoing gender-affirming therapy with testosterone. The patient had been on testosterone and finasteride therapy since 2015, but in 2022, they developed vaginal discharge and sought medical attention. Imaging tests revealed a thickened endometrium and a PET-CT scan showed hypermetabolic activity in the endometrial lining. The patient underwent a hysterectomy and the tumor was found to be necrotic with no glandular pattern. The diagnosis of poorly-differentiated endometrial carcinoma was made based on symptoms and investigative findings. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia explored the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment for thin endometrium in the Yasmin IVF Clinic RSCM. PRP is a biological product derived from the plasma fraction of a person's own blood, with a high concentration of platelets. The study found that intrauterine PRP infusion can enhance endometrial thickness, but did not significantly improve clinical pregnancy rates compared to the control group. The researchers concluded that while PRP infusion is a promising option for thin endometrium, further improvements are needed for successful clinical pregnancies. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital in Tamil Nadu, India, explored the effects of high-sugar diets on insulin resistance and the endometrium in Swiss albino mice. The study found that refined sugars containing high fructose can lead to insulin resistance and negatively impact the endometrium, while natural unrefined sugars like coconut sugar were shown to be beneficial. The research concluded that the intake of natural sugars does not cause damage to the endometrium, which is sensitive to insulin resistance. This study provides valuable insights into the correlation between high-energy diets and insulin resistance in the endometrium. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study discussed the issue of thin endometrium and its potential impact on pregnancy rates after embryo transfer. The study found that there is no exact definition of thin endometrium and its effects on pregnancy rates are still controversial. The study suggested various treatments for thin endometrium, including dietary supplements, increased estrogen administration, vasodilators, hysteroscopy, surgery, antibiotics, lifestyle modifications, acupuncture, and the use of platelet-rich plasma, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and stem cells. However, the study noted that there is minimal evidence to support the use of any specific treatments. The study concluded that a natural cycle may be considered in frozen embryo transfer to avoid thinning of the endometrium, and the cost and potential harm of treatment should be considered before using adjuvants to improve pregnancy outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Jinan University in China examined the cytokine profiles and Th1/Th2 ratios in the peri-implantation endometrium of women with recurrent miscarriage (RM) and chronic endometritis (CE). The study found that women with RM and CE had significantly increased expression of IFN-[Formula: see text], elevated Th1/Th2 ratios, and decreased TNF-[Formula: see text]/IL-6 ratios compared to women without CE. Additionally, higher levels of VEGF-D and EGF were associated with live births in the RM group and infertility group, respectively. These findings suggest that altered cytokine profiles and Th1/Th2 ratios in the peri-implantation endometrium may predict pregnancy outcomes in women with recurrent miscarriage. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by the University of Indonesia explores the potential of phytoprogestin compounds derived from natural ingredients as an alternative treatment for women's health issues, particularly infertility. The researchers screened nine flavonoid compounds and found that four of them, namely apigenin, kaempferol, baicalein, and naringenin, showed potential as drug candidates for the progesterone receptor. Apigenin and kaempferol exhibited the most activity for the receptor, while baicalein was the weakest. This research provides valuable insights into the development of herbal medicines for women's health problems. [Extracted from the article]

A recent case study conducted at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah in Malaysia explored the effectiveness of combining hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with controlled ovarian stimulation to improve endometrial thickness in cases of thin endometrium. The study focused on a 35-year-old patient with primary subfertility and a history of right salphingo-oophorectomy. After struggling with thin endometrium in previous cycles, the patient underwent HRT with tablet progynova and estrogel, followed by low-dose ovarian stimulation with recombinant FSH. The combination of HRT and ovarian stimulation resulted in improved endometrial thickness, leading to a successful frozen embryo transfer and an ongoing pregnancy at 18 weeks. The study concluded that this combination approach allows exogenous and endogenous estrogen to act synchronously on the endometrium, enhancing endometrial thickness for implantation. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by the Chinese University of Hong Kong aimed to determine whether endometrial scratch in the mid-luteal phase affects the genomic characteristics of peri-implantation endometrium in the following cycle. The study included eight women with recurrent implantation failure who underwent endometrial biopsy twice. The results showed no significant difference in gene expression profiles of the endometrium before and after endometrial scratch. Therefore, the study suggests that endometrial scratch performed during the previous mid-luteal phase does not affect the genomic profiles of the endometrium in women with recurrent implantation failure. [Extracted from the article]