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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a new method and model for determining the optimal decision-making for the pricing strategy to the Fuji apple in Shaanxi of Chain which is representing fresh agricultural products under the e-commerce environment.Design/methodology/approach Considering the rapid development of information technology as well as internet that actually motivate the e-commerce, Fuji apple is a distinctive product in China’s Shaanxi; its sales channels have extended to online sales under the wave of e-commerce. Internet trading platforms make it possible to trade online in real time between suppliers and customers who live in different geographical areas. In this paper, the authors study how to price online to maximize the total revenue. The challenge is to optimally price two different qualities of apple. Based on the consumer surplus theory, the authors use the method that builds the function of the relationship between the proportion of consumers purchasing different qualities of products and price.Findings This paper presents a generalized model to determine the optimal pricing that maximizes the total revenue of a fruit grower over a finite planning horizon. The authors divided discount into two intervals and discussed the optimal discounting and pricing at both intervals. Then they determined the optimal pricing strategy for Fuji apple in Shaanxi of Chain under the e-commerce environment.Originality/value This paper makes up for the lack of existing studies of pricing under the e-commerce environment. A new method and approach to the traditional pricing strategy is established and applied to a management decision-making problem with Chinese characteristics in reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the dynamics of a coordinate monopoly with established, risk-neutral firms; how these firms compete by adjusting prices; and when new competition(s) might enter the market with expectations of making more profits than any of the incumbents.Design/methodology/approach All results are established on the intuition of systems research and the concept of Nash equilibria of game theory.Findings Established results include how in a developed marketplace, risk neutrality would lead to stagnation in profits and irrational decision on pricing, and a sufficient and necessary condition under which new competition(s) would enter, although the market is coordinately monopolized.Research limitations/implications Conclusions presented are initial results in the direction of research. More real-life-like, asymmetrical conditions need to be considered to see what variations of similar results could hold true.Practical implications Presented are an operational aspect on how to compete although the consequent level of profits might not change much or any at all and how some of the key issues on market entry timing are theoretically resolved.Social implications This work indicates that for the minimum objective of business survival, existing firms, no matter how established, have to without any choice participate in market competition and look for new market opportunities.Originality/value Other than the established thought-provoking results, this work is the first of its kind. It organically combines recent achievements of systems research with game theory to explore issues of marketing, market entry timing and the dynamics of business firms’ behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A dynamic mixed duopoly model is built, where both firms consider corporate social responsibility into their objectives. • The complex dynamical behaviors of the given system are analyzed from a global perspective. • The synchronous behavior of the built model is studied by using a nonlinear map ϕ (x) = μ x (1 − x). • The evolution process and formation mechanism of the fractal structure of attracting basin are analyzed by using critical curve. • Symmetric "holes" in the attracting basin and coexistence of multiple symmetric chaotic attractors are detected. We research global dynamic behaviors, multi-stability and synchronization in a dynamic duopoly Cournotian model with consumer surplus on the basis of nonlinear demand function and bounded rationality. This game generalizes the traditional dynamic duopoly Cournot game. The aim of enterprises is to optimize their own profits and the social welfare. This game is characterized by discrete difference equations incorporated in the competition model's optimization problem. The stability of equilibrium points and complicated dynamical phenomena are studied, such as flip bifurcation for unique Nash equilibrium point. The global bifurcation of non-invertible two-dimensional map is analyzed through critical curves, which is an important method to further study global properties. Multi-stability is observed due to the presence of multiple complex attractors. An inspection of the basins of attraction is provided for the situation of several attractors coexisting. Since this game has symmetry, it can be stated that a one-dimensional invariant sub-manifold is the diagonal of the system by analyzing the nonlinear map x (t + 1) = μ x (t) (1 − x (t) ). The properties of this nonlinear map is completely different from the logistic map although both of them have similar form. Along the invariant diagonal, the synchronization phenomenon of the game is discussed in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]