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This issue of "Issues in Prevention" focuses on the impact of the availability of drinks in licensed establishments, such as bars and taverns on student drinking. This issue contains the following articles: (1) Cheap Drinks at College Bars Can Escalate Student Drinking (John D. Clapp); (2) High Alcohol Outlet Density: A Problem for Campuses and Communities (William DeJong); (3) Preventing Bar Violence; (4) Prevention Briefs; and (5) Higher Education Center Resources.

For the middle school-aged female athlete, self-esteem, empowerment, and self-confidence are often bolstered through participation in interscholastic competitive sports. These traits are also traits of leadership. This digest discusses how many contributing factors and people mold the student athlete into a leader but the process must be intentional and must start in middle school to support girls in achieving their full leadership potential. School personnel are advised to maintain athletic programs for girls and coaches are advised to instill intentional leadership skills in female athletes. (Contains 14 references.) (GCP)

This digest addresses one of the most recognized, yet unofficial, special populations on college campuses nationwide-- college student athletes. It is proposed that misconceptions and stereotypical viewpoints have hindered the development of effective counseling interventions with this population. Although college counseling centers are available, student athletes have traditionally chosen to seek help from other sources such as coaches, teammates, family and friends. This digest seeks to help college counselors become aware of the many barriers that influence a student athlete's decision to seek help outside of the counseling center. These barriers include both internal and external barriers, such as a "win-at-all-costs" philosophy, social stigma, barriers from the athletic department, and team commitments. It is hoped that creative counselors will find ways to overcome barriers mentioned in this digest, making counseling a more attractive alternative to many student athletes. (Contains 14 references.) (GCP)

This digest discusses the formal and informal processes of moral character development through sport in light of the types of programs that have shown to improve moral character, sportsmanship, and fair play, noting that such efforts involve combined lifelong formal and informal educational processes with three interrelated dimensions: knowing, valuing, and doing the right thing. Informal moral character development is highly influenced by the environment, as well as the mass media. Typical programs take advantage of teachable moments. Role modeling as an informal process of character education holds that leaders take responsibility for their actions and demonstrate good character. The formal process of character education is a direct and purposeful intent to affect character development, with individuals challenged to reflect upon moral issues, values, and principles in relationship to others and society, translating those reflections into good moral action. Formal character education can involve extensive study whereby athletes are challenged by peers, instructors, and themselves through reading, writing, discussion, and reflection on issues of honesty, fair play, responsibility, and decency toward others. Less time-intensive programs involve education through training videos. In contrast to informal programs, formal moral education programs are more difficult and time intensive to implement. (Contains 23 references.) (SM)

This book presents biographical profiles of 10 athletes of interest to readers ages 9 and above and was created to appeal to young readers in a format they can enjoy and readily understand. Biographies were prepared after extensive research, and each volume contains a cumulative index, a general index, a place of birth index, and a birthday index. Each profile provides at least one picture of the individual and information on birth, youth, early memories, education, first jobs, marriage and family, career highlights, memorable experiences, hobbies, and honors and awards. All entries end with a list of easily accessible sources designed to lead the student to further reading on the individual. The following athletes appear in Volume 6: Jennifer Capriati (1976-); Stacy Dragila (1971-); Kevin Garnett (1976-); Eddie George (1973-); Alex Rodriguez (1975-); Joe Sakic (1969-); Annika Sorenstam (1970-); Jackie Stiles (1978-); Tiger Woods (Update) (1975-); and Ally Zirkle (1969-). (BT)

This paper examines whether physical activity influences immune function as a consequence risk of infection from the common cold and other upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and whether the immune system responds differently to moderate versus intense physical exertion. Research indicates that people who participate in regular moderate exercise report fewer colds than their sedentary peers. Fitness enthusiasts are often uncertain of whether they should exercise or rest during sickness. Human studies are lacking to provide definitive answers, but animal studies generally support the finding that one or two periods of exhaustive exercise following exposure to viruses or bacteria lead to more frequent appearances of infection and more severe symptoms. With athletes, it is well established that sickness reduces the ability to compete. A common perception among endurance athletes and coaches is that overtraining lowers resistance to URTI. Immune function changes dramatically after each bout of prolonged, intensive exercise. Attempts to compare resting immune function in athletes and nonathletes have failed to provide evidence that athletic endeavor is linked to clinically important changes in immunity, despite compelling epidemiological data. Based on current knowledge, good immune function can be maintained by regular physical activity, eating a balanced diet, minimizing stress, avoiding chronic fatigue, and obtaining adequate sleep. (Contains 35 references.) (SM)

This collection of articles by undergraduate and graduate student Gammans includes the following: "Health Problems of Adolescents in Juvenile Detention Centers" (Anna M. Huber); "A Qualitative Study of the Motivations and Concerns of Sexual Diversity Panel Participants" (Kandice M. Johnson); "High School Freshmen Parenting Attitudes Before and After 'Baby Think it Over'" (Nancy L. Koontz); "Stress and Coping Mechanisms among Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics" (Angela Kay Miller); "Academic Stress of International Students: Comparison of Student and Faculty Perceptions" (Tony Russo and Sarah West); "Osteoporosis Prevention: Importance During the 'Bone Forming' Years" (Patricia A. Sargeant); "Potential Contributions of the Elementary School Principal to School Health Instruction" (Denise M. Seabert); "Mexican-Americans and Diabetes: Factors Influencing the Prevention of Diabetes According to the PRECEDE Model" (Tracey M. Smith); "Tobacco Policy in the United States: Past and Present Directions" (Susan S. Thomas); "Creatine: An Emerging Concern Regarding Sport Supplements" (Scott W. Vandiver); and "Early Childhood Caries Prevention Programs: Definitions, Recommendations, and Barriers" (Holly R. Wilson). (SM)

This document is the eighth volume of a series designed and written for the young reader aged 9 and above. It contains three issues and covers individuals whom young people want to know about most: entertainers, athletes, writers, illustrators, cartoonists, and political leaders. The publication was created to appeal to young readers in a format they can enjoy reading and readily understand. Each entry combines at least one picture of the individual profiled, and bold-faced rubrics lead the reader to information on birth, youth, early memories, education, first jobs, marriage and family, career highlights, memorable experiences, hobbies and honors and awards. Each of the entries ends with a list of easily accessible sources (both print and electronic) to lead the student to further reading about the individual. Obituary entries also are included, written to provide a perspective on an individual's entire career. This volume includes profiles of: Sarah Michelle Gellar, John Glenn, Lynn Johnston, Shari Lewis, Oseola McCarty, Mark McGwire, Frank Sinatra, Sammy Sosa, Venus Williams, Jennifer Aniston, Kobe Bryant, Sharon Draper, Savion Glover, Jeff Gordon, David Hampton, King Hussein, Shania Twain, Mitsuko Uchida, Jesse Ventura, Ben Affleck, Maurice Ashley, Sadie Delany, Bessie Delany, Lauryn Hill, Slobodan Milosevic, Natalie Portman, J. K. Rowling, Gene Siskel, John Stanford, and Natalia Toro. (LB)

Articles on speech and second language learning include: "Les sequences de correction en classe de langue seconde: evitement du 'non' explicite" ("Error Correction Sequences in Second Language Class: Avoidance of the Explicit 'No'") (Anne-Lise de Bosset); "Analyse hierarchique et fonctionnelle du discours: conversations entre basketteurs a plus de deux locuteurs" ("Hierarchical and Functional Discourse Analysis: Conversations Between Basketball Players with More Than One Interlocutor") (Fabrice Jeanneret); "Alors j'vais vous raconter une histoi:re-' Features of Spoken Language: A Comparison Between English and French" (Sandrine Piaget); "Le role de l'effacement du schwa et de la frontiere lexicale dans la reconnaissance des mots en parole continue" ("The Role of the Effacement of the Schwa and of the Lexical Frontier in the Recognition of Words in Continuous Speech") (Isabelle Racine); "Recovery Time During the Processing of Code-Switches in Bilinguals" (Daniel Schreier); and "Quelques reflexions sur le bilinguisme des locuteurs polonais en Suisse romande" (Some Reflections on the Bilingualism of Polish Speakers in French- Speaking Switzerland") (Gabriela Zahnd). MSE)

This series is designed and written for young readers, aged 9 and above. The volumes cover individuals that young readers want to know most about, including entertainers, athletes, writers, illustrators, cartoonists, and political leaders. Each issue contains numerous sketches arranged alphabetically. Each entry provides at least one picture of the individual profiled, with additional information on birth, youth, early memories, education, first jobs, marriage and family, career highlights, memorable experiences, hobbies, honors, and awards. Each entry also ends with a list of easily accessible sources for further information on the individual and a current address. Obituary entries are included and are written to provide a perspective on the individuals entire career. Each issue concludes with a guide to the indexes, a name index, general index, places of birth index, and a birthday index (by month and day). Individuals featured include: Kofi Annan; Diana, Princess of Wales (obituary); Hanson (Ike, Taylor, Zac); Jimmy Johnson; Dominique Moceanu; Alexandra Nechita; LeAnn Rimes; Mike Vernon; Reggie White; Neve Campbell; Sean Combs (Puff Daddy); Leonardo DiCaprio; Walter E. Diemer (obituary); Ruth Handler; Livan Hernandez; Tara Lipinski; Betty Shabazz (obituary); Mother Teresa (obituary); Bella Abzug (obituary); Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso); Jewel; Jody-Anne Maxwell; Brad Pitt; Emily Rosa; David Satcher; Kordell Stewart; Shinichi Suzuki; and Kate Winslet. (EH)

This issue of "Loblolly Magazine" is dedicated to Sybil Scott, born in 1910 and still going at the age of 85. She shares some interesting tales of what it was like growing up in the '10's and '20's in Texas, including her school years. She remembers, very vividly, her childhood and teenage years in East Texas. Among the many interesting stories she tells is what school was like and how she got places. There also are interviews with five men involved with baseball, including: (1) Ron Gideon, manager in the New York Mets farm system; (2) Bill Terry, avid baseball card collector; (3) Tim Harkrider, baseball player for the California Angels; (4) Robert Ellis, Minor League baseball player; and (5) Chester Studdard, retired veterinarian and baseball player. (EH)

This publication is part of the Sports and the Law program sponsored by the Constitutional Rights Foundation. The program draws on young people's natural interest in sports to stimulate their involvement in education, and provides teacher training, lesson plans, a textbook and accompanying videotape, an annual conference, and classroom visits by sports and legal professionals. This issue contains four articles examining problems that athletes and others involved in sports are having following the laws and rules governing sports. The first article, "A Dangerous Game," discusses the positive and negative aspects of sports. The article suggests that it is difficult to identify at what point sports norms like "a quest for excellence" and "go for it" stop encouraging individual achievement and self esteem, and begin motivating athletes to act selfishly and take whatever measures are necessary to excel, regardless of the costs. The second article is an interview with Los Angeles Kings hockey player Marty McSorley. In the interview, teamwork, sportsmanship, and the spirit of competition are discussed. The third section is a collection of five photographs taken at the 1993 Sports and the Law Conference. The fourth article, "Coach's Column" (Andy Schwich), discusses Arthur Ashe and his contributions to sports oriented civic participation, the basis of sports and the law. Ashe represented equal opportunity for participation and fair competition, following the rules of the game, and dignity. He exemplified what the positive aspects of sports in life should be. The issue also contains questions for discussion and announcements of a series of lesson plans and an essay contest devoted to sports and the law. (DK)

This brief paper summarizes a full length report of the same title which examines the ongoing debate on the conflicting rights and responsibilities of students and college administrations in the areas of offensive speech, rights of assembly, drug testing and campus safety. On offensive speech and the rights of colleges and universities to regulate it, the courts have ruled against higher education institutions' prohibiting offensive or hate speech because institutional policies have failed to distinguish sanctionable speech from protected speech. Considerations concerning students' rights of association and assembly on campus include the following: that institutions should not deny groups recognition because the college or university does not agree with their views; that student groups should be treated the same as other groups provided they fulfill the same procedural and substantive requirements established by the institution; that colleges are within their rights to emphasize that acknowledgement of student groups does not indicate institutional approval of the group's views; and that student demonstrations on public college campuses cannot be prohibited on the basis of content or message. On the status of mandatory drug testing for athletes, the courts in several jurisdictions have been unwilling to accept colleges' and universities' stated purposes for drug testing. With regard to institutional responsibility for student safety, the element of foreseeability has become a criterion in many states for determining college and university liability. (Contains five references.) (JB)

This monograph suggests solutions for the conflicts, especially prominent in recent years, between students and higher education institutions concerning their respective rights and responsibilities. The discussion focuses particularly on regulating offensive speech, rights of association and assembly, drug testing for athletes, and student safety on campus. Separate sections address each of these issues in turn. The discussion of offensive speech focuses on interpretations of First Amendment rights and advises that colleges should consider policies that are neither overbroad nor too vague, but that restrictions on time, place and manner of speech appropriate for the educational environment and for maintaining law and order on campus are constitutional. The review of rights of assembly and association suggests that once the institution recognizes some groups, other groups should not be denied such treatment simply because the college or university does not agree with their views. On the status of mandatory drug testing for athletes, the monograph notes that most recent court rulings appear to support the position that institutional mandatory drug testing programs violate the principle of protection of privacy guaranteed in most state constitutions. In discussing student safety on campus it is noted that the element of foreseeability has become a criterion for determining liability. A final section suggests recommendations for policy and practice. An index and 167 references are included. (JB)

This monograph examines student advising in the higher education setting by focusing on shared responsibility strategies that enhance student motivation and persistence in a diverse student population. In the first two sections, a new concept of advising called developmental advising is described in which the relationship between advisor and student is vital and in which the advisor's role is to help the student look at long-term as well as immediate goals. This quality in the advisor-student relationship serves to increase the student's involvement and persistence in college and to prepare the student for future decision-making situations. The strategies for achieving this type of relationship are explored in detail in the third section, including ways to help students focus on and assist in clarifying their needs and aims. The fourth section focuses on the particular needs, characteristics, and best advising strategies for special groups including minorities, academically under-prepared students, disabled students, student athletes and international students. Also discussed are students in transition, freshmen, students with undecided majors, transfer students and adult students. A sixth section offers advice on how to establish and implement a successful advising system through program management, selection and training of advisers, evaluation and recognition, collaboration, and viewing the program as a systematic enterprise. A series of recommendations and suggestions concludes the monograph. Over 200 references and an index are included. (DB)

There has been a dramatic increase in interest and participation in sports during the past decade, and this increase has affected the college student-athlete. Approximately 10% of American college athletes suffer from problems appropriate for counseling interventions. There is a need for counseling professionals who are sensitive to interventions for student-athletes and who can address the psychoemotional needs of the student-athlete. The digest contrasts the role of the sports counselor with the role of the sports psychologist who is primarily concerned with performance. Counselors involved professionally with student-athletes must recognize the individual and group differences that characterize the athletic population. Women and minorities may differ in their needs to participate in sports and in the issues which arise as a result of their participation. It is emphasized that collegiate athletes rarely make it to the professional ranks or to the Olympics. The need for career development and life planning is stressed. The digest concludes that effective models and strategies for the implementation of sports counseling are needed. (NB)

Despite privacy concerns, school administrators are feeling pressure to adopt urgent measures to keep drugs and alcohol from further endangering our youth's well-being and undermining staff performance. This urgency is reinforced by a national anti-drug campaign and Congressional passage of the Drug-Free Workplace Act (1988) and the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act (1986, with 1989 amendments) tying institutional compliance to federal funding eligibility requirements. Drug testing raises issues pertaining to the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Although an earlier appellate court case upheld the need for a "factual basis" of suspicion before subjecting a teacher to urinalysis, two 1989 U.S. Supreme Court cases involving public employees ruled that public safety considerations outweighed privacy and individualized suspicion requirements. Attempts to pretest student athletes raise the issue of whether extracurricular activities are rights or privileges. Also, urinalysis and breathilizer tests can inaccurately reflect an individual's use or abuse of a controlled substance, particularly marijuana. According to one case analysis, school officials have no authority to regulate offcampus conduct having no bearing on properly maintaining the educational process. Mandatory urinalysis should be based only on individualized suspicion and satisfy both prongs of the T.L.O. v. New Jersey test for search and seizure constitutionality (i.e., reasonable suspicion and appropriate circumstances). Various drug education and prevention measures are recommended. (Nine references) (MLH)

The "Talking Stick" is published bimonthly, six times a year in January/February, March/April, May/June, July/August, September/October, and November/December by the Association of College and University Housing Officers-International. Each issue is divided into three sections, namely: Features, Columns, and Departments. These sections contain articles that provide professional information related to the various aspects of student residence facilities and their related operations. In this issue, the Features section includes: (1) An Open House (Elizabeth Cox); and (2) Getting Your Ducks in a Row (Stacey Phelps). Columns include: (1) In the Service of Others (Jill Eckardt); (2) At Home off the Fields (Stacey Phelps); (3) Smart Packaging (Bridget Cunningham); and (4) Starting at Zero (Julie Payne-Kirchmeier). Departments contain: (1) Online Now; (2) Just In; (3) Your ACUHO-I; (4) Transitions; (5) Calendar; (6) Conversations; (7) First Takes; (8) Reporting Out; (9) Welcome; and (10) Snapshot.

"Education Matters" is the monthly newsletter of the Association of American Educators (AAE), an organization dedicated to advancing the American teaching profession through personal growth, professional development, teacher advocacy and protection. This issue of the newsletter includes: (1) Notes from the Front Lines: Study Reveals Educators' Views on the Nation's High School Dropout Crisis; (2) Declaring Independence: AAE Affiliate Helps St. John Teachers Discard Washington Education Association and National Education Association for Local-Only Bargaining Option; (3) Twitter: Lessons in 140 Characters or Less (Kathleen Kennedy Manzo); and (4) The Fictional Horace Mann High School: An Observation on Priorities (Will Fitzhugh). Additional sections include Signs of the Times; and News from around the Nation and the World.

In his 2004 State of the Union address, President George W. Bush described drug testing as "an effective part" of an "aggressive, community-based strategy to reduce demand for illegal drugs" (as cited in Lineburg, Alexander, & Sughrue, 2006 [emphasis added]). His statement fueled debate about the role of U.S. public schools in the fight against drugs: How much aggressiveness is acceptable? At what point do school districts overstep the constitutional protections afforded students by the Fourth Amendment? Several court cases are pertinent to drug-testing policies and random drug testing of public school students: "Vernonia v. Acton" (1995), a U.S. Supreme Court decision; "Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls" (2002), and "Hedges v. Musco" (2000). Brief descriptions of these court cases are presented in this issue of "A Legal Memorandum". The judicial reasoning from both the majority and dissenting opinions of these cases helps explain the current status of drug testing for student athletes in public schools and sets the stage to expand drug testing to the entire student body. (Lists 3 resources.)

Public concern about use of drugs by young people in the United States remains high and efforts to counter drug abuse through education and intervention continue. While drug testing of athletes at the collegiate level is fairly common, legal restraints make testing less common at the secondary school level. After citing numerous statistics regarding the extent of drug use by young people, this article explores constitutional aspects of drug testing in the public school, testing techniques and procedures, and implications of several major Supreme Court decisions. Criteria for upholding suspicionless searches which lower courts have drawn from these decisions are discussed in detail. These criteria are: (1) Compelling Need; (2) Limited Scope/Achievable Goals; (3) Less Intrusive Alternatives; (4) Diminished Expectations of Privacy; (5) Limitations on Officials' Discretion; and (6) The Result of Positive Test Findings. Finally, a 1994 Supreme Court decision is reviewed in which it was ruled that drug testing programs that can be justified as needed to meet a specific, localized drug use problem are constitutional. Contains 20 endnotes. (RB)